![\"\"](\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/20210106_234841-1024x768.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u53e6\u5916\u54f2\u5b78\u4ea6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u5e8f\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u8209\u51e1\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u8981\u53c3\u4e00\u8173\uff0c\u53bb\u53cd\u601d\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u5b83\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u908a\u754c\u5728\u54ea\u88cf\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u751a\u9ebc\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7b49\u7121\u4e00\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u8981\u53cd\u601d\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u82e5\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u754c\u9650\u5728\u54ea\u88cf\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u751a\u9ebc\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53c8\u600e\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1f\u6240\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u54f2\u5b78\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u53cd\u601d\u5176\u4ed6\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u8981\u78ba\u4fdd\u6211\u5011\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u505a\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u754c\u9650\u300b\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7d66\u4e88\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u793a\u7bc4<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Jonathan Lear\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u524d\u8a00\u5beb\u8457\uff1a\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u6f51\u6709\u8da3\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u975e\u5e38\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u5c0d\u5404\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u51fa\u8272\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u9014\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u8a71\u984c\u7684\u7121\u6578\u4e14\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u6a5f\u667a\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u3002\u201d -\u6642\u4ee3\u6587\u5b78\u589e\u520aBernard Williams \u662f\u4ed6\u9019\u4e00\u4ee3\u6700\u5049\u5927\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u754c\u9650\u300b\u4e0d\u50c5\u88ab\u516c\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4ed6\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u8b9a\u63da\u4e86\u7576\u4ee3\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7d93\u5178\u3002Bernard Williams \u501f\u9452\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5c07\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5f9e\u5c0d\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u201c\u771f\u5be6\uff0c\u771f\u5be6\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u201d\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u63a2\u7d22\u4e26\u53cd\u601d\u4e86\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u6700\u68d8\u624b\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e86\u6709\u95dc\u4e2d\u5fc3\u554f\u984c\u7684\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u548c\u502b\u7406\u77e5\u8b58\u7684rd \u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u7248\u672c\u9084\u5305\u62ecA.W. Moore\u5c0d\u6587\u672c\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u3002Bernard Williams\u57282003\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u6642\uff0c\u88ab\u300a\u6cf0\u6664\u58eb\u5831\u300b\u8b7d\u70ba\u201c\u540c\u9f61\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u528d\u6a4b\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5927\u5b78\u548c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u4efb\u6559\uff0c\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u201cMorality: An Introduction to Ethics\u300a \u9053\u5fb7\u300b\u201d\u3001\u201cDescartes: The Project of Pure Inquiry\u300a\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\uff1a\u7d14\u7cb9\u63a2\u7a76\u9805\u76ee\u300b\u3001\u201cTruth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy\u300a\u771f\u7406\u8207\u771f\u8aa0\u300b\u201d\u5728\u5167\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u3002 \u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u9078\u6b64\u66f8\uff1f \u4e00\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8a00\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u773e\u591a\u786c\u78da\u982d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u754c\u9650\u300b\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5927\u90e8\u982d\uff08\u4ee5\u9801\u6578\u8a00\uff09\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u4e2d\u4ee5\u660e\ue1b8\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7d66\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6027\u601d\u8003\u793a\u7bc4\u3002\u5b83\u8655\u7406\u4e86\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2dAristotle \u5fb7\u6027\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08virtue ethics\uff09\u3001Kant\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08deontology ethics\uff09\u53ca\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff08utilitarianism\uff09\u4e09\u500b\u65b9\u5411\/\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u502b\u7406\u601d\u8003\u3002Bernard Williams \u7279\u5225\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u53ea\u8ac7\u300c\u597d\uff0f\u5584\u300d\uff08good\uff09\u8207\u300c\u61c9\u8a72\u300d\uff08ought\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u751a\u9ebc\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u597d\uff0f\u58de\uff1f\u751a\u9ebc\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\uff0f\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u505a\u7684\uff1f\u9019\u500b\u884c\u70ba\u597d\uff0f\u61c9\u8a72\u505a\u55ce\uff1f\u5a01\u5ec9\u58eb\u6307\u300c\u597d\uff0f\u5584\u300d\u8207\u300c\u61c9\u8a72\u300d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6027\u5f37\u3001\u4f46\u537b\u8ca7\u4e4f\u7684\u5b57\u8a5e\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8a72\u6211\u5011\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u985e\u6975\u70ba\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u4ed6\u7a31\u9019\u4e9b\u70ba\u300c\u8584\u7684\u300d\uff08thin\uff09\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 Bernard Williams \u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u8584\u7684\u300d\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\u7e3d\u662f\u62bd\u96e2\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u6c92\u6709\u4ecb\u5165\u6027\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u80fd\u5957\u7528\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u5883\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u8a8d\u77e5\u6027\u7684\uff08X \u662f\u597d\u7684\u3001\u5c0d\u7684\u3001\u61c9\u8a72\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u65bc\u63a8\u52d5\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u610f\u7fa9\u6709\u9650\u3002\u800c\u300c\u539a\u7684\u300d\uff08thick\uff09\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5247\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8207\u884c\u70ba\u90fd\u6709\u5207\u5be6\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f8b\u5b50\u6709\u6b98\u9177\uff08brutality\uff09\u3001\u61e6\u5f31\uff08coward\uff09\u6216\u611f\u6069\uff08gratitude\uff09\u3002\u4ee5\u61e6\u5f31\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4ee5\u6050\u61fc\u63a8\u52d5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u624d\u53ef\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u61e6\u5f31\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u61e6\u5f31\u672c\u8eab\u4ea6\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u500b\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u505a\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5224\u65b7\uff1b\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3001\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u884c\u70ba\u624d\u7b97\u662f\u61e6\u5f31\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5c0d\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u6709\u6307\u5c0e\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cWilliams \u6307\u300c\u61e6\u5f31\u300d\u9019\u7a2e\u539a\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4\u81ea\u547d\u666e\u904d\u7684\u300c\u597d\u300d\u4e00\u985e\u7684\u8584\u6982\u5ff5\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u53e6\u5916\u54f2\u5b78\u4ea6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u5e8f\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u8209\u51e1\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u8981\u53c3\u4e00\u8173\uff0c\u53bb\u53cd\u601d\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u5b83\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u908a\u754c\u5728\u54ea\u88cf\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u751a\u9ebc\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7b49\u7121\u4e00\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u8981\u53cd\u601d\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u82e5\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u754c\u9650\u5728\u54ea\u88cf\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u751a\u9ebc\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53c8\u600e\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1f\u6240\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u54f2\u5b78\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u53cd\u601d\u5176\u4ed6\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u8981\u78ba\u4fdd\u6211\u5011\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u505a\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u754c\u9650\u300b\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7d66\u4e88\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u793a\u7bc4<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7599","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--chaos"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-1Yz","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7599","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7599"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7599\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7601,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7599\/revisions\/7601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7599"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7599"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7599"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}