{"id":7792,"date":"2021-11-10T12:08:32","date_gmt":"2021-11-10T12:08:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=7792"},"modified":"2021-11-10T12:08:44","modified_gmt":"2021-11-10T12:08:44","slug":"justice-for-hodgehogs%e3%80%8a%e5%88%ba%e8%9d%9f%e7%9a%84%e6%ad%a3%e7%be%a9%e3%80%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2021\/11\/10\/justice-for-hodgehogs%e3%80%8a%e5%88%ba%e8%9d%9f%e7%9a%84%e6%ad%a3%e7%be%a9%e3%80%8b\/","title":{"rendered":"Justice for Hodgehogs\u300a\u523a\u875f\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7a2e\u5728\u65bc\u4eba\u61c2\u5f97\u904b\u7528\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4f46\u4ea6\u56e0\u70ba\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u601d\u8003\u4ee4\u5230\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u7d1b\u4e82\/\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u5f69\u3002\u8fd1\u73fe\u4ee3Marx\u3001Freud\u3001Nietzsche\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u4ee4\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8b8a\u6210\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u500b\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u3002Marx\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u50be\u8986\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001Freud \u4ee4\u5230\u4eba\u89ba\u8b58\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u6f5b\u610f\u8b58\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u4f5b\u5b78\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u65e9\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u4f86\u8aaa\u537b\u662fFreud \u5f71\u97ff\u8f03\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u800c Nietzsche\u5247\u5728\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u50be\u8986\u4e86\u4e16\u754c  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u9019\u7269\u8cea\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5c0e\u8457\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u6548\u7528\u3002\u5c31\u4ee5\u300c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u300d\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u5177\u9ad4\u751f\u7406\u8166\u90e8\u53d7\u5275\u50b7\u5916\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u662f\u4e3b\u9ad4\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u7684\u932f\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5176\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08intersubjective\uff09\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u69cb\u6210\uff0c\u5fc5\u7531\u96c6\u9ad4\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e16\u754c\u88cf\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u300c\u666e\u904d\u300d\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u662f\u96c6\u9ad4\u9ed8\u7136\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u6211\u5011\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\u7d04\u6703\uff0c\u4fbf\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u8af8\u591a\u8aa4\u6703\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u932f\u7f6e\u6240\u5f15\u81f4\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u5247\u6709\u5982\u505c\u7559\u65bc\u5152\u7ae5\u671f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u591a\u4ee5\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u5224\u5225\u70ba\u4e3b\u800c\u7121\u8996\u5404\u4e3b\u9ad4\u9593\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7528\u9ed1\u683c\u723e\u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa: \u4e3b\u9ad4\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u908a\u754c\u8a8d\u77e5\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u504f\u96e2\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7d1b\u4e82\/\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u5f69\u53ef\u8b02\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u5e63\u5169\u9762  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u985e\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u5efa\u57fa\u65bc\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u6700\u56b4\u8b39\u800c\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u4e16\u754c\uff08Karl popper\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e09\uff09\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u4e16\u754c\u5c24\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u6700\u70ba\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u6240\u5728\uff1b\u4e0a\u8ff0Marx \u3001Freud \u53caNietzsche \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u7576\u9019\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u5177\u9ad4\u61c9\u7528\/\u5448\u73fe\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5247\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u53ca\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b78\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9700\u8981\u56b4\u8b39\u800c\u4e00\u8cab\u7684\u53ef\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u67b6\u69cb\u3002Ronald dworkin\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u4e2d\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8209\u8db3\u8f15\u91cd\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u523a\u875f\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u300b\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5c31\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u95e1\u767c\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u6574\u5168\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u5c0e\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u4eba\u8aaa\uff0c\u72d0\u72f8\u77e5\u9053\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u523a\u875f\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u3002Ronald Dworkin\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u4e4b\u4f5c&#8221;Justice for Hodgehogs\u300a\u523a\u875f\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u300b&#8221;\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5b83\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u4f55\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5bcc\u6709\u539f\u5275\u6027\u4e26\u4e14\u6d89\u53ca\u554f\u984c\u6975\u70ba\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6975\u5c11\u6703\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u52a0\u4ee5\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6587\u5b78\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u505a\u500b\u597d\u4eba\u548c\u597d\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5f88\u591a\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dworkin \u7684\u6d1e\u898b\u5728\u65bc\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u300c\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u548c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u6839\u672c\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u5fb7\u6c83Dworkin\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u300c\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u70ba\u672c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u51fa\u767c\uff0cDworkin\u5c0d\u300c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u770b\u6cd5\u3002Dworkin \u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u591a\u6578\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u300d(majoritarian  conception  of democracy)\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u9019\u7a2e\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u7d93\u7531\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u50b7\u5bb3\u5230\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u4ea6\u7136\u3002Dowkin \u8a8d\u70ba\u591a\u6578\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u5c0d\u65bc\u8eab\u70ba\u5c11\u6578\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6b20\u7f3a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u300d(partnership  conception  of  democracy)\uff1a\u9019\u7a2e\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u8a8d\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\u61c9\u8a72\u5c07\u5f7c\u6b64\u8996\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u9019\u500b\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e8b\u696d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u53c3\u8207\u8005\uff08\u5925\u4f34\u95dc\u4fc2\uff09\uff0c\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u610f\u8b02\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5925\u4f34\u95dc\u4fc2\u4f86\u6cbb\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u300c\u540c\u7b49\u95dc\u61f7\u300d(equal  concern)\u8207\u300c\u81ea\u6211\u6cbb\u7406\u300d(self\u2010government)\u662f\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u5169\u5927\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u900f\u904e\u666e\u904d\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u8207\u88ab\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u4f86\u9078\u51fa\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u6216\u6c11\u610f\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u662f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u7fa4\u80fd\u5920\u5e73\u7b49\u95dc\u61f7\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u5925\u4f34\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u81ea\u6211\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u7fa4\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u540d\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5fc5\u9808\u5c0a\u91cd\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u4eba\u751f\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u8a8d\u5b9a\u8207\u4eba\u751f\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u85c9\u7531\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u5c07\u96c6\u9ad4\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDworkin \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4fdd\u969c\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u70ba\u5e73\u7b49\u5925\u4f34\u4e4b\u5c0a\u56b4\u8207\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5920\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u4e5f\u624d\u5c0d\u5176\u8ca0\u6709\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u570b\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u6210\u719f\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u7d50\u69cb\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u591a\u6578\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u6c11\u57fa\u672c\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u78ba\u4fdd\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u7fa4\u5e73\u7b49\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDworkin \u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u53f8\u6cd5\u9055\u61b2\u5be9\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u9762\u81e8\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u6297\u591a\u6578\u56f0\u5883\u300d(countermajoritarian  difficulty)\u3002\u9019\u500b\u56f0\u5883\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5340\u5340\u5e7e\u500b\u4e0d\u5177\u6c11\u610f\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u80fd\u5920\u63a8\u7ffb\u4ee3\u8868\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7d93\u7531\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u96e3\u9053\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u7684\u7591\u616e\u55ce\uff1f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7591\u616e\u986f\u7136\u6839\u6e90\u65bc\u5c07\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u5011\u63a1\u53d6\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7591\u616e\u81ea\u7136\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\u3002Dworkin \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u8077\u8cac\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\u634d\u885b\u500b\u4eba\u4f5c\u70ba\u5e73\u7b49\u516c\u6c11\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a8\u52d5\u4ee5\u96c6\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5728\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u5c0d\u6297\u96c6\u9ad4\u653f\u7b56\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u300c\u738b\u724c\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u8981\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u5099\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8a8d\u771f\u770b\u5f85\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5c0d\u6297\u8005\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b88\u885b\u8005\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u9019\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u57df\u4ee5\u865b\u5047\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u64cd\u5f04\u4eba\u6c11\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5c07\u6cd5\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7f6e\u65bc\u865b\u5984\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u9ed1\u624b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u800c\u5f04\u51fa\u4e86\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7b11\u8a71\u3002\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"324\" height=\"500\" src=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/IMG_20211110_200414_254.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7793\" srcset=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/IMG_20211110_200414_254.jpg 324w, http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/IMG_20211110_200414_254-194x300.jpg 194w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4eba\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7a2e\u5728\u65bc\u4eba\u61c2\u5f97\u904b\u7528\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4f46\u4ea6\u56e0\u70ba\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u601d\u8003\u4ee4\u5230\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u7d1b\u4e82\/\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u5f69\u3002\u8fd1\u73fe\u4ee3Marx\u3001Freud\u3001Nietzsche\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u4ee4\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8b8a\u6210\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u500b\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u3002Marx\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u50be\u8986\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001Freud \u4ee4\u5230\u4eba\u89ba\u8b58\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u6f5b\u610f\u8b58\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u4f5b\u5b78\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u65e9\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u4f86\u8aaa\u537b\u662fFreud \u5f71\u97ff\u8f03\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u800c Nietzsche\u5247\u5728\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u50be\u8986\u4e86\u4e16\u754c \u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u9019\u7269\u8cea\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5c0e\u8457\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u6548\u7528\u3002\u5c31\u4ee5\u300c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u300d\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u5177\u9ad4\u751f\u7406\u8166\u90e8\u53d7\u5275\u50b7\u5916\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u662f\u4e3b\u9ad4\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u7684\u932f\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5176\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08intersubjective\uff09\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u69cb\u6210\uff0c\u5fc5\u7531\u96c6\u9ad4\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e16\u754c\u88cf\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u300c\u666e\u904d\u300d\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u662f\u96c6\u9ad4\u9ed8\u7136\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u6211\u5011\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\u7d04\u6703\uff0c\u4fbf\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u8af8\u591a\u8aa4\u6703\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u932f\u7f6e\u6240\u5f15\u81f4\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u5247\u6709\u5982\u505c\u7559\u65bc\u5152\u7ae5\u671f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u591a\u4ee5\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u5224\u5225\u70ba\u4e3b\u800c\u7121\u8996\u5404\u4e3b\u9ad4\u9593\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7528\u9ed1\u683c\u723e\u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa: \u4e3b\u9ad4\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u908a\u754c\u8a8d\u77e5\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u504f\u96e2\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7d1b\u4e82\/\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u5f69\u53ef\u8b02\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u5e63\u5169\u9762 \u4eba\u985e\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u5efa\u57fa\u65bc\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u6700\u56b4\u8b39\u800c\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u4e16\u754c\uff08Karl popper\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e09\uff09\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u4e16\u754c\u5c24\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u6700\u70ba\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u6240\u5728\uff1b\u4e0a\u8ff0Marx \u3001Freud \u53caNietzsche \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u7576\u9019\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u5177\u9ad4\u61c9\u7528\/\u5448\u73fe\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5247\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u53ca\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b78\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9700\u8981\u56b4\u8b39\u800c\u4e00\u8cab\u7684\u53ef\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\/\u89c0\u5ff5\u67b6\u69cb\u3002Ronald dworkin\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u4e2d\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8209\u8db3\u8f15\u91cd\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u523a\u875f\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u300b\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5c31\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u95e1\u767c\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u6574\u5168\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u5c0e\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u4eba\u8aaa\uff0c\u72d0\u72f8\u77e5\u9053\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u523a\u875f\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u3002Ronald Dworkin\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u4e4b\u4f5c&#8221;Justice for Hodgehogs\u300a\u523a\u875f\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u300b&#8221;\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5b83\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u4f55\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5bcc\u6709\u539f\u5275\u6027\u4e26\u4e14\u6d89\u53ca\u554f\u984c\u6975\u70ba\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6975\u5c11\u6703\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u52a0\u4ee5\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6587\u5b78\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u505a\u500b\u597d\u4eba\u548c\u597d\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5f88\u591a\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002 Dworkin \u7684\u6d1e\u898b\u5728\u65bc\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u300c\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u548c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u6839\u672c\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u5fb7\u6c83Dworkin\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u300c\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u70ba\u672c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u51fa\u767c\uff0cDworkin\u5c0d\u300c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u770b\u6cd5\u3002Dworkin \u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u591a\u6578\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u300d(majoritarian conception of democracy)\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u9019\u7a2e\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u7d93\u7531\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u50b7\u5bb3\u5230\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u4ea6\u7136\u3002Dowkin \u8a8d\u70ba\u591a\u6578\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u5c0d\u65bc\u8eab\u70ba\u5c11\u6578\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6b20\u7f3a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u300d(partnership conception of democracy)\uff1a\u9019\u7a2e\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u8a8d\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\u61c9\u8a72\u5c07\u5f7c\u6b64\u8996\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u9019\u500b\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e8b\u696d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u53c3\u8207\u8005\uff08\u5925\u4f34\u95dc\u4fc2\uff09\uff0c\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u610f\u8b02\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5925\u4f34\u95dc\u4fc2\u4f86\u6cbb\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u300c\u540c\u7b49\u95dc\u61f7\u300d(equal concern)\u8207\u300c\u81ea\u6211\u6cbb\u7406\u300d(self\u2010government)\u662f\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u5169\u5927\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u900f\u904e\u666e\u904d\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u8207\u88ab\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u4f86\u9078\u51fa\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u6216\u6c11\u610f\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u662f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u7fa4\u80fd\u5920\u5e73\u7b49\u95dc\u61f7\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u5925\u4f34\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u81ea\u6211\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u7fa4\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u540d\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5fc5\u9808\u5c0a\u91cd\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u4eba\u751f\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u8a8d\u5b9a\u8207\u4eba\u751f\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u85c9\u7531\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u5c07\u96c6\u9ad4\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDworkin \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4fdd\u969c\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u70ba\u5e73\u7b49\u5925\u4f34\u4e4b\u5c0a\u56b4\u8207\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5920\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u4e5f\u624d\u5c0d\u5176\u8ca0\u6709\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002 \u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u570b\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u6210\u719f\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u7d50\u69cb\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u591a\u6578\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u6c11\u57fa\u672c\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u78ba\u4fdd\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u7fa4\u5e73\u7b49\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDworkin \u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u53f8\u6cd5\u9055\u61b2\u5be9\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u9762\u81e8\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u6297\u591a\u6578\u56f0\u5883\u300d(countermajoritarian difficulty)\u3002\u9019\u500b\u56f0\u5883\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5340\u5340\u5e7e\u500b\u4e0d\u5177\u6c11\u610f\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u80fd\u5920\u63a8\u7ffb\u4ee3\u8868\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7d93\u7531\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u96e3\u9053\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u7684\u7591\u616e\u55ce\uff1f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7591\u616e\u986f\u7136\u6839\u6e90\u65bc\u5c07\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u5011\u63a1\u53d6\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7591\u616e\u81ea\u7136\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\u3002Dworkin \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u8077\u8cac\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\u634d\u885b\u500b\u4eba\u4f5c\u70ba\u5e73\u7b49\u516c\u6c11\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a8\u52d5\u4ee5\u96c6\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5728\u5925\u4f34\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u5c0d\u6297\u96c6\u9ad4\u653f\u7b56\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u300c\u738b\u724c\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u8981\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u5099\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8a8d\u771f\u770b\u5f85\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5c0d\u6297\u8005\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b88\u885b\u8005\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u57df\u4ee5\u865b\u5047\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u64cd\u5f04\u4eba\u6c11\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5c07\u6cd5\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7f6e\u65bc\u865b\u5984\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u9ed1\u624b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u800c\u5f04\u51fa\u4e86\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7b11\u8a71\u3002\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7792","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--chaos"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-21G","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7792","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7792"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7792\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7794,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7792\/revisions\/7794"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7792"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7792"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7792"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}