{"id":8084,"date":"2022-05-20T09:57:19","date_gmt":"2022-05-20T09:57:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8084"},"modified":"2022-05-23T10:00:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-23T10:00:21","slug":"the-magic-glasses-of-critical-thinking-seeing-through-alternative-fact-fake-news","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/05\/20\/the-magic-glasses-of-critical-thinking-seeing-through-alternative-fact-fake-news\/","title":{"rendered":"The Magic Glasses of Critical Thinking: Seeing Through Alternative Fact &#038; Fake News"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6709\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u6709\u6642\u5019\u8207\u5225\u4eba\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f88\u8cbb\u52c1\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u5225\u4eba\u4e0d\u6309\u6a19\u984c\u4f86\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a2d\u6cd5\u627e\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\u662f\u6c92\u4e8b\u627e\u4e8b\u554f\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u4f46\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8aaa\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u554f\u984c\uff08\u5982\u542b\u7cca\u3001\u6b67\u7fa9\u3002\u3002\u3002\uff09\uff1f\u56e0\u800c\u56de\u61c9\u8005\u6709\u56de\u554f\u4e0d\u4e5f\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u5982\u554f\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u554f\u984c \u2192\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u7d93\u6fdf\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5584\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\uff1b\u6bd4\u8f03\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u8207\u4e16\u754c\/\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u6a23\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u5340\u662f\u5426\u5145\u5206\u767c\u63ee\u4e86\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u80fd\u529b <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c8\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u600e\u770b\u6709\u8aaa\u83ef\u4eba\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u8207\u5225\u4eba\u5408\u4f5c\uff1f \u2192\u6240\u6307\u83ef\u4eba\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u83ef\u4eba\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u83ef\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u7279\u7a31\u547d\u984c\uff08\u5982\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u7684\u83ef\u4eba\uff09\u6db5\u62ec\u5168\u7a31\u547d\u984c\uff08\u5168\u7403\u83ef\u4eba\uff1a\u90a3\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7aae\u76e1\u5168\u7403\u6240\u6709\u83ef\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7279\u7a31\u547d\u984c\u6642\u6211\u5011\u4ea6\u9808\u6709\u5145\u4efd\u4e86\u89e3\u8207\u8a3c\u64da\uff08\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u83ef\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3001\u8ca2\u737b\u3001\u9084\u662f\u88ab\u6392\u64e0\u3002\u3002\u3002\uff09\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u624d\u4e0d\u6703\u4ee5\u504f\u84cb\u5168<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9032\u800c\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6642\u7948\u6c42\u80fd\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u554f\u8005\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u7406\u6709\u64da\u3001\u6709\u7591\u6709\u554f\uff0c\u5c31\u4e8b\u7406\u3001\u554f\u984c\u62bd\u7d72\u525d\u7e6d\uff0c\u5c64\u5c64\u905e\u9032\u3001\u4e0d\u60c5\u7dd2\u5316\u3001\u4e0d\u4eba\u8eab\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u3002\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f9e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u601d\u8003\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4eba\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e0d\u55ae\u55ae\u662f\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9084\u5f97\u662f\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u8003\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u4eba\u7701\u601d\u3001\u61c2\u5f97\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u3002\u4f46\u7701\u601d\u6279\u5224\u4ea6\u9808\u6709\u6240\u64da\u3001\u6709\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u70ba\u6279\u5224\u800c\u6279\u5224\u800c\u986f\u8a6d\u8b4e\uff0c\u806f\u60f3\u6b6a\u7406\u986f\u800c\u7d0b\u7406\u6b20\u5949\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u539f\u662f\u6307Critical thinking \uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u672c\u7121\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u3002Critical thinking \u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u4f86\u5be9\u8996\u4e8b\u7406\u4e4b\u539f\u7531\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u5ba2\u89c0\u5373\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u3001\u6709\u7406\u6709\u7bc0\u3001\u6709\u6839\u6709\u64da\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6703\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u5012\u679c\u70ba\u56e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6709\u9322\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u800c\u5f97\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6191\u7236\u852d\u800c\u5f97\uff09\u3001\u5728\u9ad8\u4f4d\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u80fd\u529b\u904e\u4eba\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u963f\u8adb\u5949\u627f\u800c\u5f97\uff09\u3001\u6709\u6b0a\u52e2\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u7406\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6307\u9e7f\u70ba\u99ac\u8005\uff09\u3001\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u2026\u2026\uff0c\u8aaa\u7406\u8a00\u9053\u7684\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u61c9\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6b64 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ed7\u52e2\u6a2a\u883b\u3001\u4ee5\u4f4d\u8105\u4eba:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9053\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u8207\u6b0a\u52e2\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u6709\u6b0a\u52e2\u8005\u5176\u8a00\u4e4b\u529b\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u56e0\u7406\u800c\u6709\u529b\u3001\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u56e0\u5176\u6b0a\u3001\u5176\u52e2\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u56e0\u8105\u65bc\u5176\u6b0a\u52e2\u800c\u8a8d\u540c\u3002\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u8005\uff08\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u9818\u4102\u3001\u5982\u793e\u6703\u8ce2\u9054\u3001\u5982\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u3001\u5982\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u2026\u2026\uff09\u5176\u6240\u8a00\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6a2a\u884c\u7121\u5fcc\uff0c\u96d6\u5247\uff08\u610f\u898b\u9818\u8896\uff09\u5176\u8a00\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u535a\u5f97\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u773e\u4e4b\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5c31\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u62cd\u8166\u888b\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u80f8\u812f\uff0c\u597d\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u5927\u817f\uff0c\u58de\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u5c41\u80a1\uff0c\u7b97\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u300d\u7684\u52e2\u614b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6b64\u7b49\u6b0a\u52e2\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u610f\u898b\u9818\u8896\u7b49\u4e4b\u898b\u3001\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u7368\u7acb\u5c31\u4e8b\u7406\u4e4b\u7406\u8def\u3001\u8108\u7d61\u4e88\u4ee5\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u3001\u6709\u7406\u6709\u7bc0\u3001\u6709\u6839\u6709\u64da\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u8207\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u6709\u4f55\u5340\u5206\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u4f60\u958b\u59cb\u8a55\u4f30\u4f60\u807d\u5230\u3001\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u3001\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e4b\u524d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u9996\u5148\u6703\u5148\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7d93\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u4e88\u4ee5\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u5728\u978f\u56fa\u3001\u5206\u6790\u4f60\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4f60\u5c0d\u6574\u500b\u8a0a\u606f\u610f\u5716\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u70ba\u4e86\u5728\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u4e0a\u6709\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u69cb\u5efa\u6574\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u4ed4\u7d30\u5206\u6790\u60a8\u6b63\u5728\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u8861\u91cf\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e2d\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u51fa\u6bcf\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u6311\u51fa\u6240\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3001\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u770b\u770b\u5b83\u5011\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u591a\u8584\u5f31\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u6240\u627e\u5230\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u8ad6\u64da\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u69cb\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u4f60\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u54ea\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c0b\u627e\u6587\u672c\u6216\u8a0a\u606f\u53c3\u6578\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u5728\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4efb\u4f55\u660e\u986f\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u60f3\u60f3\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u7cfe\u6b63\u4f60\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7f3a\u9ede\u74dc\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3002\u7576\u505a\u5206\u6790\u548c\u69cb\u5efa\u53cd\u99c1\u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u8ad6\u64da\u6642\uff0c\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u63ee\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u770b\u6cd5\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u9019\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u80fd\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u722d\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f60\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u61c9\u8a72\u8207\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f9e\u5c0f\u9053\u6d88\u606f\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u6216\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u4f9d\u9760\u731c\u60f3\uff08\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9700\u8981\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u9700\u78ba\u4fdd\u6240\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3001\u8a0a\u606f\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ea6\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u5c0d\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u982d\u8166\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u908f\u8f2f\u5730\u7d44\u7e54\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u6700\u597d\u64c1\u6709\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8207\u6240\u6d89\u554f\u984c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u554f\u984c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e26\u80fd\u5f9e\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u4e88\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u80fd\u5920\u628a\u4e8b\u5be6\u7f6e\u65bc\u9069\u7576\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u6539\u9032\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u9019\u88cf\u4e5f\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u89e3\u653e\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u524d\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u795e\u7236D. Michael Rivage-Seul\u5728Kentucky\u5ddeBerea\u5b78\u9662\u4efb\u6559\u4e86\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u5927\u958b\u773c\u754c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/\u6709\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u6709\u6642\u5019\u8207\u5225\u4eba\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f88\u8cbb\u52c1\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u5225\u4eba\u4e0d\u6309\u6a19\u984c\u4f86\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a2d\u6cd5\u627e\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\u662f\u6c92\u4e8b\u627e\u4e8b\u554f\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u4f46\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8aaa\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u554f\u984c\uff08\u5982\u542b\u7cca\u3001\u6b67\u7fa9\u3002\u3002\u3002\uff09\uff1f\u56e0\u800c\u56de\u61c9\u8005\u6709\u56de\u554f\u4e0d\u4e5f\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\uff1f  \u4f8b\u5982\u554f\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u554f\u984c \u2192\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u7d93\u6fdf\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5584\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\uff1b\u6bd4\u8f03\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u8207\u4e16\u754c\/\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u6a23\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u5340\u662f\u5426\u5145\u5206\u767c\u63ee\u4e86\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u80fd\u529b  \u53c8\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u600e\u770b\u6709\u8aaa\u83ef\u4eba\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u8207\u5225\u4eba\u5408\u4f5c\uff1f \u2192\u6240\u6307\u83ef\u4eba\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u83ef\u4eba\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u83ef\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u7279\u7a31\u547d\u984c\uff08\u5982\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u7684\u83ef\u4eba\uff09\u6db5\u62ec\u5168\u7a31\u547d\u984c\uff08\u5168\u7403\u83ef\u4eba\uff1a\u90a3\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7aae\u76e1\u5168\u7403\u6240\u6709\u83ef\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7279\u7a31\u547d\u984c\u6642\u6211\u5011\u4ea6\u9808\u6709\u5145\u4efd\u4e86\u89e3\u8207\u8a3c\u64da\uff08\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u83ef\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3001\u8ca2\u737b\u3001\u9084\u662f\u88ab\u6392\u64e0\u3002\u3002\u3002\uff09\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u624d\u4e0d\u6703\u4ee5\u504f\u84cb\u5168 \u9032\u800c\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6642\u7948\u6c42\u80fd\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u554f\u8005\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u7406\u6709\u64da\u3001\u6709\u7591\u6709\u554f\uff0c\u5c31\u4e8b\u7406\u3001\u554f\u984c\u62bd\u7d72\u525d\u7e6d\uff0c\u5c64\u5c64\u905e\u9032\u3001\u4e0d\u60c5\u7dd2\u5316\u3001\u4e0d\u4eba\u8eab\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u3002\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff1f  \u5f9e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u601d\u8003\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4eba\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e0d\u55ae\u55ae\u662f\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9084\u5f97\u662f\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u8003\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u4eba\u7701\u601d\u3001\u61c2\u5f97\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u3002\u4f46\u7701\u601d\u6279\u5224\u4ea6\u9808\u6709\u6240\u64da\u3001\u6709\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u70ba\u6279\u5224\u800c\u6279\u5224\u800c\u986f\u8a6d\u8b4e\uff0c\u806f\u60f3\u6b6a\u7406\u986f\u800c\u7d0b\u7406\u6b20\u5949\u3002  \u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u539f\u662f\u6307Critical thinking \uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u672c\u7121\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u3002Critical thinking \u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u4f86\u5be9\u8996\u4e8b\u7406\u4e4b\u539f\u7531\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u5ba2\u89c0\u5373\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u3001\u6709\u7406\u6709\u7bc0\u3001\u6709\u6839\u6709\u64da\u3002  \u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6703\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u5012\u679c\u70ba\u56e0: \u6709\u9322\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u800c\u5f97\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6191\u7236\u852d\u800c\u5f97\uff09\u3001\u5728\u9ad8\u4f4d\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u80fd\u529b\u904e\u4eba\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u963f\u8adb\u5949\u627f\u800c\u5f97\uff09\u3001\u6709\u6b0a\u52e2\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u7406\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6307\u9e7f\u70ba\u99ac\u8005\uff09\u3001\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u2026\u2026\uff0c\u8aaa\u7406\u8a00\u9053\u7684\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u61c9\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6b64  \u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ed7\u52e2\u6a2a\u883b\u3001\u4ee5\u4f4d\u8105\u4eba: \u9053\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u8207\u6b0a\u52e2\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u6709\u6b0a\u52e2\u8005\u5176\u8a00\u4e4b\u529b\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u56e0\u7406\u800c\u6709\u529b\u3001\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u56e0\u5176\u6b0a\u3001\u5176\u52e2\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u56e0\u8105\u65bc\u5176\u6b0a\u52e2\u800c\u8a8d\u540c\u3002\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u8005\uff08\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u9818\u4102\u3001\u5982\u793e\u6703\u8ce2\u9054\u3001\u5982\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u3001\u5982\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u2026\u2026\uff09\u5176\u6240\u8a00\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6a2a\u884c\u7121\u5fcc\uff0c\u96d6\u5247\uff08\u610f\u898b\u9818\u8896\uff09\u5176\u8a00\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u535a\u5f97\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u773e\u4e4b\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5c31\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u62cd\u8166\u888b\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u80f8\u812f\uff0c\u597d\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u5927\u817f\uff0c\u58de\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u5c41\u80a1\uff0c\u7b97\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u300d\u7684\u52e2\u614b\u3002  \u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6b64\u7b49\u6b0a\u52e2\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u610f\u898b\u9818\u8896\u7b49\u4e4b\u898b\u3001\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u7368\u7acb\u5c31\u4e8b\u7406\u4e4b\u7406\u8def\u3001\u8108\u7d61\u4e88\u4ee5\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u3001\u6709\u7406\u6709\u7bc0\u3001\u6709\u6839\u6709\u64da\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u8207\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u6709\u4f55\u5340\u5206\u5462\uff1f \u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u4f60\u958b\u59cb\u8a55\u4f30\u4f60\u807d\u5230\u3001\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u3001\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e4b\u524d \u3002\u9996\u5148\u6703\u5148\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7d93\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u4e88\u4ee5\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u5728\u978f\u56fa\u3001\u5206\u6790\u4f60\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4f60\u5c0d\u6574\u500b\u8a0a\u606f\u610f\u5716\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3002  \u70ba\u4e86\u5728\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u4e0a\u6709\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u69cb\u5efa\u6574\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a  \u3002\u4ed4\u7d30\u5206\u6790\u60a8\u6b63\u5728\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5  \u3002\u8861\u91cf\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e2d\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002  \u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u51fa\u6bcf\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002  \u3002\u6311\u51fa\u6240\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3001\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u770b\u770b\u5b83\u5011\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u591a\u8584\u5f31\u3002  \u3002\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u6240\u627e\u5230\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u8ad6\u64da\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u69cb\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u4f60\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u54ea\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002  \u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c0b\u627e\u6587\u672c\u6216\u8a0a\u606f\u53c3\u6578\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u5728\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4efb\u4f55\u660e\u986f\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002  \u3002\u60f3\u60f3\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u7cfe\u6b63\u4f60\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7f3a\u9ede\u74dc\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002  \u3002\u7576\u505a\u5206\u6790\u548c\u69cb\u5efa\u53cd\u99c1\u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u8ad6\u64da\u6642\uff0c\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u63ee\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u770b\u6cd5\u3002  \u5728\u9019\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\uff1a \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u80fd\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u722d\u8ad6\u3002 \u4f60\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u61c9\u8a72\u8207\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f9e\u5c0f\u9053\u6d88\u606f\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u6216\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u4f9d\u9760\u731c\u60f3\uff08\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9700\u8981\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u9700\u78ba\u4fdd\u6240\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3001\u8a0a\u606f\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u3002  \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ea6\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u5c0d\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u982d\u8166\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u908f\u8f2f\u5730\u7d44\u7e54\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u6700\u597d\u64c1\u6709\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8207\u6240\u6d89\u554f\u984c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u554f\u984c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e26\u80fd\u5f9e\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u4e88\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u80fd\u5920\u628a\u4e8b\u5be6\u7f6e\u65bc\u9069\u7576\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u6539\u9032\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002  \u5728\u9019\u88cf\u4e5f\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u89e3\u653e\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u524d\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u795e\u7236D. Michael Rivage-Seul\u5728Kentucky\u5ddeBerea\u5b78\u9662\u4efb\u6559\u4e86\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u5927\u958b\u773c\u754c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u201cThe Magic Glasses of Critical Thinking: Seeing Through Alternative Fact &amp; Fake News \u201d\u4f86\u4f5c\u8aaa\u660e\u3002  \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u9080\u8acb\u8b80\u8005\u5617\u8a66\u5f9e Baba Dick Gregory(\u7f8e\u570b\u559c\u5287\u6f14\u54e1\u3001\u9577\u671f\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u8005\u3001\u6c11\u6b0a\u548c\u7d20\u98df\u6d3b\u52d5\u5bb6\u3002)\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u201c\u9b54\u93e1\u201d\u4f86\u5be9\u8996\u554f\u984c\u3002Gregory \u7684\u201c\u9b54\u93e1\u201d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5341\u689d\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u7a7f\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u96c6\u5718\u601d\u60f3\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u9670\u973e\uff1b\u4ee5\u8a72\u6a19\u6e96\u6566\u4fc3\u5b78\u751f\uff1a \uff081\uff09\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u53cd\u6620reflect systemically\uff0c \uff082\uff09\u9078\u64c7\u5e02\u5834\uff08\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d44\u7e54\u539f\u5247\uff09select market (as an organizing principle)\uff0c \uff083\uff09\u62d2\u7d55\u4e2d\u7acbreject neutrality\uff0c \uff084\uff09\u61f7\u7591\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614bsuspect ideology\uff0c \uff085\uff09\u5c0a\u91cd\u6b77\u53f2respect history\uff0c \uff086\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u6aa2\u67e5inspect scientifically\uff0c \uff087 \uff09\u56db\u65b9\u66b4\u529bquadra-sect violence\uff0c \uff088\uff09\u8207\u4f60\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u806f\u7e6bconnect with your deepest self\uff0c \uff089\uff09\u6536\u96c6\u7d50\u8ad6collect conclusions\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca \uff0810\uff09\u6aa2\u6e2c\u6c89\u9ed8detect silences\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u9b54\u93e1\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77 1930 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50be\u5411\u662f\u660e\u78ba\u7121\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u5c0d\u719f\u6089\u7684Hollywood \u96fb\u5f71\u548c\u7d00\u9304\u7247\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u4f7f\u672c\u66f8\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u5b78\u548c\u4e2d\u5b78\u5f8c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u548c\u4f5c\u6587\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\u7684\u6587\u672c\u548c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8d77\u9ede\u3002  \u4eba\u96d6\u7136\u662f\u6703\u601d\u8003\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8879\u6709\u4eba\u3002Pascal \u66fe\u8aaa\uff1a\u4eba\u4e00\u601d\u8003\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u7b11\u4e86\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6bd4\u601d\u8003\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u554f\">The Magic Glasses of Critical Thinking: Seeing Through Alternative Fact &amp; Fake News <\/a>\u201d\u4f86\u4f5c\u8aaa\u660e\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u9080\u8acb\u8b80\u8005\u5617\u8a66\u5f9e Baba Dick Gregory(\u7f8e\u570b\u559c\u5287\u6f14\u54e1\u3001\u9577\u671f\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u8005\u3001\u6c11\u6b0a\u548c\u7d20\u98df\u6d3b\u52d5\u5bb6\u3002)\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u201c\u9b54\u93e1\u201d\u4f86\u5be9\u8996\u554f\u984c\u3002Gregory \u7684\u201c\u9b54\u93e1\u201d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5341\u689d\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u7a7f\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u96c6\u5718\u601d\u60f3\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u9670\u973e\uff1b\u4ee5\u8a72\u6a19\u6e96\u6566\u4fc3\u5b78\u751f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff081\uff09\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u53cd\u6620reflect systemically\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff082\uff09\u9078\u64c7\u5e02\u5834\uff08\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d44\u7e54\u539f\u5247\uff09select market (as an organizing principle)\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff083\uff09\u62d2\u7d55\u4e2d\u7acbreject neutrality\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff084\uff09\u61f7\u7591\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614bsuspect ideology\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff085\uff09\u5c0a\u91cd\u6b77\u53f2respect history\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff086\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u6aa2\u67e5inspect scientifically\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff087 \uff09\u56db\u65b9\u66b4\u529bquadra-sect violence\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff088\uff09\u8207\u4f60\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u806f\u7e6bconnect with your deepest self\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff089\uff09\u6536\u96c6\u7d50\u8ad6collect conclusions\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\uff0810\uff09\u6aa2\u6e2c\u6c89\u9ed8detect silences\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u9b54\u93e1\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77 1930 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50be\u5411\u662f\u660e\u78ba\u7121\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u5c0d\u719f\u6089\u7684Hollywood \u96fb\u5f71\u548c\u7d00\u9304\u7247\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u4f7f\u672c\u66f8\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u5b78\u548c\u4e2d\u5b78\u5f8c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u548c\u4f5c\u6587\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\u7684\u6587\u672c\u548c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8d77\u9ede\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u96d6\u7136\u662f\u6703\u601d\u8003\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8879\u6709\u4eba\u3002Pascal \u66fe\u8aaa\uff1a\u4eba\u4e00\u601d\u8003\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u7b11\u4e86\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6bd4\u601d\u8003\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u554f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6709\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u6709\u6642\u5019\u8207\u5225\u4eba\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f88\u8cbb\u52c1\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u5225\u4eba\u4e0d\u6309\u6a19\u984c\u4f86\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a2d\u6cd5\u627e\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\u662f\u6c92\u4e8b\u627e\u4e8b\u554f\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u4f46\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8aaa\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u554f\u984c\uff08\u5982\u542b\u7cca\u3001\u6b67\u7fa9\u3002\u3002\u3002\uff09\uff1f\u56e0\u800c\u56de\u61c9\u8005\u6709\u56de\u554f\u4e0d\u4e5f\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\uff1f \u4f8b\u5982\u554f\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u554f\u984c \u2192\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u7d93\u6fdf\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5584\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\uff1b\u6bd4\u8f03\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u8207\u4e16\u754c\/\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u6a23\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u5340\u662f\u5426\u5145\u5206\u767c\u63ee\u4e86\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u80fd\u529b \u53c8\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u600e\u770b\u6709\u8aaa\u83ef\u4eba\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u8207\u5225\u4eba\u5408\u4f5c\uff1f \u2192\u6240\u6307\u83ef\u4eba\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u83ef\u4eba\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u83ef\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u7279\u7a31\u547d\u984c\uff08\u5982\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u7684\u83ef\u4eba\uff09\u6db5\u62ec\u5168\u7a31\u547d\u984c\uff08\u5168\u7403\u83ef\u4eba\uff1a\u90a3\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7aae\u76e1\u5168\u7403\u6240\u6709\u83ef\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7279\u7a31\u547d\u984c\u6642\u6211\u5011\u4ea6\u9808\u6709\u5145\u4efd\u4e86\u89e3\u8207\u8a3c\u64da\uff08\u83f2\u5f8b\u8cd3\u83ef\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3001\u8ca2\u737b\u3001\u9084\u662f\u88ab\u6392\u64e0\u3002\u3002\u3002\uff09\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u624d\u4e0d\u6703\u4ee5\u504f\u84cb\u5168 \u9032\u800c\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6642\u7948\u6c42\u80fd\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u554f\u8005\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u7406\u6709\u64da\u3001\u6709\u7591\u6709\u554f\uff0c\u5c31\u4e8b\u7406\u3001\u554f\u984c\u62bd\u7d72\u525d\u7e6d\uff0c\u5c64\u5c64\u905e\u9032\u3001\u4e0d\u60c5\u7dd2\u5316\u3001\u4e0d\u4eba\u8eab\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u3002\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff1f \u5f9e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u601d\u8003\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4eba\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e0d\u55ae\u55ae\u662f\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9084\u5f97\u662f\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u8003\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u4eba\u7701\u601d\u3001\u61c2\u5f97\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u3002\u4f46\u7701\u601d\u6279\u5224\u4ea6\u9808\u6709\u6240\u64da\u3001\u6709\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u70ba\u6279\u5224\u800c\u6279\u5224\u800c\u986f\u8a6d\u8b4e\uff0c\u806f\u60f3\u6b6a\u7406\u986f\u800c\u7d0b\u7406\u6b20\u5949\u3002 \u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u539f\u662f\u6307Critical thinking \uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u672c\u7121\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u3002Critical thinking \u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u4f86\u5be9\u8996\u4e8b\u7406\u4e4b\u539f\u7531\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u5ba2\u89c0\u5373\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u3001\u6709\u7406\u6709\u7bc0\u3001\u6709\u6839\u6709\u64da\u3002 \u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6703\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u5012\u679c\u70ba\u56e0: \u6709\u9322\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u800c\u5f97\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6191\u7236\u852d\u800c\u5f97\uff09\u3001\u5728\u9ad8\u4f4d\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u80fd\u529b\u904e\u4eba\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u963f\u8adb\u5949\u627f\u800c\u5f97\uff09\u3001\u6709\u6b0a\u52e2\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u7406\u7684\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6307\u9e7f\u70ba\u99ac\u8005\uff09\u3001\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u2026\u2026\uff0c\u8aaa\u7406\u8a00\u9053\u7684\u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u61c9\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6b64 \u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ed7\u52e2\u6a2a\u883b\u3001\u4ee5\u4f4d\u8105\u4eba: \u9053\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u8207\u6b0a\u52e2\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u6709\u6b0a\u52e2\u8005\u5176\u8a00\u4e4b\u529b\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u56e0\u7406\u800c\u6709\u529b\u3001\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u56e0\u5176\u6b0a\u3001\u5176\u52e2\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u56e0\u8105\u65bc\u5176\u6b0a\u52e2\u800c\u8a8d\u540c\u3002\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u8005\uff08\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u9818\u4102\u3001\u5982\u793e\u6703\u8ce2\u9054\u3001\u5982\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u3001\u5982\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u2026\u2026\uff09\u5176\u6240\u8a00\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6a2a\u884c\u7121\u5fcc\uff0c\u96d6\u5247\uff08\u610f\u898b\u9818\u8896\uff09\u5176\u8a00\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u535a\u5f97\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u773e\u4e4b\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5c31\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u62cd\u8166\u888b\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u80f8\u812f\uff0c\u597d\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u5927\u817f\uff0c\u58de\u4e86\uff1b\u4e00\u62cd\u5c41\u80a1\uff0c\u7b97\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u300d\u7684\u52e2\u614b\u3002 \u6279\u5224\u601d\u7dad\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6b64\u7b49\u6b0a\u52e2\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u610f\u898b\u9818\u8896\u7b49\u4e4b\u898b\u3001\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u7368\u7acb\u5c31\u4e8b\u7406\u4e4b\u7406\u8def\u3001\u8108\u7d61\u4e88\u4ee5\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u3001\u6709\u7406\u6709\u7bc0\u3001\u6709\u6839\u6709\u64da\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u8207\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u6709\u4f55\u5340\u5206\u5462\uff1f \u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u4f60\u958b\u59cb\u8a55\u4f30\u4f60\u807d\u5230\u3001\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u3001\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e4b\u524d \u3002\u9996\u5148\u6703\u5148\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7d93\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u4e88\u4ee5\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u5728\u978f\u56fa\u3001\u5206\u6790\u4f60\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4f60\u5c0d\u6574\u500b\u8a0a\u606f\u610f\u5716\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u5728\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u4e0a\u6709\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u69cb\u5efa\u6574\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a \u3002\u4ed4\u7d30\u5206\u6790\u60a8\u6b63\u5728\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5 \u3002\u8861\u91cf\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e2d\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u51fa\u6bcf\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002 \u3002\u6311\u51fa\u6240\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3001\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u770b\u770b\u5b83\u5011\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u591a\u8584\u5f31\u3002 \u3002\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u6240\u627e\u5230\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u8ad6\u64da\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u69cb\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u4f60\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u54ea\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002 \u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c0b\u627e\u6587\u672c\u6216\u8a0a\u606f\u53c3\u6578\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u5728\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4efb\u4f55\u660e\u986f\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002 \u3002\u60f3\u60f3\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u7cfe\u6b63\u4f60\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7f3a\u9ede\u74dc\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002 \u3002\u7576\u505a\u5206\u6790\u548c\u69cb\u5efa\u53cd\u99c1\u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u8ad6\u64da\u6642\uff0c\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u63ee\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u770b\u6cd5\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\uff1a \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u80fd\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u722d\u8ad6\u3002 \u4f60\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u61c9\u8a72\u8207\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f9e\u5c0f\u9053\u6d88\u606f\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u6216\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u4f9d\u9760\u731c\u60f3\uff08\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9700\u8981\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u9700\u78ba\u4fdd\u6240\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3001\u8a0a\u606f\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u3002 \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ea6\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u5c0d\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u982d\u8166\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u908f\u8f2f\u5730\u7d44\u7e54\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u6700\u597d\u64c1\u6709\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8207\u6240\u6d89\u554f\u984c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u554f\u984c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e26\u80fd\u5f9e\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u4e88\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u80fd\u5920\u628a\u4e8b\u5be6\u7f6e\u65bc\u9069\u7576\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u6539\u9032\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88cf\u4e5f\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u89e3\u653e\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u524d\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u795e\u7236D. Michael Rivage-Seul\u5728Kentucky\u5ddeBerea\u5b78\u9662\u4efb\u6559\u4e86\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u5927\u958b\u773c\u754c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u201cThe Magic Glasses of Critical &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/05\/20\/the-magic-glasses-of-critical-thinking-seeing-through-alternative-fact-fake-news\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-26o","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8084","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8084"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8084\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8085,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8084\/revisions\/8085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8084"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}