{"id":8188,"date":"2022-07-05T04:42:45","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T04:42:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8188"},"modified":"2022-07-05T04:42:49","modified_gmt":"2022-07-05T04:42:49","slug":"the-knowledge-machine-how-irrationality-created-modern-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/07\/05\/the-knowledge-machine-how-irrationality-created-modern-science\/","title":{"rendered":"The Knowledge Machine: How Irrationality Created Modern Science"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u7a2e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u5e8f\uff08second order \uff09\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7b49\u9032\u884c\u601d\u8003\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\/\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u9032\u884c\u601d\u8003\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u3002\u3002\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\/\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u96d6\u8b1b\u6c42\u5be6\u8a3c\u3001\u908f\u8f2f\u7b49\u7406\u6027\u7684\u904b\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7522\u7269\u4e0d\u7adf\u4e5f\u812b\u4e0d\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709Paul Feyerabend\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u61c9\u8a72\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d93\u6fdf\uff08\u7fd2\u6163\uff09\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff1b\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Against-Method-Paul-Feyerabend\/dp\/1844674428\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1AOJ4WGA6WFF4&amp;keywords=Against+Method&amp;qid=1656996105&amp;sprefix=against+method%2Caps%2C483&amp;sr=8-1\">Against Method<\/a>\u201d\uff081975\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\u662f\u6307\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u6703\u9650\u5236\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u5f9e\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5ee3\u95ca\u81ea\u7531<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">karl popper\u7684\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Logic-Scientific-Discovery-Routledge-Classics\/dp\/0415278449\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1ZOCJVY0YLLFQ&amp;keywords=The+Logic+of+Scientific+Discovery&amp;qid=1656996124&amp;sprefix=the+logic+of+scientific+discovery%2Caps%2C483&amp;sr=8-1\">The Logic of Scientific Discovery<\/a>\u201d\uff081934\uff09\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u6a19\u6e96\u3002 \u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u5b83\u4f5c\u70ba\u89e3\u6c7a\u6b78\u7d0d\u548c\u5283\u754c\u554f\u984c\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u5047\u8a2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u73fe\u6709\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u6aa2\u9a57\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u62b5\u89f8\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u8a3c\u507d\u7684\uff08\u6216\u53ef\u53cd\u99c1\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u6b64\u800c\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u5e36\u5165\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u9818\u5730<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thomas Kuhn\u7684\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Structure-Scientific-Revolutions-50th-Anniversary-ebook\/dp\/B007USH7J2\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2SSWXU85E4NIG&amp;keywords=The+Structure+of+Scientific+Revolutions&amp;qid=1656996143&amp;sprefix=the+structure+of+scientific+revolutions%2Caps%2C481&amp;sr=8-1\">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions<\/a>\u201d\uff081962\uff09\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u76db\u884c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u89c0\uff0c\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u8996\u70ba\u516c\u8a8d\u4e8b\u5be6\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u7a4d\u7d2f\u767c\u5c55\u300d\u3002kuhn\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u7a2e\u60c5\u7bc0\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7d2f\u7a4d\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u5e38\u898f\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u88ab\u9769\u547d\u6027\u79d1\u5b78\u6642\u671f\u6253\u65b7\u3002\u3002\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81f3\u4ecaMichael Strevens\u7684\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Knowledge-Machine-Irrationality-Created-Science-ebook\/dp\/B085SSXY45\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=25G2DSOSAX7FO&amp;keywords=The+Knowledge+Machine%3A+How+Irrationality+Created+Modern+Science&amp;qid=1656995969&amp;sprefix=the+knowledge+machine+how+irrationality+created+modern+science%2Caps%2C492&amp;sr=8-1\">The Knowledge Machine: How Irrationality Created Modern Science<\/a>\u2018\u2019\uff082020\uff09\u5247\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u904e\u53bb\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u95dc\u65bc\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4e8b\u696d\u7684\u6700\u5177\u555f\u767c\u6027\u7684\u66f8\u3002\uff08Rebecca Newberger Goldstein\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u7bc4\u5f0f\u8f49\u63db\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u2018\u2019The Knowledge Machine\u2018\u2019\u5fb9\u5e95\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u79d1\u5b78\u5982\u6b64\u5f37\u5927\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u6578\u5b78\u767c\u660e\u5f8c\u7684\u5169\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u4f86\u4e86\u89e3\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u4e00\u90e8\u878d\u5408\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u958b\u5275\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6Strevens\u5617\u8a66\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6230\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5076\u7136\u767c\u73fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u6253\u7834\u908f\u8f2f\u8ad6\u8b49\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u79d1\u5b78\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u9a5a\u4eba\u60f3\u6cd5\u6642\u7522\u751f\u7684. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u8207\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7d93\u5178\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u751f\u52d5\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6545\u610f\u5ffd\u8996\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u7f8e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u54f2\u5b78\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u72f9\u7a84\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u4ee3\u78bc\uff0c\u5176\u975e\u5e38\u72f9\u7a84\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5c07\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5f15\u5c0e\u5230\u7d93\u9a57\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u3002 Strevens \u5c07\u9019\u4e00\u79d1\u5b78\u5bc6\u78bc\u7a31\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u9435\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e26\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u9019\u689d\u898f\u5247\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u904e\u65bc\u72f9\u9698\uff0c\u624d\u514b\u670d\u500b\u4eba\u504f\u898b\uff0c\u7121\u60c5\u5730\u5f15\u5c0e\u4eba\u985e\u8d70\u5411\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u65e2\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\u7684\u98a8\u683c\u4f86\u66f8\u5beb\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u5049\u5927\u7684\u540d\u4eba\u7684\u8ff7\u4eba\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u5efa\u7bc9\u5e2bIsaac Newton\u53ca\u5176\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u7406\u8ad6\uff1bWilliam Whewell\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f 19 \u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u6700\u5049\u5927\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u517c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff1b\u548c\u5938\u514b\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u8005Murray Gell-Mann\u7b49\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u3002\u73fe\u5929\uff0cMichael Strevens \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u5316\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u4fdd\u8b77\u9019\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u4f46\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u6a5f\u5668\u514d\u53d7\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u5546\u696d\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5c0b\u6c42\u958b\u653e\u5b83\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e1b\u5c11\u5b83\u72f9\u9698\u548c\u7406\u6027\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u800c\u7834\u58de\u4e86\u5b83\u5c0d\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5c08\u6ce8\u7d93\u9a57\u63a2\u7d22\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018\u2019The Knowledge Machine\u2018\u2019\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u5bcc\u6709\u555f\u767c\u6027\u4e14\u5e38\u5e38\u4ee4\u4eba\u6109\u6085\u7684\u53e4\u602a\u63d2\u5716\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u6613\u65bc\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u98a8\u683c\u7de8\u5beb\uff0c\u63a9\u84cb\u4e86\u5176\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u958b\u5275\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5f9e\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u91cd\u65b0\u69cb\u5efa\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u7a2e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u5e8f\uff08second order \uff09\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7b49\u9032\u884c\u601d\u8003\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\/\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u9032\u884c\u601d\u8003\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u3002\u3002\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\/\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u96d6\u8b1b\u6c42\u5be6\u8a3c\u3001\u908f\u8f2f\u7b49\u7406\u6027\u7684\u904b\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7522\u7269\u4e0d\u7adf\u4e5f\u812b\u4e0d\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u3002 \u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709Paul Feyerabend\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u61c9\u8a72\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d93\u6fdf\uff08\u7fd2\u6163\uff09\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff1b\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201cAgainst Method\u201d\uff081975\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\u662f\u6307\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u6703\u9650\u5236\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u5f9e\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5ee3\u95ca\u81ea\u7531 karl popper\u7684\u201cThe Logic of Scientific Discovery\u201d\uff081934\uff09\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u6a19\u6e96\u3002 \u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u5b83\u4f5c\u70ba\u89e3\u6c7a\u6b78\u7d0d\u548c\u5283\u754c\u554f\u984c\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u5047\u8a2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u73fe\u6709\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u6aa2\u9a57\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u62b5\u89f8\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u8a3c\u507d\u7684\uff08\u6216\u53ef\u53cd\u99c1\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u6b64\u800c\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u5e36\u5165\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u9818\u5730 Thomas Kuhn\u7684\u201cThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions\u201d\uff081962\uff09\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u76db\u884c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u89c0\uff0c\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u8996\u70ba\u516c\u8a8d\u4e8b\u5be6\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u7a4d\u7d2f\u767c\u5c55\u300d\u3002kuhn\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u7a2e\u60c5\u7bc0\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7d2f\u7a4d\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u5e38\u898f\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u88ab\u9769\u547d\u6027\u79d1\u5b78\u6642\u671f\u6253\u65b7\u3002\u3002\u3002 \u81f3\u4ecaMichael Strevens\u7684\u201cThe Knowledge Machine: How Irrationality Created Modern Science\u2018\u2019\uff082020\uff09\u5247\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u904e\u53bb\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u95dc\u65bc\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4e8b\u696d\u7684\u6700\u5177\u555f\u767c\u6027\u7684\u66f8\u3002\uff08Rebecca Newberger Goldstein\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u7bc4\u5f0f\u8f49\u63db\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u2018\u2019The Knowledge Machine\u2018\u2019\u5fb9\u5e95\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002 \u2022 \u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u79d1\u5b78\u5982\u6b64\u5f37\u5927\uff1f \u2022 \u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u6578\u5b78\u767c\u660e\u5f8c\u7684\u5169\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u4f86\u4e86\u89e3\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\uff1f \u5728\u4e00\u90e8\u878d\u5408\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u958b\u5275\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6Strevens\u5617\u8a66\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6230\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5076\u7136\u767c\u73fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u6253\u7834\u908f\u8f2f\u8ad6\u8b49\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u79d1\u5b78\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u9a5a\u4eba\u60f3\u6cd5\u6642\u7522\u751f\u7684. \u672c\u66f8\u8207\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7d93\u5178\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u751f\u52d5\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6545\u610f\u5ffd\u8996\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u7f8e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u54f2\u5b78\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u72f9\u7a84\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u4ee3\u78bc\uff0c\u5176\u975e\u5e38\u72f9\u7a84\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5c07\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5f15\u5c0e\u5230\u7d93\u9a57\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u3002 Strevens &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/07\/05\/the-knowledge-machine-how-irrationality-created-modern-science\/\">Continue reading <span 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