{"id":8390,"date":"2022-09-09T05:17:55","date_gmt":"2022-09-09T05:17:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8390"},"modified":"2022-09-09T05:45:18","modified_gmt":"2022-09-09T05:45:18","slug":"reason-and-nature-essays-in-the-theory-of-rationality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/09\/09\/reason-and-nature-essays-in-the-theory-of-rationality\/","title":{"rendered":"Reason and Nature: Essays in the Theory of Rationality"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Reason-Nature-Rationality-Association-Occasional\/dp\/0199256837\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3ONVXTWFX4H57&amp;keywords=Reason+and+Nature%3A+Essays+in+the+Theory+of+Rationality&amp;qid=1662699140&amp;sprefix=reason+and+nature+essays+in+the+theory+of+rationality%2Caps%2C704&amp;sr=8-1&amp;ufe=app_do%3Aamzn1.fos.f5122f16-c3e8-4386-bf32-63e904010ad0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Reason and Nature: Essays in the Theory of Rationality (opens in a new tab)\">Reason and Nature: Essays in the Theory of Rationality<\/a><\/strong>\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u8a8d\u77e5\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u5225\u8655\u767c\u8868\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u662f\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u6587\u6db5\u84cb\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u3001\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3001\u9032\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7b49\u9818\u57df\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u65e2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6a19\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5c07\u5404\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f59\u96c6\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u4e00\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7d44\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u66f4\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7406\u6027\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7406\u6027\u898f\u7bc4(norms of rationality)\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u9019\u4e9b\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7d44\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5f9e\u9032\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u6216\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u5f85\u7406\u6027\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7d44\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Isaac Levi\uff0c\u6240\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u9060\u4e0d\u6b62\u7406\u6027\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u7528\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u723e\u88ab\u6536\u85cf\u4e2d\u7684\u689d\u76ee\u4f54\u64da\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u6027\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u662f\u5c0d\u66f8\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u8a55\u50f9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8ad6\u6587\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5148\u63d0\u8b70\u5f8c\u56de\u61c9\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u689d\u76ee\u662f Paul Boghossian\uff08\u201cHow are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible\u201d\uff09\u548c Crispin Wright\uff08\u201cOn Basic Logical Knowledge\u201d\uff09\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u65bc\u8a8d\u8b58\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8655\u7406\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u7406\u6027\u5ba2\u89c0\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002 Boghossian \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u662f\u901a\u904e\u898f\u7bc4\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u3002\u554f\u984c\u662f\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u898f\u5247\u6642\u5728\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u8a34\u8af8\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u662f\u7121\u76ca\u4e14\u795e\u79d8\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e26\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5982\u4f55\u8b49\u660e\u5c0d\u898f\u7bc4\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9ed8\u8a8d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c0d\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6210\u70ba\u898f\u5247\u5faa\u74b0\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8cf4\u76f8\u95dc\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u95dc\u65bc\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff09\u898f\u5247\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff09\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u50cf\u524d\u8a00\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u908f\u8f2f\u898f\u5247\u6642\uff08pp 20-28\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u9078\u9805\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u5225\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u77e5\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u662f\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08pp 28-34\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Boghossian \u8a66\u5716\u634d\u885b\u908f\u8f2f\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u4e9b\u63a8\u7406\u50be\u5411\u69cb\u6210\u4e26\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e86\u95dc\u9375\u908f\u8f2f\u8853\u8a9e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u689d\u4ef6\uff09\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u548c\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u50be\u5411\u4e4b\u524d\u64c1\u6709\u4e26\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u3002\u5c0d\u898f\u5247\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u660e\u78ba\u8b49\u660e\u3002 Boghossian \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u898f\u5247\u5faa\u74b0\u8ad6\u8b49\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6 (pp 35-40)\u3002Crispin Wright\u6279\u8a55\u4e86\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\u548c\u8cac\u4efb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u63a8\u7406\u50be\u5411\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u63a8\u7406\uff08p 62\uff09\u3002\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\u6027\u8cea\u3002Wright\u56e0\u6b64\u958b\u95e2\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4e5f\u8a31\u67d0\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u57fa\u672c\u63a8\u7406\u898f\u5247\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b83\u8ff4\u907f\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u800c\u652f\u6301\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u901a\u904e\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u8a72\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u5169\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u82e5\u5c07\u4e00\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u7f6e\u65bc\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6703\u66f4\u597d\u4e9b\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u6587\u737b\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u898f\u5247\u5faa\u74b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0(epistemic circularity)\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5be6\u4f8b\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89ba\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u8b49\u662f\u5f9e\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u6b78\u7d0d\u63a8\u8ad6\u5b83\u5011\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u5c0d\u6b78\u7d0d\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u6b78\u7d0d\u8ad6\u8b49\u3002\u8207\u6f14\u7e79\u63a8\u7406\u898f\u5247\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u70ba\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u5ff5\u9a30\u51fa\u7a7a\u9593\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u986f\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89ba\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u76f4\u89ba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u908f\u8f2f\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u66f4\u6c92\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6e05\u695a\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u9ed8\u8a8d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u95dc\u65bc\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89ba\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u8ad6\u8b49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002\u9019\u958b\u59cb\u8868\u660e\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u627e\u5230\u5c0d\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u5141\u8a31\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u8ad6\u8b49\u78ba\u5be6\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u4f46\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u50cf\u67cf\u683c\u897f\u65af\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u5728\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u63a8\u5b9a\u7684\u7406\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u9ebc\u7279\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5c0d\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5229\u7528\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u7279\u5fb5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u63a8\u7406\u50be\u5411\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\uff09\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Broome&nbsp;\u5728\u201cPractical Reasoning\u201d\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7406\u6027(reasons)\u548c\u898f\u7bc4\u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u5340\u5225\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6253\u7b97\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5373\u63a1\u53d6\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6216\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u8a72\u610f\u5716\uff08pp 92-7\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u610f\u5716\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u53ef\u4ee5\u898f\u7bc4\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u7406\u7531\u53bb\u505a\u3002Broome\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5be6\u8e10\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u547d\u984c\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u6240\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u9019\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\uff08p 89\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u662f\u6eff\u8db3\u7406\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8981\u6c42\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u7406\u7531\u3002 Alan Millar \u7684\u201cReasons for Action and Instrumental Rationality\u201d&nbsp;\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u201cThe Rational Analysis of Human Cognition\u201d\u4e2d\uff0cNick Chater\u548cMike Oaksford\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u539f\u5247\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6642\u9593\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08pp 135-47\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u7406\u6027\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5982\u6b64\u6210\u529f\uff08pp 147-53\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u6700\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u5f62\u5f0f\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u9032\u884c\u63a8\u7406\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u884c\u52d5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4e26\u4e14\u975e\u5e38\u914d\u5408\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u63a1\u7528\u5feb\u901f\u3001\u7bc0\u5109\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u548c\u8a08\u5283\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a5f\u5236\u901a\u5e38\u7b26\u5408\u6b63\u5f0f\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\u3002\u5f62\u5f0f\u539f\u5247\u61c9\u8a72\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u904b\u7528\u7406\u6027\u5206\u6790\u4f86\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u6839\u64da\u6b78\u7d0d\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7372\u53d6\u58d3\u529b\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u4efb\u52d9\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=S7BnLELjsYI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wason selection task<\/a>\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5408\u7406\u7684 (pp 153-60)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E.J. Lowe \u7684&nbsp;\u201cThe Rational and the Real\u201d&nbsp;\u5c0dNick Chater\u548cMike Oaksford\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7406\u6027\u5206\u6790\u6642\u5c07\u5169\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7d50\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5373\u5408\u7406\u5316\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u8a34\u8af8\u5f62\u5f0f\u539f\u5247\u800c\u5408\u7406\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4e8b\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u767c\u751f\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8a8d\u77e5\/\u884c\u70ba\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73fe\uff08p 180\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6279\u8a55\u8207 Chater \u548c Oaksford \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u76f8\u7576\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002 Lowe \u5c0f\u5fc3\u7ffc\u7ffc\u5730\u4e0d\u8a87\u5927\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u65b7\u8a00\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u6a21\u584a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u6700\u512a\u6027\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chater \u548c Oaksford\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5617\u8a66\u8f49\u5411\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u5927\u91cf\u65e5\u5e38\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u6210\u529f\u5be6\u73fe\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u5c0d\u6b64\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\uff0c\u9069\u61c9\u7684\u9032\u5316\u58d3\u529b\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5feb\u901f\u548c\u7bc0\u5109\u7684\u6a21\u584a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a21\u584a\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u7522\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u6b63\u5f0f\u539f\u5247\u8b49\u660e\/\u5408\u7406\u5316\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u6027\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u6210\u529f\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u4e9b\u6a21\u584a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u9032\u5316\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u6a21\u584a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4e01\uff1b\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u4f46\u8a08\u7b97\u4e0a\u66f4\u4e0d\u6613\u8655\u7406\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u539f\u7406\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 Lowe \u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u9ede\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6548\uff1b\u9019\u5c07\u662f\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u6a21\u584a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5e7e\u7a2e\u53ef\u7528\u89e3\u91cb\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u6709\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u6700\u512a\u6c7a\u7b56\u662f\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9032\u5316\u6709\u6642\u6703\u7522\u751f\u6216\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u7a2e\u9069\u61c9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u7af6\u722d\u9069\u61c9\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8a72\u4e8b\u7269\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u6700\u512a\uff08\u9019\u88e1\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u78ba\u5f62\u5f0f\u898f\u5247\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u7121\u9650\u63a8\u7406\u5668\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u8d70\u5411\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">David Over \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201cThe Rationality of Evolutionary Psychology\u201d\u4e2d\u53cd\u99c1\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u9818\u57df\u6a21\u584a\uff08\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u6a21\u584a\u5047\u8a2d\uff09\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a21\u584a\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u96c6\u6210\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4ee5\u5141\u8a31\u9032\u884c\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u898f\u5283\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u6a21\u584a\u5316\u5047\u8a2d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6a21\u584a\u8207\u6700\u7d42\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c31\u5f88\u96e3\u7406\u89e3\uff08p 201\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u584a\u4e4b\u524d\u9700\u8981\u9032\u884c\u67d0\u7a2e\u6392\u5e8f\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\/\u884c\u70ba\u7cfb\u7d71\u9700\u8981\u78ba\u5b9a\u8981\u555f\u52d5\u54ea\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6a21\u584a\uff0c\u9019\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u67d0\u7a2e\u96c6\u4e2d\u8655\u7406\u3002\u9818\u57df\u901a\u7528\u63a8\u7406\u5728\u586b\u88dc\u7279\u5b9a\u9818\u57df\u6a21\u584a\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u8d77\u8457\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e26\u5141\u8a31\u5c0d\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7570\u5e38\u4e8b\u4ef6\u505a\u51fa\u9748\u6d3b\u7684\u97ff\u61c9\u3002\u4ed6\u63a2\u7d22\u4e26\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u6a21\u584a\u5316\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5047\u5b9a\u7d93\u9a57\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u908f\u8f2f\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u8868\u73fe\u4e0d\u540c\uff08pp 192-201\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isaac Levi\u7684\u201cCommitment and Change in View\u201d\u8a66\u5716\u70ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u8cac\u4efb\u9a30\u51fa\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u8a8d\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u3002Levi\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe(rational commitment)&nbsp;\u548c\u627f\u8afe\u8b8a\u5316(changes in commitment)\u7684\u5be6\u65bd\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5340\u5206\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6703\u6eef\u5f8c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u6642\u5f88\u96e3\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u4e2d\u5be6\u65bd\u9019\u4e9b\u8b8a\u5316\uff08p 211\uff1bp 224\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe\u8207\u5f9e\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u88ab\u63a8\u5b9a\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u8a62\u554f\u8005\u5171\u7528\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5305\u62ec\u8af8\u5982\u908f\u8f2f\u9589\u5408\u548c\u627f\u8afe\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9023\u8cab\u6027\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002 Levi \u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6839\u64da\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u627f\u8afe\u9032\u884c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u6b0a\uff08p 222\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u898f\u7bc4\u627f\u8afe\u4e26\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0cLevi\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u96e2\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u9084\u5f88\u9060\uff0c\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5c31\u7406\u6027\u53c3\u8207\u89e3\u91cb\u800c\u8a00\uff0cLevi \u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u4f54\u4f4d\u7b26\uff0c\u5f88\u50cf\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7 (216-223)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Allan Gibbard\u5728\u4ed6\u7684&nbsp;\u201cNormative Explainings: Invoking Rationality to Explain Happenings.\u201d&nbsp;\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u6e96\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u6027\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6240\u6709\u5c6c\u6027\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u5be6\u4f8b\u5316\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff08p 264\uff1bp 272\uff09\u3002\u6839\u64daGibbard\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u679c\/\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5b83\u662f\u901a\u904e\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5c6c\u6027\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u5224\u65b7\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u9032\u884c\u63a8\u7406\u3002\u8aaa\u67d0\u4eba\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u65b7\u8a00\u4f60\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u7406\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8655\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u4e0d\u8981\u90a3\u6a23\u63a8\u7406\uff09\uff08p 270\uff09\u3002\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u5be6\u73fe\u5979\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u898f\u7bc4\u6210\u5206\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u5be6\u9054\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7a31\u8077\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800cGibbard\u652f\u6301\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6982\u5ff5\uff08pp 276-9\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u88fd\u5b9a\u672a\u4f86\u8a08\u5283\u548c\u5354\u8abf\u793e\u6703\u898f\u5283\u4e2d\u4f54\u6709\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff08p 274\uff09\u3002 Gibbard \u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u81ea\u7136(non-natural)\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u61c9\u7528\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c6c\u6027\uff08\u5c0d\u65bc\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u500b\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u61c9\u8a72\u5f9e\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u6392\u9664\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff08p 279\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5931\u6557\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6700\u597d\u7528\u7406\u6027\u7684\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u6982\u5ff5\u6311\u9078\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c6c\u6027\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u9700\u8981\u4ec0\u9ebc\u624d\u80fd\u7b97\u4f5c\u975e\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8a72\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5047\u8a2dGibbard\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e0d\u662f\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u8868\u660e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u986f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u63cf\u8ff0\uff08\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u5b83\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c6c\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebcGibbard\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u5c31\u6703\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u4e00\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u6b63\u5982Gibbard\u5728\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u4e2d\u6240\u95e1\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u9664\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u9664\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e4b\u5916\u9084\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u66f4\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u662f\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5c07\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u56e0\u679c\/\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u6216\u7d14\u7cb9\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cGibbard\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u9084\u662f\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u53e6\u985e\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Reason-Nature-Rationality-Association-Occasional\/dp\/0199256837\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3ONVXTWFX4H57&amp;keywords=Reason+and+Nature%3A+Essays+in+the+Theory+of+Rationality&amp;qid=1662699140&amp;sprefix=reason+and+nature+essays+in+the+theory+of+rationality%2Caps%2C704&amp;sr=8-1&amp;ufe=app_do%3Aamzn1.fos.f5122f16-c3e8-4386-bf32-63e904010ad0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Reason and Nature (opens in a new tab)\">Reason and Nature<\/a><\/strong>\u201c\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u7406\u6027\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u2014\u2014\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u78ba\u5b9a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u63a8\u8ad6\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\u3002\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c07\u95dc\u65bc\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u532f\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4e5d\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u5169\u4f4d\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u898f\u7bc4\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u985e\u578b\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5c0d\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4ec0\u9ebc\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5f9e\u5be6\u9a57\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5230\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u5169\u4f4d\u7de8\u8005<strong>Jose Luis Bermudez<\/strong>\u548c<strong>Alan Millar<\/strong>\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5408\u9069\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u76ee\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e26\u975e\u6240\u6709\u8ad6\u6587\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u55ae\u500b\u8b80\u8005\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u6216\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u9084\u662f\u5f88\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u8b80\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cReason and Nature: Essays in the Theory of Rationality\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u8a8d\u77e5\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u5225\u8655\u767c\u8868\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u662f\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u6587\u6db5\u84cb\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u3001\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3001\u9032\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7b49\u9818\u57df\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u65e2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6a19\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5c07\u5404\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f59\u96c6\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u4e00\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7d44\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u66f4\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7406\u6027\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7406\u6027\u898f\u7bc4(norms of rationality)\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u9019\u4e9b\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7d44\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5f9e\u9032\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u6216\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u5f85\u7406\u6027\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7d44\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Isaac Levi\uff0c\u6240\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u9060\u4e0d\u6b62\u7406\u6027\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u7528\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u723e\u88ab\u6536\u85cf\u4e2d\u7684\u689d\u76ee\u4f54\u64da\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u6027\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u662f\u5c0d\u66f8\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u8a55\u50f9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8ad6\u6587\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5148\u63d0\u8b70\u5f8c\u56de\u61c9\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u689d\u76ee\u662f Paul Boghossian\uff08\u201cHow are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible\u201d\uff09\u548c Crispin Wright\uff08\u201cOn Basic Logical Knowledge\u201d\uff09\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u65bc\u8a8d\u8b58\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8655\u7406\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u7406\u6027\u5ba2\u89c0\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002 Boghossian \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u662f\u901a\u904e\u898f\u7bc4\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u3002\u554f\u984c\u662f\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u898f\u5247\u6642\u5728\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u8a34\u8af8\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u662f\u7121\u76ca\u4e14\u795e\u79d8\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e26\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5982\u4f55\u8b49\u660e\u5c0d\u898f\u7bc4\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9ed8\u8a8d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c0d\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6210\u70ba\u898f\u5247\u5faa\u74b0\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8cf4\u76f8\u95dc\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u95dc\u65bc\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff09\u898f\u5247\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff09\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u50cf\u524d\u8a00\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u908f\u8f2f\u898f\u5247\u6642\uff08pp 20-28\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u9078\u9805\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u5225\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u77e5\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u662f\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08pp 28-34\uff09\u3002 Boghossian \u8a66\u5716\u634d\u885b\u908f\u8f2f\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u4e9b\u63a8\u7406\u50be\u5411\u69cb\u6210\u4e26\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e86\u95dc\u9375\u908f\u8f2f\u8853\u8a9e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u689d\u4ef6\uff09\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u548c\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u50be\u5411\u4e4b\u524d\u64c1\u6709\u4e26\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u3002\u5c0d\u898f\u5247\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u660e\u78ba\u8b49\u660e\u3002 Boghossian \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u898f\u5247\u5faa\u74b0\u8ad6\u8b49\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6 (pp 35-40)\u3002Crispin Wright\u6279\u8a55\u4e86\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\u548c\u8cac\u4efb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u63a8\u7406\u50be\u5411\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u63a8\u7406\uff08p 62\uff09\u3002\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\u6027\u8cea\u3002Wright\u56e0\u6b64\u958b\u95e2\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4e5f\u8a31\u67d0\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u57fa\u672c\u63a8\u7406\u898f\u5247\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b83\u8ff4\u907f\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u800c\u652f\u6301\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u901a\u904e\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u8a72\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 \u9019\u5169\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u82e5\u5c07\u4e00\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u7f6e\u65bc\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6703\u66f4\u597d\u4e9b\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u6587\u737b\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u898f\u5247\u5faa\u74b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0(epistemic circularity)\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5be6\u4f8b\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89ba\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u8b49\u662f\u5f9e\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u6b78\u7d0d\u63a8\u8ad6\u5b83\u5011\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u5c0d\u6b78\u7d0d\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u6b78\u7d0d\u8ad6\u8b49\u3002\u8207\u6f14\u7e79\u63a8\u7406\u898f\u5247\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u70ba\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u5ff5\u9a30\u51fa\u7a7a\u9593\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u986f\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89ba\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u76f4\u89ba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u908f\u8f2f\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u66f4\u6c92\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6e05\u695a\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u9ed8\u8a8d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u95dc\u65bc\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89ba\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u8ad6\u8b49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002\u9019\u958b\u59cb\u8868\u660e\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u627e\u5230\u5c0d\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u5141\u8a31\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a8d\u77e5\u5faa\u74b0\u8ad6\u8b49\u78ba\u5be6\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u4f46\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u50cf\u67cf\u683c\u897f\u65af\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u5728\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u63a8\u5b9a\u7684\u7406\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u9ebc\u7279\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5c0d\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5229\u7528\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u7279\u5fb5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u63a8\u7406\u50be\u5411\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u69cb\u6210\uff09\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002 John &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/09\/09\/reason-and-nature-essays-in-the-theory-of-rationality\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2bk","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8390","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8390"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8390\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8392,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8390\/revisions\/8392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8390"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8390"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8390"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}