{"id":8569,"date":"2022-12-11T09:38:45","date_gmt":"2022-12-11T09:38:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8569"},"modified":"2022-12-11T09:38:50","modified_gmt":"2022-12-11T09:38:50","slug":"biopiracy-the-plunder-of-nature-and-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/12\/11\/biopiracy-the-plunder-of-nature-and-knowledge\/","title":{"rendered":"Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e16\u885b\u7684\u8a2d\u7acb\u539f\u610f\u662f\u70ba\u61c9\u5c0d\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u800c\u4f5c\u51fa\u5c0d\u7b56\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u75c5\u7684\u9632\u6cbb\uff1b\u5f9e\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u548c\u6539\u9032<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f<\/a>\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u91ab\u7642\u548c\u6709\u95dc\u4e8b\u9805\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u8207\u8a13\u7df4\uff1b\u63a8\u52d5\u78ba\u5b9a\u751f\u7269\u88fd\u54c1\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u570b\u969b\u6a19\u6e96<\/a>\u3002\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u9ad8\u6c34\u6e96\u7684\u5065\u5eb7 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8457\u540d\u7684\u74b0\u4fdd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Vandana-Shiva#ref1079633\">Vandana Shiva<\/a> \u5374\u767c\u73fe\uff1a\u57fa\u56e0\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u514b\u9686\u662f\u201c\u79d1\u5b78\u5546\u696d\u5316\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u7d42\u6975\u9ad4\u73fe\u2026\u2026\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8eab\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u5316 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u770b\u4f3c\u53ea\u548c\u8cbf\u6613\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u6709\u95dc\u7684WTO\uff0c\u5be6\u5247\u6210\u70ba\u5168\u7403\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u5927\u91cf\u6d41\u5931\u7684\u5e6b\u5147\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/trips_e\/trips_e.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">TRIPs<\/a>\u8b93\u8de8\u570b\u4f01\u696d\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u958b\u767c\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u56db\u8655\u63a0\u596a\u5728\u5730\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u548c\u8fb2\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u614b\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u900f\u904eTRIPs\uff0c\u63a0\u596a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u537b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7533\u8acb\u300c\u667a\u6167\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5c08\u5229\u6b0a\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u3001\u57fa\u91d1\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e0b\uff0c\u8b93\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u8377\u5305\u585e\u6eff\uff1b\u537b\u8b93\u5c0f\u8fb2\u56e0\u70ba\u8cfc\u8cb7\u6602\u8cb4\u4e14\u5177\u5c08\u5229\u6b0a\u7684\u57fa\u6539\u7a2e\u5b50\uff0c\u56b4\u91cd\u7834\u7522\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u9078\u64c7\u81ea\u6bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u8853\u8a9e\u50cf\u8853\u8a9e\u201c\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027biodiversity\u201d\u9019\u6a23\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7522\u751f\u5171\u9cf4\u3002\u81ea\u5f9e\u5b83\u5728 1986 \u5e74\u88ab\u5beb\u6210\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u5bb6\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u8ad6\u58c7 [\u570b\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b78\u9662National Academy of Science\uff0cWashington DC] \u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u901f\u8a18\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u8853\u8a9e\u548c\u5404\u5730\u74b0\u4fdd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8a9e\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u7834\u58de\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u8fa6\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u5c07\u4ee5\u751f\u614b\u539f\u5247\u548c\u65b0\u8208\u7684\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u6027\u7da0\u8272\u653f\u7b56\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u8207\u57fa\u65bc\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e26\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u6b96\u6c11\u548c\u64cd\u7e31\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u5316\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u76f8\u63d0\u4e26\u8ad6\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6574\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u4fdd\u8b77\u6fd5\u5a46\u7684\u751f\u7269\u527d\u7aca\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5929\u771f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u5371\u96aa\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u4e00\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Biopiracy-Plunder-Knowledge-Vandana-Shiva-ebook\/dp\/B0165HVSR0\/?_encoding=UTF8&amp;pd_rd_w=qylKa&amp;content-id=amzn1.sym.716a1ed9-074f-4780-9325-0019fece3c64&amp;pf_rd_p=716a1ed9-074f-4780-9325-0019fece3c64&amp;pf_rd_r=Z2BB55MNJZQXPSZZAWTC&amp;pd_rd_wg=4x5BT&amp;pd_rd_r=46a261fb-bf5d-40a1-8e0e-197bc3c95a9e&amp;ref_=pd_gw_ci_mcx_mr_hp_atf_m\">Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge<\/a>\u201d\u66f8\u4e2d Shiva \u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u5c0d\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u548c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u7da0\u8272\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u548c\u4fee\u8fad\u7814\u7a76\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u90fd\u662f\u7121\u50f9\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5979\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7576\u524d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u4fdd\u8b77\u6230\u7565\u5982\u4f55\u5ef6\u7e8c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66ff\u4ee3\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u5979\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u201c\u751f\u7269\u527d\u7acabiopiracy\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\u4f86\u6307\u4ee3\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cShiva \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8b74\u8cac\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5979\u6b63\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5b9a\u7fa9\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u5f8b\u5e2b\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u8de8\u570b\u516c\u53f8\u624b\u4e2d\u596a\u56de\u5b83\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u4f8b\u8209\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c1492 \u5e74 4 \u6708 17 \u65e5\uff0cIsabel\u5973\u738b\u548cFerdinand\u570b\u738b\u6388\u4e88Christopher Columbus \u2018\u767c\u73fe\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u2019\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u3002\n\u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u5373 1493 \u5e74 5 \u6708 4 \u65e5\uff0c\u6559\u7687Alexander\u516d\u4e16\u901a\u904e\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u6350\u8d08\u516c\u725b\u201d\u6388\u4e88\u6240\u6709\u5cf6\u5dbc\u548c\u5927\u9678\u201c\u5df2\u767c\u73fe\u548c\u5c07\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5f9eAzores\u7fa4\u5cf6\u4ee5\u897f\u548c\u4ee5\u5357\u4e00\u767e\u91cc\u683c\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\n\u622a\u81f3 1492 \u5e74\u8056\u8a95\u7bc0\uff0c\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u570b\u738b\u6216\u738b\u5b50\u4f54\u9818\u6216\u6301\u6709\uff0c\u737b\u7d66\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u541b\u4e3b\u5361Castille\u7684Isabel\u548cAragon.\u7684Ferdinand\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u61b2\u7ae0\u548c\u5c08\u5229\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u6d77\u76dc\u884c\u70ba\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u795e\u8056\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc&#8217;\u6350\u8d08&#8217;\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6559\u7687\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u5b78\u4f7f\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u541b\u4e3b\u6210\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u201c\u7121\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u54ea\u88e1\n\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u4fe1\u5949\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u689d\u3002 \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u738b\u5b50\u201c\u6709\u6548\u4f54\u9818\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3001\u76ee\u6a19\u571f\u5730\u7684\u201c\u7a7a\u7f3a\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a5\u7d0d\u201c\u91ce\u883b\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u201c\u7fa9\u52d9\u201d\u662f\u61b2\u7ae0\u548c\u5c08\u5229\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u6559\u7687\u8a54\u66f8\u3001Columbus\u61b2\u7ae0\u548c\u6b50\u6d32\u541b\u4e3b\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u5c08\u5229\u70ba\u975e\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u548c\u6ec5\u7d55\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u7f8e\u6d32\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u5f9e 1492 \u5e74\u7684 7200 \u842c\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u7684\u4e0d\u5230 400 \u842c \u4e4b\u5f8c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cColumbus\u4e4b\u5f8c 500 \u5e74\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u6b96\u6c11\u9805\u76ee\u7684\u66f4\u4e16\u4fd7\u7248\u672c\u901a\u904e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/trips_e\/intel1_e.htm\">\u5c08\u5229\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\u7522\u6b0a (IPR) <\/a>\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u884c\u3002 \u6559\u7687\u8a54\u66f8 \u5df2\u88ab\u95dc\u7a05\u8207\u8cbf\u6613\u7e3d\u5354\u5b9a (GATT) \u689d\u7d04\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u539f\u5247 \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u738b\u5b50\u7684\u6709\u6548\u4f54\u9818\u5df2\u88ab\u73fe\u4ee3\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u652f\u6301\u7684\u8de8\u570b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6709\u6548\u4f54\u9818\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u76ee\u6a19\u571f\u5730\u7684\u7a7a\u7f3a\u5df2\u88ab\u65b0\u751f\u7269\u6280\u8853\u64cd\u7e31\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u7a7a\u7f3a\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u5438\u6536\u91ce\u883b\u4eba\u7684\u8cac\u4efb \u5c07\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d0d\u5165\u5168\u7403\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c07\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7d0d\u5165\u897f\u65b9\u5546\u696d\u5316\u79d1\u5b78\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9084\u539f\u8ad6\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u901a\u904e\u63a0\u596a\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ca1\u5bcc\u4f86\u5275\u9020\u8ca1\u7522\u8207 500 \u5e74\u524d\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u8de8\u570b\u516c\u53f8\u901a\u904e GATT \u8cbf\u6613\u76f8\u95dc\u77e5\u8b58\u7522\u6b0a\u5354\u8b70 (TRIPs) \u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u7522\u6b0a\u4fdd\u8b77\u6240\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u6b50\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u81ea 1492 \u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\u6240\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002Columbus\u958b\u5275\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u8a31\u53ef\u8b49\u7528\u65bc\u5f81\u670d\u975e\n\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u6559\u7687\u901a\u904e\u6b50\u6d32\u570b\u738b\u548c\u738b\u540e\u9812\u767c\u7684\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5c08\u5229\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5c0d\u64c1\u6709\u571f\u5730\u539f\u59cb\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5974\u5f79\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u66b4\u529b\u6536\u8cfc\n\u901a\u904e\u5c07\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u8b8a\u5f97\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u201d\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5426\u8a8d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cJohn Locke\u95dc\u65bc\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4f7f\u6b50\u6d32\u5708\u5730\u904b\u52d5\u671f\u9593\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u76dc\u7aca\u548c\u6436\u52ab\u904e\u7a0b\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u3002Locke\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u95e1\u660e\u4e86\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5efa\u8a2d\u8207\u5077\u7aca\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u8ca1\u7522\u662f\u901a\u904e\u5f9e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7372\u53d6\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e26\u5c07\u5176\u8207\u52de\u52d5\u529b\u6df7\u5408\u800c\u5275\u9020\u7684\u3002\u9019\n\u201c\u52de\u52d5\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52de\u52d5\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u5c0d\u8cc7\u672c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5728Locke\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u64c1\u6709\u8cc7\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6b0a\u5229\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\n\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u88ab\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u8cc7\u672c\u8072\u7a31\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u5229\u57fa\u65bc\u5176\u52de\u52d5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\n\u5c07\u79c1\u6709\u8ca1\u7522\u6b78\u9084\u516c\u5730\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u8cc7\u672c\u6240\u6709\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6b78\u9084\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u6b0a\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\u548c\u90e8\u843d\u5c45\u6c11\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\n\u50cf\u5c0f\u5077\u4e00\u6a23\u88ab\u52ab\u6301\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/zh-cn\/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%8B%A6%E6%A5%9D%E6%A8%B9\">Neem<\/a>\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azadirachta_indica\">Azarichdita indica<\/a>\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u539f\u7522\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7f8e\u9e97\u6a39\u6728\uff0c\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u751f\u7269\u6bba\u87f2\u5291\u548c\u85e5\u7269\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u5f9e\u5403Neem\u6a39\u7684\u5ae9\u82bd\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u5340\uff0c \u5370\u5ea6Neem\u6a39\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u795e\u8056\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u6642\u4f7f\u7528\u5370\u5ea6Neem\u6a39\uff08\u7259\u5237\uff09\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7259\u9f52\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u85e5\u7528\u548c\u6297\u83cc\u7279\u6027\u3002\u793e\u5340\u5df2\u7d93\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\u4f86\u50b3\u64ad\u3001 \u5728\u7530\u9593\u3001\u7530\u9593\u5824\u58e9\u3001\u5b85\u57fa\u5730\u548c\u516c\u5171\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u4f7f\u7528Neem\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u907a\u7522\u5728\u77e5\u8b58\u7522\u6b0a\u7684\u5e4c\u5b50\u4e0b\u88ab\u76dc\u3002\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u695d\u6a39\u53ca\u5176\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u5927\u591a\u6578\u82f1\u570b\u3001\u6cd5\u570b\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u5370\u5ea6\u8fb2\u6c11\u548c\u91ab\u751f\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u95dc\u6ce8 \u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u5e7e\u5e74\u88e1\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5c0d\u5316\u5b78\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u8fb2\u85e5\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u65e5\u76ca\u5f37\u70c8\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4eba\u5011\u5c0dNeem\u7684\u85e5\u7269\u7279\u6027\u7a81\u7136\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u71b1\u60c5\u3002\u81ea1985\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u5df2\u7d93\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5341\u591a\u9805\u7f8e\u570b\u5c08\u5229\u3002 \u548c\u65e5\u672c\u516c\u53f8\u7814\u7a76\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u65bcNeem\u7684\u6eb6\u6db2\u548c\u4e73\u6db2\u7684\u914d\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u57fa\u65bcNeem\u7684\u7259\u818f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u56db\u5bb6\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u7684 <a href=\"https:\/\/grace.com\/\">W. R. Grace<\/a> \u6240\u6709\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e09\u5bb6\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u53f8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nativeplantcenter.net\/\">Native Plant Institute<\/a> \u6240\u6709\uff0c \u548c\u5169\u500b\u7531\u65e5\u672c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.terumo.com\/\">Terumo Corporation<\/a> \u7372\u5f97\u5c08\u5229\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u671b\u7372\u5f97\u7f8e\u570b\u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u8b77\u7f72 (EPA) \u7684\u8a31\u53ef\uff0cGrace \u5df2\u8457\u624b\u88fd\u9020\u548c\u5546\u696d\u5316\u5176 pro \u901a\u904e\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u57fa\u5730\u4f86\u8f38\u9001\u7ba1\u9053\u3002 \u8a72\u516c\u53f8\u8207\u5e7e\u5bb6\u5370\u5ea6\u88fd\u9020\u5546\u63a5\u6d3d\uff0c\u63d0\u8b70\u8cfc\u8cb7\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6280\u8853\u6216\u8aaa\u670d\u4ed6\u5011\u505c\u6b62\u751f\u7522\u589e\u503c\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5411 Grace \u63d0\u4f9b\u539f\u6750\u6599\u3002 Grace \u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u5c08\u5229\u63a7\u80a1\u516c\u53f8\u6548\u4eff\u3002 \u201c\u5f9eNeem\u4e2d\u69a8\u53d6\u91d1\u9322\u61c9\u8a72\u76f8\u5c0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u201d\u300a\u79d1\u5b78Science Magazine\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\u8a55\u8ad6\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/tags\/agricultural+biotechnology\/\">Ag Biotechnology News<\/a> \u96dc\u8a8c\u7a31 W. R. Grace \u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u5ee0\u70ba\u2018\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u65bcNeem\u6a39\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8fb2\u85e5\u8a2d\u65bd\u2019\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6bcf\u500b\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u6751\u838a\u90fd\u6709\u751f\u7269\u8fb2\u85e5\u8a2d\u65bd\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5bb6\u5ead\u624b\u5de5\u696d\u7d44\u7e54 Khadi \u548c\u9109\u6751\u5de5\u696d\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u92b7\u552eNeem\u7522\u54c1\u5df2\u6709 40 \u5e74\u3002\u79c1\u71df\u4f01\u696d\u5bb6\u4e5f\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86Neem\u8fb2\u85e5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Indiara . \u5370\u5ea6\u695d\u6a39\u7259\u818f\u7531\u672c\u571f\u516c\u53f8 Calcutta Chemicals \u751f\u7522\u4e86\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u3002W. R. Grace \u5c0d\u5c08\u5229\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5176\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u63d0\u53d6\u5de5\u85dd\u69cb\u6210\u771f\u6b63\u5275\u65b0\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5118\u7ba1\u50b3\u7d71\u77e5\u8b58\u6fc0\u767c\u4e86\u5c0e\u81f4\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u5229\u7d44\u5408\u7269\u548c\u5de5\u85dd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u958b\u767c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u8db3\u5920\u65b0\u7a4e\u4e26\u4e14\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u7522\u54c1\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u7533\u8acb\u5c08\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5de5\u85dd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u65b0\u7a4e\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u7a4e\u6027\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u7121\u77e5\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u65bcNeem\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8fb2\u85e5\u548c\u85e5\u7269\u5df2\u6709 2000 \u5e74\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c \u8a31\u591a\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u88ab\u958b\u767c\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u7528\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6d3b\u6027\u6210\u5206\u6c92\u6709\u7d66\u51fa\u62c9\u4e01\u5316\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u540d\u7a31\u3002Neem\u7684\u5e38\u8b58\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u6bba\u87f2\u5291\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u672a\u6839\u64da\u300a\u6bba\u87f2\u5291\u6cd5\u300b\u8a3b\u518aNeem\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0 1968 \u5e74\u7684\u3002\u8463\u4e8b\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u5370\u5ea6\u695d\u6a39\u6750\u6599\u81ea\u9060\u53e4\u4ee5\u4f86\u5c31\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7528\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6709\u5bb3\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Shiva\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u751f\u7269\u527d\u7aca\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u662f\u4fdd\u8b77\u6587\u5316\u548c\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u571f\u5730\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u5927\u6c23\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u3001\u4fb5\u8755\u548c\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u4f01\u696d\u73fe\u5728\u6b63\u5728\u5c0b\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4f86\u958b\u767c\u548c\u5165\u4fb5\u4ee5\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7a4d\u7d2f\u2014\u2014\u5728Shiva\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u7a7a\u9593\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001 \u548c\u52d5\u7269\u3002 Shiva\u901a\u904e\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u91cd\u65b0\u65b0\u4ecb\u7d39\u70ba\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u662f\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u4f01\u696d\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u5fb5\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u77e5\u8b58\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u535a\u5b78\u3001\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u71b1\u60c5\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e16\u885b\u7684\u8a2d\u7acb\u539f\u610f\u662f\u70ba\u61c9\u5c0d\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u800c\u4f5c\u51fa\u5c0d\u7b56\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u75c5\u7684\u9632\u6cbb\uff1b\u5f9e\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u548c\u6539\u9032\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u91ab\u7642\u548c\u6709\u95dc\u4e8b\u9805\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u8207\u8a13\u7df4\uff1b\u63a8\u52d5\u78ba\u5b9a\u751f\u7269\u88fd\u54c1\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u9ad8\u6c34\u6e96\u7684\u5065\u5eb7 \u8457\u540d\u7684\u74b0\u4fdd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 Vandana Shiva \u5374\u767c\u73fe\uff1a\u57fa\u56e0\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u514b\u9686\u662f\u201c\u79d1\u5b78\u5546\u696d\u5316\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u7d42\u6975\u9ad4\u73fe\u2026\u2026\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8eab\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u5316 \u770b\u4f3c\u53ea\u548c\u8cbf\u6613\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u6709\u95dc\u7684WTO\uff0c\u5be6\u5247\u6210\u70ba\u5168\u7403\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u5927\u91cf\u6d41\u5931\u7684\u5e6b\u5147\u3002TRIPs\u8b93\u8de8\u570b\u4f01\u696d\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u958b\u767c\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u56db\u8655\u63a0\u596a\u5728\u5730\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u548c\u8fb2\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u614b\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u900f\u904eTRIPs\uff0c\u63a0\u596a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u537b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7533\u8acb\u300c\u667a\u6167\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5c08\u5229\u6b0a\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u3001\u57fa\u91d1\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e0b\uff0c\u8b93\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u8377\u5305\u585e\u6eff\uff1b\u537b\u8b93\u5c0f\u8fb2\u56e0\u70ba\u8cfc\u8cb7\u6602\u8cb4\u4e14\u5177\u5c08\u5229\u6b0a\u7684\u57fa\u6539\u7a2e\u5b50\uff0c\u56b4\u91cd\u7834\u7522\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u9078\u64c7\u81ea\u6bba\u3002 \u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u8853\u8a9e\u50cf\u8853\u8a9e\u201c\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027biodiversity\u201d\u9019\u6a23\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7522\u751f\u5171\u9cf4\u3002\u81ea\u5f9e\u5b83\u5728 1986 \u5e74\u88ab\u5beb\u6210\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u5bb6\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u8ad6\u58c7 [\u570b\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b78\u9662National Academy of Science\uff0cWashington DC] \u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u901f\u8a18\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u8853\u8a9e\u548c\u5404\u5730\u74b0\u4fdd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8a9e\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u7834\u58de\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u8fa6\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u5c07\u4ee5\u751f\u614b\u539f\u5247\u548c\u65b0\u8208\u7684\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u6027\u7da0\u8272\u653f\u7b56\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u8207\u57fa\u65bc\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e26\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u6b96\u6c11\u548c\u64cd\u7e31\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u5316\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u76f8\u63d0\u4e26\u8ad6\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6574\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u4fdd\u8b77\u6fd5\u5a46\u7684\u751f\u7269\u527d\u7aca\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5929\u771f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u5371\u96aa\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u4e00\u201dBiopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge\u201d\u66f8\u4e2d Shiva \u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u5c0d\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u548c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u7da0\u8272\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u548c\u4fee\u8fad\u7814\u7a76\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u90fd\u662f\u7121\u50f9\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5979\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7576\u524d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u4fdd\u8b77\u6230\u7565\u5982\u4f55\u5ef6\u7e8c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66ff\u4ee3\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u5979\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u201c\u751f\u7269\u527d\u7acabiopiracy\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\u4f86\u6307\u4ee3\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cShiva \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8b74\u8cac\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5979\u6b63\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5b9a\u7fa9\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u5f8b\u5e2b\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u8de8\u570b\u516c\u53f8\u624b\u4e2d\u596a\u56de\u5b83\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u4f8b\u8209\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6 \u201c1492 \u5e74 4 \u6708 17 \u65e5\uff0cIsabel\u5973\u738b\u548cFerdinand\u570b\u738b\u6388\u4e88Christopher Columbus \u2018\u767c\u73fe\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u2019\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u3002 \u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u5373 1493 \u5e74 5 \u6708 4 \u65e5\uff0c\u6559\u7687Alexander\u516d\u4e16\u901a\u904e\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u6350\u8d08\u516c\u725b\u201d\u6388\u4e88\u6240\u6709\u5cf6\u5dbc\u548c\u5927\u9678\u201c\u5df2\u767c\u73fe\u548c\u5c07\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5f9eAzores\u7fa4\u5cf6\u4ee5\u897f\u548c\u4ee5\u5357\u4e00\u767e\u91cc\u683c\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/12\/11\/biopiracy-the-plunder-of-nature-and-knowledge\/\">Continue reading <span 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