{"id":8608,"date":"2022-12-27T14:01:55","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T14:01:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8608"},"modified":"2022-12-27T14:02:00","modified_gmt":"2022-12-27T14:02:00","slug":"democracy-and-development-political-institutions-and-well-being-in-the-world-1950-1990","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/12\/27\/democracy-and-development-political-institutions-and-well-being-in-the-world-1950-1990\/","title":{"rendered":"Democracy and development: political institutions and well-being in the world 1950-1990"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7db1\u9818<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u55ce\uff1f\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4fc3\u9032\u9084\u662f\u963b\u7919\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\uff1f&#8221;<a href=\"https:\/\/smile.amazon.com\/Democracy-Development-Political-Institutions-Well-Being\/dp\/0521793793\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=ZF8KF6GP4RM2&amp;keywords=Democracy+and+development%3A+political+institutions+and+well-being+in+the+world+1950-1990&amp;qid=1672149600&amp;sprefix=democracy+and+development+political+institutions+and+well-being+in+the+world+1950-1990%2Caps%2C512&amp;sr=8-1\">Democracy and development: political institutions and well-being in the world 1950-1990<\/a>&#8220;\u901a\u904e\u8003\u5bdf 1950 \u5e74\u81f3 1990 \u5e74\u9593 135 \u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4f86\u6aa2\u9a57\u9019\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u8ff0\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7e54\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u7576\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u9593\u6b0a\u8861\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u4e26\u4e0d\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u7522\u751f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5bcc\u88d5\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u653f\u9ad4\u985e\u578b\u5c0d\u570b\u6c11\u7e3d\u6536\u5165\u7684\u589e\u9577\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u53ea\u5f71\u97ff\u7368\u88c1\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u589e\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u589e\u9577\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u9577\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5c0d\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u66f4\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Democracy and development\u201d\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u8207\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u66f8\u7c4d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c2001 \u5e74Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award\u7372\u5f97\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70 2000 \u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u570b\u969b\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u66f8\u7c4d . \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002 \u5176\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u3001\u6578\u64da\u91cf\u548c\u5fa9\u96dc\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u503c\u5f97\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002 \u5176\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u4e9e\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5c0d\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u7684\u5ee3\u7fa9\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u7387\u3001\u6295\u8cc7\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u751f\u7522\u7387\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u9577\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u3002 \u8a72\u66f8\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86141\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5eab\uff0c\u5f9e1950\u5e74\u52301990\u5e74\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u4e861645\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c2482\u5e74\u7684\u7368\u88c1\uff0c\u5f9e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5230\u7368\u88c1\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u670939\u6b21\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u5247\u670949\u6b21\u3002 \u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u767c\u73fe\u662f\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u5f9e\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u589e\u52a0\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u958b\u982d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u8981\u63d0\u51fa\u95dc\u65bc\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u7949\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u554f\u984c\u662f\u591a\u9ebc\u68d8\u624b\uff1a\u7368\u88c1\u662f\u5426\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5f15\u5c0e\u6b20\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u8d70\u5411\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u7949\uff1f \u5118\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e8c\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u4ee5\u4f86\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u66f8\u7c4d\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002 \u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u6587\u7ae0\u662f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1951731\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lipset<\/a>&nbsp;\u5beb\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230 1959 \u5e74\u3002\u5f9e\u90a3\u6642\u8d77\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c31\u5728\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u82b1\u8cbb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7b46\u58a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0cPrzeworski \u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u591a\u539f\u5275\uff1f \u6839\u64da\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\uff09\u95dc\u65bc\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u2014\u2014\u9078\u64c7\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7b54\u6848\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u4e4b\u9593\u7d93\u5e38\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u9054\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6536\u5165\u6c34\u5e73\u5f8c\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u6d88\u4ea1\u4e26\u6210\u70ba\u7368\u88c1\u570b\u5bb6\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u9054\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6536\u5165\u6c34\u5e73\u5f8c\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5f9e\u672a\u57ae\u53f0\uff08\u4ee5PENN World Table\u7f8e\u5143\u8a08\u7b97\uff0c\u4eba\u5747 6,055 \u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7368\u88c1\u653f\u6b0a\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u7a2e\u5947\u602a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u5b83\u5011\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u8ca7\u7aae\uff08PENN World Table dollars\u7f8e\u5143\u6bcf\u5e74\u4eba\u5747\u4e0d\u5230 1000 \u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u548c\u975e\u5e38\u5bcc\u6709\uff08\u8d85\u904e 7000 \u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u6536\u5165\u6c34\u5e73\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6d88\u4ea1\uff08\u7b2c 92-95 \u9801\uff09\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u80af\u5b9a\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u5e36\u4f86\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u5bcc\u88d5\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u201d\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u653b\u64ca\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u30021 \u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8ad6\u6709\u4e00\u689d\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8def\u7dda\uff1a\u5c08\u653f\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u6b20\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u5e36\u4f86\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u5e36\u4f86\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u63a8\u7406\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u653f\u7b56\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u958b\u51fa\u8655\u65b9\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u4e86\u6539\u5584\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u7e3d\u662f\u6bd4\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u66f4\u53ef\u53d6\u3002 \u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u7368\u88c1\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u53ef\u53d6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u6b20\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8207\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6587\u737b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e3d\u662f\u7d66\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u5e36\u4f86\u7e41\u69ae\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5b83\u5011\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u7368\u88c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u4e5f\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u66fe\u7d93\u4e26\u4e14\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u627e\u5230\u201c\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u201d\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7d50\u679c\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u8a0e\u8ad6\u767c\u5c55\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u65b0\u8b70\u7a0b\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u627e\u5230\u201c\u95dc\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u8abf\u67e5\u7684 40 \u5e74\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5408\u7406\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u5373\u2018\u4e8b\u5be6facts\u2019\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5167\u5bb9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u9078\u64c7\u504f\u5dee\uff0cPrzeworski \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u53cd\u4e8b\u5be6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7531\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u7372\u5f97\u8005 James Heckman \u958b\u767c\u7684\u5169\u968e\u6bb5\u56de\u6b78\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u8a72\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u8a08\u91cf\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4e2d\u5ee3\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5c11\u7528\u65bc\u6bd4\u8f03\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u8f03\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u4e2d\u9078\u64c7\u504f\u5dee\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5e38\u898b\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u53cd\u4e8b\u5be6\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u89c0\u5bdf\u5176\u4ed6\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u6703\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f \u9078\u64c7\u504f\u5dee\u662f\u7531\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u975e\u96a8\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u554f\u984c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u7684\u3002 \u5982\u679c A \u570b\u7684\u589e\u9577\u7387\u8207\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c11\u4e3b\uff09\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5177\u6709\u8207 A \u570b\u76f8\u540c\u8b8a\u91cf\u4f46\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u8207 A \u570b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u653f\u6cbb \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u5c0d\u589e\u9577\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u8a31\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4eba\u63a8\u85a6\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u6bd4\u8f03\u7df4\u7fd2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u5011\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u7684\u6975\u7c21\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b9a\u7fa9minimalist definition\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u548c\u7f3a\u9ede\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u63a8\u9032\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u958b\u767c\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u9032\u884c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u5831\u5c0e\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a66\u5716\u907f\u514d\u54f2\u5b78\u8faf\u8ad6\u548c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6253\u7b97\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5206\u985e\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u201c\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6observable facts\u201d\u3002 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:&nbsp;25 \u6b21\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u904e\u6e21\uff0c19 \u6b21\u5411\u7368\u88c1\u904e\u6e21\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u89c0\u5bdf\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u6846\u67b6\u975e\u5e38\u7a69\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u5728 1950 \u5e74\u81f3 1990 \u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ea\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u5167\u90e8\u767c\u751f\u904e\u4e09\u6b21\u653f\u6b0a\u66f4\u8fed\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7368\u88c1\u653f\u6b0a\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002 \u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u5c08\u5236\u653f\u9ad4\u2014\u2014\u7531\u5c08\u5236\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u7368\u88c1\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u5e9c\u6a5f\u69cb\u5236\u5b9a\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a5f\u95dc\u6216\u653f\u9ee8\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u6703\u6301\u4e45\u3002 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u767c\u73fe\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u7e3d\u6536\u5165\u589e\u9577\uff084.42\uff09\u9ad8\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u7e3d\u6536\u5165\u589e\u9577\uff083.95\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5b83\u5728\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684 15.8 \u5e74\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684 17.7 \u5e74\u5167\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u7e3d\u6536\u5165\u589e\u9577\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u5728\u8ca7\u7aae\u570b\u5bb6\u66f4\u983b\u7e41\u5730\u767c\u751f\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ca7\u7aae\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u589e\u9577\u7387\u901a\u5e38\u8f03\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5c0d\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u7576\u524d\u7684\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5f9e\u9577\u9060\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6230\u722d\u5c0d\u589e\u9577\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5167\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u589e\u9577\u3002 \u7368\u88c1\u570b\u5bb6\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6230\u722d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1a\u5b83\u5011\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7d93\u6b77\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6230\u722d\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u66f4\u7cdf\u3002 \u53cd\u904e\u4f86\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u5f9e\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\u6062\u5fa9\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u3002 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\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8166\u7684\u66f4\u66ff\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u570b\u6c11\u751f\u7522\u7e3d\u503c\u589e\u9577\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u78ba\u5be6\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u7368\u88c1\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u8868\u73fe\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8166\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8b8a\u52d5\u90fd\u6703\u5c0d\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u8868\u73fe\u9020\u6210\u56b4\u91cd\u7834\u58de\uff08\u8a73\u898b\u7b2c 191 \u9801\uff09\u3002 \u793e\u6703\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u52d5\u76ea \u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\u793a\u5a01\u3001\u9a37\u4e82\u3001\u7f77\u5de5 \u4e5f\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u5982\u6578\u5b57\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u624d\u4ee3\u8868\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\uff08\u8868 4.1\uff0c\u7b2c 192 \u9801\uff09\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u52d5\u76ea\u5c0d\u7576\u524d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u78ba\u5be6\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4ee3\u8868\u52d5\u76ea\u5c07\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5b83\u96a8\u6642\u9593\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff1a\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u9810\u671f\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u7576\u524d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u8868\u73fe\u55ce\uff1f \u4f5c\u8005\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u653f\u6b0a\u9084\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\uff08\u898bP 199\uff09\u3002 \u653f\u6cbb\u52d5\u76ea\u78ba\u5be6\u6703\u963b\u7919\u7269\u8cea\u8cc7\u672c\u5b58\u91cf\u7684\u7a4d\u7d2f\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u5c0d\u4eba\u529b\u8cc7\u672c\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u5f71\u97ff\u6703\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u6e1b\u5f31\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5f9e\u9577\u9060\u4f86\u770b\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u73fe\u8207\u7576\u524d\u6587\u737b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7d50\u679c\u76f8\u6096\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cAlesina \u548c Perroti (1996) \u767c\u73fe\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u6703\u50b3\u64ad\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8072\u7a31\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u6703\u963b\u7919\u589e\u9577\u3002 Przeworski \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u653f\u6b0a\u66f4\u8fed\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8166\u66f4\u66ff\u90fd\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u6b64\u985e\u8b8a\u5316\u518d\u6b21\u767c\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u589e\u9577\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Rise-Decline-Nations-Stagflation-Rigidities-ebook\/dp\/B00267SS7W\/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=OLSON%2C+Mancur.+The+rise+of+decline+of+nations%3A+economic+growth%2C+stagflation+and+social+rigidities.+New+Heaven%3A+Yale+University+Press%2C+1982.&amp;qid=1672146523&amp;s=digital-text&amp;sr=1-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Olson, 1982<\/a> \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5c0d\u7acb\u5047\u8a2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6703\u4f7f\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u5718\u50f5\u5316\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u4ee5\u72a7\u7272\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u70ba\u4ee3\u50f9\u4f86\u589e\u52a0\u518d\u5206\u914d\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u3002 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\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u653b\u64ca\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u53cd\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u932f\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8ad6\u6240\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6bb5\u6bd4\u8a55\u8ad6\u66f8\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6bb5\u8981\u9577\u5f97\u591a . \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cLipset (1959) \u5728\u5176\u8457\u540d\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e26\u4e0d\u5f37\u8abf\u5e74\u589e\u9577\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u7576\u88ab\u8a55\u8ad6\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u653b\u64ca\u7522\u6b0a\u6587\u737b\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u57fa\u65bc Douglass North 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\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u5011\u4f3c\u4e4e\u540c\u610f\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u7b2c 1 \u9801\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7121\u8ad6\u4eba\u5011\u600e\u9ebc\u60f3\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u90fd\u662f\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u3002 \u5b83\u5011\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u88fd\u5ea6\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u5fb5\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7522\u751f\u7a81\u767c\u6548\u61c9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4ea4\u53c9\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u9f13\u52f5\u7d93\u6fdf\u7406\u6027\u4f46\u963b\u7919\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e3b\u52d5\u6027\uff0c\u8ce6\u4e88\u653f\u5e9c\u4fc3\u9032\u767c\u5c55\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u4f46\u4e5f\u5141\u8a31\u4ed6\u5011\u9003\u907f\u6c11\u773e\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u77ed\u671f\u707d\u96e3\u70ba\u4ee3\u50f9\u57f9\u990a\u9577\u671f\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Political regimes, however one thinks about them, are complex. They combine many institutional features that can have emergent effects and that may work at cross-purposes. They may, at the same time, encourage economic rationality but hinder economic initiative, grant government the authority necessary to promote development but also allow them to evade popular control, and foster long term thinking at the cost of short term disasters, and vice-versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u6703\u63a8\u9032\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u6216\u8a31\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6559\u8a13\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u96d6\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u89e3\u653f\u6cbb\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002 \u9084\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u57fa\u65bc\u88fd\u5ea6\u5fae\u89c0\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7db1\u9818 \u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u55ce\uff1f\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4fc3\u9032\u9084\u662f\u963b\u7919\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\uff1f&#8221;Democracy and development: political institutions and well-being in the world 1950-1990&#8220;\u901a\u904e\u8003\u5bdf 1950 \u5e74\u81f3 1990 \u5e74\u9593 135 \u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4f86\u6aa2\u9a57\u9019\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u8ff0\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7e54\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u7576\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u9593\u6b0a\u8861\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u4e26\u4e0d\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u7522\u751f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5bcc\u88d5\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u653f\u9ad4\u985e\u578b\u5c0d\u570b\u6c11\u7e3d\u6536\u5165\u7684\u589e\u9577\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u53ea\u5f71\u97ff\u7368\u88c1\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u589e\u9577\u3002 \u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u589e\u9577\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u9577\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5c0d\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u66f4\u5927\u3002 &#8220;Democracy and development\u201d\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u8207\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u66f8\u7c4d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c2001 \u5e74Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award\u7372\u5f97\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70 2000 \u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u570b\u969b\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u66f8\u7c4d . \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002 \u5176\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u3001\u6578\u64da\u91cf\u548c\u5fa9\u96dc\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u503c\u5f97\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002 \u5176\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u4e9e\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5c0d\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u5229\u7684\u5ee3\u7fa9\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u7387\u3001\u6295\u8cc7\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u751f\u7522\u7387\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u9577\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u3002 \u8a72\u66f8\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86141\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5eab\uff0c\u5f9e1950\u5e74\u52301990\u5e74\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u4e861645\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c2482\u5e74\u7684\u7368\u88c1\uff0c\u5f9e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5230\u7368\u88c1\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u670939\u6b21\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u5247\u670949\u6b21\u3002 \u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u767c\u73fe\u662f\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u5f9e\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u589e\u52a0\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u958b\u982d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u8981\u63d0\u51fa\u95dc\u65bc\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u7949\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u554f\u984c\u662f\u591a\u9ebc\u68d8\u624b\uff1a\u7368\u88c1\u662f\u5426\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5f15\u5c0e\u6b20\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u8d70\u5411\u7269\u8cea\u798f\u7949\uff1f \u5118\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e8c\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u4ee5\u4f86\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u66f8\u7c4d\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2022\/12\/27\/democracy-and-development-political-institutions-and-well-being-in-the-world-1950-1990\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8608","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2eQ","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8608","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8608"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8608\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8609,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8608\/revisions\/8609"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8608"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8608"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8608"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}