{"id":8623,"date":"2023-01-02T06:52:55","date_gmt":"2023-01-02T06:52:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8623"},"modified":"2023-01-02T11:57:43","modified_gmt":"2023-01-02T11:57:43","slug":"democracy-and-legal-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/01\/02\/democracy-and-legal-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Democracy and Legal Change"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\n\n\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5a01\u6b0a\/\u6975\u6b0a\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u4ea6\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u958b\u653e\u793e\u6703\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\u6cd5\u5f8b\/\u61b2\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u524d\u8005\u889b\u662f\u5c07\u6cd5\u5f8b\/\u61b2\u6cd5\u8996\u70ba\u5e4c\u5b50\u3002\u81ea\u53e4\u96c5\u5178\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c31\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u6539\u8b8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u50be\u5411\u70ba\u69ae\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u8a66\u5716\u901a\u904e\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8b8a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f86\u5c0d\u6297\u9019\u7a2e\u80fd\u529b\u3002Schwartzberg\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u57fa\u672c\u4e14\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002 \u8207\u90a3\u4e9b\u634d\u885b\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u978f\u56fa\u689d\u6b3e\u201d\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u95dc\u9375\u61b2\u6cd5\u689d\u6b3e\u514d\u65bc\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u4eba\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u201dDemocracy and Legal Change<\/a>\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c Melissa Schwartzberg \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\uff08\u975e\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f8c\u679c\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8b49\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6230\u7565\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u5f37\u8abf\u978f\u56fa\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u7576\u4eca\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u907a\u61be\u7684\u5f8c\u679c.\u3002 \u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65bc\u6d89\u53ca\u61b2\u653f\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u70ba\u9748\u6d3b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u548c\u53cd\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a2d\u9632\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u64da\u7a31\u8a2d\u9632\u6703\u7834\u58de\u5275\u65b0\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u627f\u8a8d\u4eba\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5be9\u8b70\u548c\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c Melissa Schwartzberg \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\uff08\u975e\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f8c\u679c\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8b49\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6230\u7565\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u5f37\u8abf\u978f\u56fa\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u7576\u4eca\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u907a\u61be\u7684\u5f8c\u679c.\u3002 \u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65bc\u6d89\u53ca\u61b2\u653f\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u70ba\u9748\u6d3b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u548c\u53cd\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a2d\u9632\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u64da\u7a31\u8a2d\u9632\u6703\u7834\u58de\u5275\u65b0\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u627f\u8a8d\u4eba\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5be9\u8b70\u548c\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5373\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u9748\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u8b8a\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u74b0\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u3002 \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cSchwartzberg\u76f8\u7576\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c07\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u554f\u984c\u5f71\u97ff\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u9673\u8ff0\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u70ba\u4e86\u6700\u7d42\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u548c\u975e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u800c\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u8b49\u660e\u5979\uff08\u9078\u64c7\u6027\uff09\u53c3\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u5c07\u52a0\u5f37\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u5730\u4f4d\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0cSchwartzberg \u5c07\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201c\u978f\u56fa\u689d\u6b3e\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b8a\u9769\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u7684\u3001\u61b2\u653f\u7684\u548c\u9769\u547d\u7684\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u7528\u4e14\u4fe1\u606f\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u985e\u578b\u3002 \u5979\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u7121\u6642\u9593\u9650\u5236\u7684\u9632\u79a6(formal and time-unlimited entrenchment, pp.8-11)\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u6709\u6642\u9593\u9650\u5236\u7684\u9632\u79a6(formal and time-limited entrenchment, pp.11-12)\u3001\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u7684\u9632\u79a6(de facto entrenchment, pp.12-13) \u548c\u96b1\u542b\u7684\u9632\u79a6(implicit entrenchment, pp.13-16) ), \u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6bcf\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u8a73\u76e1\u89e3\u91cb\u548c\u793a\u4f8b\u3002 \u5979\u9084\u501f\u9452\u4e86Bruce Ackerman \u548c\u65bc J\u00fcrgen Habermas \u7b49\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\uff0c\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u8b8a\u6027\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6c92\u6709\u5305\u62ec\u8207Ackerman\u7684\u201d WE THE PEOPLE<\/a>\u201d \u6216Habermas\u7684\u201d BETWEEN FACTS AND NORMS<\/a>\u201d \u95dc\u65bc\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u53ef\u8b8a\u6027\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7279\u5225\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002 \u5f9e\u61b2\u653f\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4f7f\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u66f4\u5177\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u5be6\u8e10\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9632\u79a6\u7684\u56db\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u548c\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u96c5\u5178\uff1b \u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u82f1\u570b\uff0c[*801]\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u548c\u4e8c\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u5fb7\u570b\u3002 \u6bcf\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u6848\u4f8b\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6559\u8a13\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u95dc\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u53ef\u8b8a\u6027\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u53e4\u96c5\u5178\uff0cSchwartzberg\u5f37\u8abf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b8a\u9769\u8207\u5275\u65b0\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff08\u4e0d\u50c5\u9858\u610f\u9069\u61c9\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u591a\u8b8a\u6027\u548c\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9858\u610f\u5275\u9020\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u958b\u59cb\uff09\u3002 \u201c\u52d9\u5be6\u5275\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u201d\uff08ideology of pragmatic innovation,  p 31\uff0c\u5404\u8655\uff09\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u53e4\u4ee3\u96c5\u5178\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5fb5\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc \u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u201c\u901a\u904e\u4fee\u6539\u898f\u5247\u548c\u88fd\u5ea6\u5275\u65b0\u4f86\u61c9\u5c0d\u610f\u5916\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u4e5f\u56e0\u5176\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5c0d\u6cbb\u7406\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\u6216\u806f\u76df\u5f62\u6210\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8a55\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0cSchwartzberg\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\u65af\u5df4\u9054\u5f9e\u5176\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6548\u7387\u3002 Schwartzberg \u8a73\u7d30\u800c\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u77ad\u5982\u4f55\u5728 5 \u4e16\u7d00\u548c 4 \u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u96c5\u5178\u5f15\u5165\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9632\u79a6\u5de5\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u61b2\u6cd5\u5371\u6a5f\u6642\u523b\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u70ba\u5b89\u64ab\u7126\u616e\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u201d\uff08 p 71 \uff09\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0cSchwartzberg \u5e0c\u671b\u5979\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u8a18\u4f4f\u7684\u6559\u8a13\u662f\u201c[e] \u6230\u58d5.. . . \u627c\u6bba\u4e86\u516c\u773e\u5c0d\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u201c\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u91cd\u65b0\u5c31\u9019\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c55\u958b\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002 . . [\u6279\u5224] \u6027\u683c\u5f88\u96e3\u57f9\u990a\u201d\uff08 p 195\u3001196 \uff09\u3002 \u96d6\u7136\u4f5c\u8005\u627f\u8a8d\u201c\u5275\u65b0\u548c\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u9858\u671b\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8a98\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u201d\uff08 p 197 \uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u751f\u6d3b\u5305\u542b\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027 \u9019\u4e9b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b2c 3 \u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cSchwartzberg\u5c07\u5979\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8f49\u5411\u4e86 17 \u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u3002 \u5979\u7279\u5225\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u5373\u65e9\u671f\u73fe\u4ee3\u82f1\u570b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u50b3\u7d71\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u770b\u4f3c\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u53ca\u53e4\u4ee3\u61b2\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5373\u540c\u6642\u201c\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb[\u4e26\u4e14]\u6b63\u5728\u7d93\u6b77\u6301\u7e8c\u548c\u96e3\u4ee5\u5bdf\u89ba\u7684\u8b8a\u5316[\u901a\u904e\u8a13\u7df4\u6709\u7d20\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c \u5176\u6b21\u901a\u904e\u8b70\u6703\u624b\u6bb5\u901a\u904e\u6cd5\u4ee4]\u201d\uff08 p 71 \uff09\u3002 \u5f8c\u4e00\u9ede\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u8207\u201c\u4eba\u70ba\u539f\u56e0\u201d\u539f\u5247\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u70ba\u539f\u56e0\u201d\u5c07\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u6b0a\u8ce6\u4e88\u53d7\u904e\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u5f8b\u5e2b\uff08 p 78 \uff09\u3002 Schwartzberg\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u722d\u8ad6\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u610f\u5473\u8457\u95dc\u65bc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b8a\u9769\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u7bc4\u570d\u548c\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u8b70\u6703\u548c\u570b\u738b\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u4e00\u4e16James I \u548c\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u4e16Charles I \u90fd\u4e3b\u5f35\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u8b8a\u6027\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u8cac\u5c0d\u65b9\u662f\u201c\u96aa\u60e1\u7684\u5275\u65b0\u8005\u201d\uff08p 83 \uff09\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u5167\u6230\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8b70\u6703\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u50cf\u5e73\u7b49\u904b\u52d5\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\uff09\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4e3b\u5f35\u5176\u5be9\u8b70\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u65e8\u5728 \u5805\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9069\u61c9\u6027\u548c\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8d0a\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9632\u79a6\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002 \u5f9e \u6b77\u53f2\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u7684\u6559\u8a13\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u61b2\u6cd5\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u5354\u5546\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u9019\u201c\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u6c11\u7d93\u904e\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u662f \u6cd5\u9662\u5c0d\u61b2\u6cd5\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u201d\uff08p 200 \uff09\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b2c 4 \u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cSchwartzberg\u8003\u616e\u4e86 18 \u4e16\u7d00\u7f8e\u570b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b83\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u529b\u91cf\u3002 \u5979\u5217\u8209\u4e86\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e94\u689d\u4e2d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u8457\u540d\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u5c0d\u5974\u96b8\u8cbf\u6613\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u9650\u6642\u5f37\u5316\uff08\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u65bc 1808 \u5e74\u5230\u671f\uff09\u548c\u7121\u9650\u671f\u5f37\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5dde\uff0c\u672a\u7d93\u5176\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97 \u61c9\u88ab\u525d\u596a\u5176\u5728\u53c3\u8b70\u9662\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u201d\uff08 p 116 \uff09\u3002 \u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b8a\u9769\u4e2d\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0cSchwartzberg\u5c07\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b8a\u9769\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8faf\u8b77\uff08\u5373\u63d0\u5021\u7d0d\u5165\u4fee\u6b63\u689d\u6b3e\uff09\u8207\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u6613\u72af\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4eba\u985e\u6613\u72af\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ca\u5176\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u61b2\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u512a\u52e2\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u6848\u4f8b\u6d89\u53ca\u4e8c\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u5fb7\u570b\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u95dc\u65bc\u4fdd\u8b77\u4eba\u985e\u5c0a\u56b4\u7684\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u689d\u6b3e\u3002Schwartzberg\u53cd\u5c0d\u8a72\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u5fb7\u570b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u505a\u6cd5\u8207\u9b4f\u746a\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6230\u5f8c\u521d\u671f\u5fb7\u570b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u6cbb\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5979\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0cSchwartzberg\u5c07\u5979\u95dc\u65bc\u56db\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u6b77\u53f2\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u91cd\u65b0\u8868\u8ff0\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u61b2\u653f\u4e4b\u9593\u76f8\u4e92\u806f\u7e6b\u7684\u56db\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7b2c 6 \u7ae0\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u8b8a\u6027\u5be6\u8e10\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5275\u65b0\u3001\u5546\u8b70\u3001\u4eba\u6027\u5f31\u9ede\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u5c0a\u56b4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u7a4d\u6975\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u52a0\u5f37\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u4e14\u76f8\u7576\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e2d\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u2026\u2026\u201d\u3002 . . \u70ba\u4e86\u7dad\u6301\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\uff08p 205\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u51fa\u65bc\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u9032\u884c\u61b2\u6cd5\u978f\u56fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u98a8\u96aa\u4e2d\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u6027\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u70ba\u8ca0\u8cac\u624d\u80fd\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5be6\u8e10\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u5167\u5bb9\u8c50\u5bcc\u4e14\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u5c07\u5438\u5f15\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u61b2\u653f\u5b78\u8005\u3002 \u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5438\u5f15\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u7576\u4e0d\u767c\u9054\u3002\u5b83\u501f\u9452\u6b77\u53f2\u8b49\u64da\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4ee5\u53ca\u7576\u4ee3\u61b2\u6cd5\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u6709\u5229\u4f4d\u7f6e\u91cd\u65b0\u5be9\u8996\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u8a73\u7d30\u800c\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u3001\u7d50\u69cb\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u8b49\u548c\u901a\u4fd7\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u98a8\u683c\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u5c07\u4f7f\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6210\u70ba\u5ee3\u5927\u5b78\u8853\u8b80\u8005\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5b78\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u672c\u79d1\u751f\uff09\u7684\u6109\u5feb\u800c\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u8b80\u7269\uff0c \u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u548c\u5c08\u9580\u7814\u7a76\u61b2\u653f\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u3002\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5a01\u6b0a\/\u6975\u6b0a\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u4ea6\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u958b\u653e\u793e\u6703\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\u6cd5\u5f8b\/\u61b2\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u524d\u8005\u889b\u662f\u5c07\u6cd5\u5f8b\/\u61b2\u6cd5\u8996\u70ba\u5e4c\u5b50\u3002\u81ea\u53e4\u96c5\u5178\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c31\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u6539\u8b8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u50be\u5411\u70ba\u69ae\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u8a66\u5716\u901a\u904e\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8b8a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f86\u5c0d\u6297\u9019\u7a2e\u80fd\u529b\u3002Schwartzberg\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u57fa\u672c\u4e14\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002 \u8207\u90a3\u4e9b\u634d\u885b\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u978f\u56fa\u689d\u6b3e\u201d\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u95dc\u9375\u61b2\u6cd5\u689d\u6b3e\u514d\u65bc\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u4eba\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c \u5728\u201dDemocracy and Legal Change\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c Melissa Schwartzberg \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\uff08\u975e\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f8c\u679c\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8b49\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6230\u7565\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u5f37\u8abf\u978f\u56fa\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u7576\u4eca\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u907a\u61be\u7684\u5f8c\u679c.\u3002 \u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65bc\u6d89\u53ca\u61b2\u653f\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u70ba\u9748\u6d3b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u548c\u53cd\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a2d\u9632\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u64da\u7a31\u8a2d\u9632\u6703\u7834\u58de\u5275\u65b0\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u627f\u8a8d\u4eba\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5be9\u8b70\u548c\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5247\u3002 \u201d\u4e2d\uff0c Melissa Schwartzberg \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\uff08\u975e\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f8c\u679c\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8b49\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6230\u7565\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u5f37\u8abf\u978f\u56fa\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u7576\u4eca\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u907a\u61be\u7684\u5f8c\u679c.\u3002 \u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65bc\u6d89\u53ca\u61b2\u653f\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u70ba\u9748\u6d3b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u548c\u53cd\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a2d\u9632\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u64da\u7a31\u8a2d\u9632\u6703\u7834\u58de\u5275\u65b0\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u627f\u8a8d\u4eba\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5be9\u8b70\u548c\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5247\u3002 \u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5373\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u9748\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u8b8a\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u74b0\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u3002 \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cSchwartzberg\u76f8\u7576\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c07\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u554f\u984c\u5f71\u97ff\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u9673\u8ff0\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u70ba\u4e86\u6700\u7d42\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u548c\u975e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u800c\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u8b49\u660e\u5979\uff08\u9078\u64c7\u6027\uff09\u53c3\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u5c07\u52a0\u5f37\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u5730\u4f4d\u3002  \u5728\u5c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0cSchwartzberg \u5c07\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201c\u978f\u56fa\u689d\u6b3e\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b8a\u9769\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u7684\u3001\u61b2\u653f\u7684\u548c\u9769\u547d\u7684\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u7528\u4e14\u4fe1\u606f\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u978f\u56fa\u985e\u578b\u3002 \u5979\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u7121\u6642\u9593\u9650\u5236\u7684\u9632\u79a6(formal and time-unlimited entrenchment, pp.8-11)\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u6709\u6642\u9593\u9650\u5236\u7684\u9632\u79a6(formal and time-limited entrenchment, pp.11-12)\u3001\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u7684\u9632\u79a6(de facto entrenchment, pp.12-13) \u548c\u96b1\u542b\u7684\u9632\u79a6(implicit entrenchment, pp.13-16) ), \u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6bcf\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u8a73\u76e1\u89e3\u91cb\u548c\u793a\u4f8b\u3002 \u5979\u9084\u501f\u9452\u4e86Bruce … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2f5","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8623"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8624,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8623\/revisions\/8624"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}