{"id":8637,"date":"2023-01-08T08:49:03","date_gmt":"2023-01-08T08:49:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8637"},"modified":"2023-01-08T08:49:08","modified_gmt":"2023-01-08T08:49:08","slug":"democratic-society-and-human-needs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/01\/08\/democratic-society-and-human-needs\/","title":{"rendered":"Democratic Society and Human Needs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isaiah Berlin\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4f86\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5c31\u4e00\u6587\u4e0d\u503c\u3002 \u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u6700\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e00\u500b\u98e2\u9913\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7121\u7570\u65bc\u96ea\u4e0a\u52a0\u971c\uff1a\u9019\u807d\u8d77\u4f86\u6bd4Marie Antoinette \u5584\u610f\u5730\u5efa\u8b70\u7d66\u4ed6\u5403\u86cb\u7cd5\u66f4\u7a7a\u6d1e\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cBerlin\u6240\u8b74\u8cac\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u5be6\u5728\u662f\u592a\u666e\u904d\u4e86\u3002 \u4e09\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8840\u58a8\uff0c\u9577\u671f\u5728\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5021\u5c0e\u793e\u6703\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5df2\u8b49\u660e\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f9e\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53ca\u6642\u8a55\u4f30\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u65bc\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6279\u5224\u5c07\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u65bc\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u8207\u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5c0d\u6bd4\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u53cd\u5168\u7403\u5316\u6297\u8b70\u6d3b\u52d5\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u516c\u773e\u6b63\u5728\u5c0b\u627e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u767c\u9054\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u8de8\u8d8a\u767c\u5c55\u9d3b\u6e9d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002 Jeff Noonan \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728 Democratic Society and Human Needs\u4e2d\uff0c Jeff Noonan \u5be9\u8996\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7576\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u901a\u904e\u57fa\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u8207\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b0a\u5229\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u3002 \u5c0d\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u5171\u540c\u63a7\u5236\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u4e26\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u5011\u4f86\u4fc3\u9032\u5be6\u73fe\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u985e\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3002 \u4ed6\u5c0d\u5168\u7403\u5316\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6279\u5224\u70ba\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u793e\u6703\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u5167\u90e8\u548c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8ca7\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jeff Noonan \u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u61c9\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u57fa\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u9858\u666f\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8b77\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u70ba\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u201c\u4ee5\u751f\u547d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u201d \u50f9\u503c\u9ad4\u7cfb(p 143)\u3002 Noonan\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\u79c1\u6709\u8ca1\u7522\u800c\u767c\u5c55\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u3002 \u4ed6\u501f\u9452\u4e86John McMurtry\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5c07\u6eff\u8db3\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u6c42\u898f\u5b9a\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u58d3\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u666e\u904d\u50f9\u503c\uff1a\u70ba\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u904e\u4e00\u7a2e\u5275\u9020\u6027\u548c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6c7a\u5b9a\u548c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f62\u72c0\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u201d \u737b\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002 \u6eff\u8db3\u9019\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u6309\u7167\u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u501f\u9452\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u767c\u5c55\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Amartya Sen\u3002Noonan \u8a8d\u70ba\u4ee5\u6b0a\u5229\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u57fa\u790e\u5360\u4e3b\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662fHobbes\uff0cLocke\u7b49\u7d93\u5178\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c \u548c James Mill\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Levellers \u548c John Rawls\u3001J\u00fcrgen Habermas \u548c Chantal Mouffe \u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u56db\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6279\u8a55\u3002&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u6311\u6230\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u6eff\u8db3\u9700\u6c42\u52dd\u904e\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5c07\u662f\u53cd\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u539f\u59cb\u5a01\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u751f\u6d3b\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u6703\u570d\u7e5e\u7af6\u722d\u5e02\u5834\u7d44\u7e54\uff08\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f \u57fa\u65bc\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8607\u806f\u5f0f\u8a08\u5283\u5316\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u61c9\u5c0d\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u52aa\u5357\u501f\u9452\u4e86\u5e15\u7279\u8fea\u74e6\u6069\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u5373\u7d93\u6fdf\u512a\u5148\u4e8b\u9805\u7531\u6d89\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u53d7\u5f71\u97ff\u5404\u65b9\u4e26\u5f9e\u5730\u65b9\u5c64\u9762\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u5168\u793e\u6703\u5be9\u8b70\u4f86\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002 \u7531\u65bc Noonan \u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u5927\u578b\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u5168\u7403\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u69cb\u81ea\u5df1\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u6703\u8cfc\u8cb7\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6703\u7834\u58de\u5b83\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u6211\u5047\u8a2d\u4ed6\u6b63\u5728\u9810\u6e2c\u4e00\u500b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6216\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c \u6574\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\uff0cRawls\u3001Habermas\u548cMouffe\u7684\u8ffd\u96a8\u8005\u53c3\u8207\u53cd\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u63a8\u9032\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u5a01\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c Noonan \u4e26\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u4ee5\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c0d\u6c11\u773e\u5f37\u52a0\u80af\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002 \u90a3\u4e9b\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u8aaa\u670d\u6539\u8b8a\u5176\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u7684\u4eba\u5c07\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u6b64\u985e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u5f8c\u8005\u662f\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5354\u5546\u5f37\u5236\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u201d\u3002 \u9664\u4e86 Noonan \u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8072\u7a31\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u770b\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u597d\u8655\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6c34\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u660e\u986f\u504f\u8892\u4e00\u7a2e\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c07\u6c11\u4e3b\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\u6ce8\u5165\u7684\u201c\u793e\u6703\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d&nbsp; \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c07\u53d7\u76ca\u65bc\u5728\u5176\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u5c0d\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c64\u6b21\u6216\u610f\u7fa9\u9032\u884c\u68b3\u7406\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u53c3\u8207\u672c\u66f8\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5148\u524d\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5169\u4f4d\u958b\u5275\u6027\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u2014\u2014( p 144 )\uff0c\u78b0\u5de7\u4e5f\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u800c\u7372\u76ca\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u662fChristian Bay \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u958b\u5275\u6027\u7684 <a href=\"https:\/\/discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca\/index.php\/the-structure-of-freedom-preface-third-printing\">Structure of Freedom<\/a>&nbsp; \u5c07\u57fa\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u502b\u7406\u8207\u6b0a\u529b-\u653f\u6cbb\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u5c0d\u7acb\u3002 \u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5be6\u65bd\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u9593\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002&nbsp; Noonan \u5c0d\u4ee5\u80fd\u529b\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u95e1\u8ff0\u5c07\u53d7\u76ca\u65bc\u5c0d C.B. Macpherson\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0cC.B. Macpherson\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u90fd\u8ffd\u6c42\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u9700\u6c42\u4e2d\u53ea\u662f\u6577\u884d\u4e86\u4e8b\u3002C.B. Macpherson\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u958b\u5275\u6027\u8457\u4f5cThe Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke\u4e2d\u5c0d\u57fa\u65bc\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u6839\u6e90\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u66f4\u70ba\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u5c07\u53d7\u76ca\u532a\u6dfa\u3002 \uff08\u5982\u679c\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u767c\u660e\u8f2a\u5b50\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u61c9\u8a72\u81f3\u5c11\u548c\u539f\u4f86\u7684\u4e00\u6a23\u597d\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Isaiah Berlin\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4f86\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5c31\u4e00\u6587\u4e0d\u503c\u3002 \u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u6700\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e00\u500b\u98e2\u9913\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7121\u7570\u65bc\u96ea\u4e0a\u52a0\u971c\uff1a\u9019\u807d\u8d77\u4f86\u6bd4Marie Antoinette \u5584\u610f\u5730\u5efa\u8b70\u7d66\u4ed6\u5403\u86cb\u7cd5\u66f4\u7a7a\u6d1e\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cBerlin\u6240\u8b74\u8cac\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u5be6\u5728\u662f\u592a\u666e\u904d\u4e86\u3002 \u4e09\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8840\u58a8\uff0c\u9577\u671f\u5728\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5021\u5c0e\u793e\u6703\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5df2\u8b49\u660e\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c&nbsp; \u5f9e\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53ca\u6642\u8a55\u4f30\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u65bc\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6279\u5224\u5c07\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u65bc\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u8207\u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5c0d\u6bd4\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u53cd\u5168\u7403\u5316\u6297\u8b70\u6d3b\u52d5\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u516c\u773e\u6b63\u5728\u5c0b\u627e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u767c\u9054\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u8de8\u8d8a\u767c\u5c55\u9d3b\u6e9d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002 Jeff Noonan \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002&nbsp; \u5728 Democratic Society and Human Needs\u4e2d\uff0c Jeff Noonan \u5be9\u8996\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7576\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u901a\u904e\u57fa\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u8207\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b0a\u5229\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u3002 \u5c0d\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u5171\u540c\u63a7\u5236\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u4e26\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u5011\u4f86\u4fc3\u9032\u5be6\u73fe\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u985e\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3002 \u4ed6\u5c0d\u5168\u7403\u5316\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6279\u5224\u70ba\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u793e\u6703\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u5167\u90e8\u548c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8ca7\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002 Jeff Noonan \u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u61c9\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u57fa\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u9858\u666f\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8b77\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u70ba\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u201c\u4ee5\u751f\u547d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u201d \u50f9\u503c\u9ad4\u7cfb(p 143)\u3002 Noonan\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\u79c1\u6709\u8ca1\u7522\u800c\u767c\u5c55\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u3002 \u4ed6\u501f\u9452\u4e86John McMurtry\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5c07\u6eff\u8db3\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u6c42\u898f\u5b9a\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u58d3\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u666e\u904d\u50f9\u503c\uff1a\u70ba\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u904e\u4e00\u7a2e\u5275\u9020\u6027\u548c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6c7a\u5b9a\u548c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f62\u72c0\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u201d \u737b\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002 \u6eff\u8db3\u9019\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u6309\u7167\u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u501f\u9452\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u767c\u5c55\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Amartya Sen\u3002Noonan \u8a8d\u70ba\u4ee5\u6b0a\u5229\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u57fa\u790e\u5360\u4e3b\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662fHobbes\uff0cLocke\u7b49\u7d93\u5178\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c \u548c James Mill\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Levellers &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/01\/08\/democratic-society-and-human-needs\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--chaos"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2fj","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8637","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8637"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8637\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8638,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8637\/revisions\/8638"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}