{"id":8698,"date":"2023-02-01T00:01:56","date_gmt":"2023-02-01T00:01:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8698"},"modified":"2023-02-01T01:02:12","modified_gmt":"2023-02-01T01:02:12","slug":"epistemology-for-the-rest-of-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/02\/01\/epistemology-for-the-rest-of-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Epistemology for the Rest of the World"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u5f9e\u97d3\u570b\u96fb\u5f71\u300a\u5a11\u5a46\u8a36\uff1a\u516d\u6307\u4eba\u201cSvaha: the sixth finger\u201d\u300b\u6211\u5011\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u4e5f\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u610f\u8b58\u4e4b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u3002\u610f\u8b58\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff1a\u5927\u8166\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u795e\u5947\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u958b\u62d3\u4e86\u65b0\u5929\u5730\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u8166\u6240\u5275\u9020\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u8a9e\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7528\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u5efa\u69cb\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff1b\u800c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u4e5f\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\/\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00a0
\u672c\u66f8\uff1a\u201cThe Epistemology for the Rest of the World<\/a> \u201d \u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u7cfe\u6b63\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u6b65\u3002 \u5168\u66f8\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u96a8\u9644\u7684\u201c\u5ba3\u8a00\u201d\u548c\u5c0e\u8a00\uff09\u70ba\u5206\u6790\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00\u6578\u64da\u548c\u76f8\u95dc\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u5927\u591a\u6578\u7ae0\u7bc0\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca \u201c\u77e5\u9053 know\u201d \u548c\u201c\u77e5\u8b58 knowledge\u201d \u9019\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Shane Ryan \u548c Chienkuo Mi \u5c0d\u5b54\u5b50\u54f2\u5b78\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u505a\u51fa\u8ca2\u737b\u7684\u7cbe\u5f69\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u7b2c 4 \u7ae0\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca Lisa Matthewson \u548c Jennifer Glougie \u7684 \u5728\u516d\u7a2e\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u5c0d\u8b49\u660e\u548c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9032\u884c\u56b4\u683c\u6aa2\u67e5\uff08\u7b2c 7 \u7ae0\uff09\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u4e00\u7d44\u8207\u5206\u6790\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\u7dca\u7dca\u570d\u7e5e\u3002 \u7de8\u8f2f\u5011\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8abf\u67e5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8a72\u9818\u57df\u7684\u7576\u524d\u9700\u6c42
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\u82f1\u8a9e\u7684 \u201cto know\u201d \u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u4f8b\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u7531 Takashi Iida \u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u8655\u7406\u4e86\u76ee\u524d\u7528\u65bc\u7ffb\u8b6f \u201cto know\u201d \u548c \u201cto believe\u201d \u7684\u65e5\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3002 \u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65e5\u8a9e\u4e2d\u540c\u6642\u8868\u793a \u201c\u77e5\u8b58\u201d \u548c \u201c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d \u7684\u8a5e\uff0c\u5373 chisiki \u548c shin-nen\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u6355\u6349\u5230 \u201c\u77e5\u8b58\u201d \u548c \u201c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d \u542b\u7fa9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7d30\u5fae\u5dee\u5225\u3002 \u9019\u4e5f\u7834\u58de\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002 \u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u5b78\u751f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u8868\u793a \u201c\u77e5\u8b58\u201d \u548c \u201c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u9019\u9580\u5b78\u79d1\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6bd4\u82f1\u8a9e\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u9762\u81e8\u66f4\u8271\u9245\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\uff0cKiyohide Arakawa \u548c Masaharu Mizumoto \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u4e09\u500b\u53ef\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u52d5\u8a5e\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u8a5e\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8207\u82f1\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u5b8c\u5168\u5c0d\u61c9\u3002 \u9019\u88e1\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9805\u662f\uff0c\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u50cf \u201c\u6211\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u95dc\u65bc\u4ed6\u201d \u90a3\u6a23\u8aaa \u201c\u6211\u6c7a\u5b9a\u77e5\u9053\u201d\u3002 Arakawa \u548c Mizumoto \u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d77\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 \u201cThe Contribution of Confucius to Virtue Epistemology\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cShane Ryan \u548c Chienkuo Mi \u8457\u773c\u65bc\u53e4\u4ee3\u6f22\u8a9e\u3002 zhi (\u77e5) \u548c shi (\u662f) \u9019\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\u5206\u5225\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u4e00\u968e\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u5c0d\u8a72\u7372\u5f97\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e8c\u968e\u53cd\u6620\u3002 \u7576\u901a\u904e\u82f1\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u5c0d\u77e5\u8b58\u9032\u884c\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u542b\u7fa9\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u3002 \u5f9e\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8a5e\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u8655\u7406\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u8005\u95dc\u6ce8\u82f1\u8a9e\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u5c31\u6703\u767c\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cMizumoto \u5c0d\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u7684\u65e5\u8a9e\u55ae\u8a5e\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8207 Mizumoto \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002 Mizumoto \u4e3b\u5f35\u77e5\u8b58\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\u5c07\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u9805\u7368\u7279\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4e8b\u696d\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u3002 \u65e5\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e shiru \u548c wakaru \u90fd\u7528\u4f86\u7ffb\u8b6f \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5340\u5225\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u5be6\u969b\u8003\u616e\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u662f\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u80fd\u529b\u654f\u611f\u7684\u3002 Mizumoto \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u5dee\u7570\u5177\u6709\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u82f1\u8a9e\u55ae\u8a5e\u7121\u6cd5\u8868\u9054\u7684\u3002 \u6839\u64da Mizumoto \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u8005\u5c0d\u77e5\u8b58\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u50c5\u6e90\u65bc\u9019\u5169\u500b\u65e5\u8a9e\u55ae\u8a5e\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u542b\u7fa9\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5f9e\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u8b1b\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u9019\u500b\u9805\u76ee\u8207\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u4f55\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002
\u00a0
\u4e5f\u8a31\u6700\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u7531 Edouard Machery \u7b49\u4eba\u64b0\u5beb\u7684 \u201cGettier was Framed!\u201d\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f86\u6e2c\u8a66 Gettier \u793a\u4f8b\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\uff0c \u9019\u662f\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u54f2\u5b78\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8072\u7a31\u9019\u4e9b\u76f4\u89ba\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u64cd\u7e31\u7684\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u672c\u7ae0\u5831\u544a\u4e86 Gettier \u76f4\u89ba\u53d7\u5448\u73fe\u6548\u679c\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u8b49\u64da\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u5448\u73fe Gettier \u76f4\u89ba\u4f86\u4f7f\u5176\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u6216\u5e73\u6de1\u7121\u5947\u201d\uff08p 126 \uff09\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7576\u5728\u5411\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u5c55\u793a\u771f\u5be6\u7684 Gettier \u6848\u4f8b\u4e4b\u524d\u5411\u4ed6\u5011\u5c55\u793a\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u7406\u4f46\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6848\u4f8b\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u5f8c\u8005\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u9084\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6846\u67b6\u6548\u61c9\uff1a\u5169\u500b\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u7121\u6cd5\u5340\u5206\u7684 Gettier \u6848\u4f8b\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u6848\u4f8b\u4f7f\u7528\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6558\u8ff0\u7d30\u7bc0\u5448\u73fe\u6642\u6703\u5f15\u767c\u660e\u986f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u53cd\u61c9\uff08p 126 \uff09\u3002 \u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u985b\u8986\u4e86 Gettier \u95dc\u65bc\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u96e3\u4ee5\u6349\u6478\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u500b\u5145\u5206\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002 \u5982\u679c Gettier \u5224\u65b7\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u64cd\u7e31\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u78ba\u5b9a\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6642\u5019\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u90fd\u8db3\u5920\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8207\u4e4b\u524d\u5f37\u8abf\u77e5\u8b58\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cLisa Matthewson \u548c Jennifer Glougie \u64b0\u5beb\u7684 \u201cJustification and Truth: Evidence from the Languages of the World\u201d \u5f9e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u77e5\u8b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002 \u4eba\u985e\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u548c\u8faf\u8b77\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u8a9e\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7279\u5fb5\u8981\u6c42\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u8b49\u660e\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7372\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u5728\u767c\u8868\u8072\u660e\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f55\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002 \u9019\u5728\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u4e2d\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7528\u65bc\u5c0d\u8b49\u660e\u548c\u771f\u76f8\u8ffd\u8e2a\u9032\u884c\u7de8\u78bc\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u53e5\u5b50 \u201cI have heard [i.e., someone has tell me] that they are going\u201d \u548c \u201cI see that they are going with my own eyes\u201d \u5c07\u88ab\u6b78\u5165\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u6cd5\u985e\u5225\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u524d\u8005\u5728\u8853\u8a9e\u65b9\u9762\u8f03\u5f31\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002 \u5c07 Gettier \u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u6703\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u8b49\u64da\u9032\u884c\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7de8\u78bc\uff0c\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u5728\u201cSmith knows that either Jones owns a Ford, or Brown is in Barcelona” or “I know that either Jones owns a Ford, or Brown is in Barcelona\u201d\uff08\u4ee5\u9632\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u7a31\u4ee3\u8a5e\u6307\u7684\u662fSmith \u672c\u4eba\u3002 Is Justified True Belief Knowledge Edmund Gettier.\uff09\u3002
\u00a0
John Waterman\u3001Chad Gonnerman\u3001Karen Yan \u548c Joshua Alexander \u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u8a8d\u77e5\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8ad6\u984c\u7684\u5f31\u5316\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u8a8d\u77e5\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u5b58\u5728\u6587\u5316\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5141\u8a31\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u8a8d\u77e5\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u548c\u5dee\u7570\u6027\u3002 \u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u5fb5\u5982\u4f55\u8868\u9054\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002 \u9019\u8868\u660e\u5728\u8655\u7406\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u7d30\u5fae\u5dee\u5225\u3002 \u5728\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u5bb6 Anna Wierzbicka \u8a8d\u70ba \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3001\u7121\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u3002 \u5979\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f9e\u5404\u7a2e\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u5979\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 Wierzbicka \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1 \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u5047\u8a2d \u201c\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u4fe1\u5ff5\u201d \u6982\u5ff5\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5169\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e26\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5979\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u5408\u7406\u5316\u201d \u548c \u201c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d \u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u4e26\u4e0d\u666e\u904d\uff08 p 225 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 \u201cThe Myth of Factive Verbs\u201d (2010) \u4e2d\uff0cAllan Hazlett \u4e3b\u5f35\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u8207\u8a9e\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5206\u96e2\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8a9e\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u8207\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u8005\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u8a8d\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002 \u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0 \u201cTheory of Knowledge without (Comparative) Linguistics\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4f86\u81ea\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u6578\u64da\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u5b58\u5728\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u666e\u904d\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 Hazlett \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u61c9\u8207\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u6709\u95dc\u3002 \u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a55\u50f9\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u89c0\uff1a\u5f9e\u8a8d\u77e5\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u7af6\u722d\u8005\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u624d\u662f\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u7fa4\u9ad4\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6771\u897f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8a72\u7fa4\u9ad4\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u6027\u5730\u62b5\u5fa1\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5019\u9078\u77e5\u8b58\u3002
\u00a0
Cheng-hung Tsai \u548c Chinfa Lien \u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d \uff0c\u901a\u904e\u8ad6\u8b49\u8a72\u554f\u984c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u548c\u5fc3\u9748\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u7528\u6cd5\u4f86\u634d\u885b\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002 \u6839\u64da Tsai \u548c Lien \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u7b49\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\u5728\u82f1\u8a9e\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5c0d\u61c9\u8a5e\u6642\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8ad6\u984c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002 \u66f4\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8a5e\u5fc5\u9808\u63ed\u793a\u4e00\u4e9b\u82f1\u8a9e\u6240\u6c92\u6709\u7684\u986f\u8457\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u8207\u8a8d\u77e5\u95dc\u4fc2\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u55ae\u8a5e\u3002 \u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc Tsai \u548c Lien \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u8868\u660e\u773c\u524d\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8a5e\u8a9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3b\u9ad4\u8207\u5ba2\u9ad4\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u95dc\u6ce8\u9019\u7a2e\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7372\u5f97\u4e2d\u6587\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u8cc7\u6e90\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u6587\u8a8d\u77e5\u52d5\u8a5e\u78ba\u5be6\u95e1\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u95dc\u4fc2\uff09\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cTsai \u548c Lien \u5c0d\u4e2d\u6587\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7368\u7279\u5730\u95e1\u660e\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u7d66\u51fa\u7b54\u6848\u3002 \u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0cTsai \u548c Lien \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8ad6\u9ede\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u99c1\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5177\u5099\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7bc7 John Turri \u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u800c\u975e\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u6578\u64da\u4f5c\u70ba\u5176\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u8a31\u591a\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u57fa\u65bc\u5927\u91cf\u5be6\u8b49\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cTurri \u8a8d\u70ba\u7d93\u9a57\u8b49\u64da\u652f\u6301\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002\u9019\u518d\u6b21\u8207\u7576\u4ee3\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u99b3\u3002\u6839\u64da Turri \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5275\u9020\uff0c\u800c\u662f \u201c\u4eba\u985e\u7e7c\u627f\u7684\u9748\u9577\u985e\u793e\u6703\u8a8d\u77e5\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u201d\uff08 p 284 \uff09\u3002Turri \u7684\u767c\u73fe\u57fa\u65bc\u8a31\u591a\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f Hare \u7b49\u4eba (2000) \u7814\u7a76\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u53ca\u5176\u98df\u7269\u7af6\u722d\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u89e3\u91cb\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u5b83\u5011\u5177\u6709\u793e\u6703\u6027\u8a8d\u77e5\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u751f\u7269\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684 Wierzbicka \u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\u6a19\u6e96\u84cb\u8482\u723e\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u5be6\u969b\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u9084\u6709\u5f85\u89c0\u5bdf\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u5716\u88e1\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5373\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8a8d\u77e5\u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\u5426\u78ba\u5be6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u77e5\u9053\u3001\u7b56\u5283\u3001\u8a08\u5283\u7b49\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u8a5e\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6709\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u55ce\uff1f \u4eba\u5011\u60f3\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u96bb\u72d7\u5728\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6a39\u4e0a\u72c2\u5420\u3002 \u72d7\u76f8\u4fe1\u8c93\u5728\u90a3\u68f5\u6a39\u4e0a\u55ce\uff1f \u4ed6\u7576\u7136\u662f\u90a3\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c07\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u8207\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u9805\u76ee\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u7528\u3002 \u4ee3\u66ff \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u9019\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6bd4\u8f03 \u201c\u597d\/\u5584 good\u201d \u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u5c0d \u201c\u597d\/\u5584\u201d \u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u502b\u7406\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 Owen Flanagan \u7684 “The Geography of Morals: Varieties of Moral Possibility<\/a>” (OUP 2017) \u5728\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5617\u8a66\u3002 \u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e00\u6a23\u5462\uff1f \u5c0d \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u77e5\u8b58\u201d \u4e00\u8a5e\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5206\u6790\u662f\u5426\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u7406\u8ad6\uff1f \u5c31\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u50cf\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u90a3\u6a23\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u7a2e \u201c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8ad6\u984c\u201d\u3002 \u4e5f\u8a31\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u61c9\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u548c \u201c\u77e5\u8b58\u201d \u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u65e8\u5728\u95e1\u660e\u77e5\u8b58\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9 externalist \u6216\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9 internalist \u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u793e\u6703\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8cf4\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u95dc\u6ce8 \u201c\u597d\/\u5584\u201d \u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5f9e\u97d3\u570b\u96fb\u5f71\u300a\u5a11\u5a46\u8a36\uff1a\u516d\u6307\u4eba\u201cSvaha: the sixth finger\u201d\u300b\u6211\u5011\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u4e5f\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u610f\u8b58\u4e4b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u3002\u610f\u8b58\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff1a\u5927\u8166\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u795e\u5947\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u958b\u62d3\u4e86\u65b0\u5929\u5730\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u8166\u6240\u5275\u9020\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u8a9e\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7528\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u5efa\u69cb\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff1b\u800c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u4e5f\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\/\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6 \u5728\u904e\u5f80\uff0c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u8a9e\u8a00\u8f49\u5411 linguistic turn\u201d\u3002 \u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u8108\u7d61\u8ad6 contextualism\u3001\u610f\u7fa9\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7406\u8ad6 contrastivism \u548c \u201c\u77e5\u9053 know\u201d \u7684\u6b67\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u7b49\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u90fd\u8a66\u5716\u901a\u904e\u6aa2\u67e5 \u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d \u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u67d0\u4e9b\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6216\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c \u8a8d\u8b58\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u7a2e\u8f49\u8b8a\u66f4\u52a0\u95dc\u6ce8\u8a8d\u77e5\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6276\u624b\u6905\u5b50\u5b78\u79d1\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u95dc\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u8ac7\u8ad6\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u8a0e\u8ad6\u53d7\u5230\u963b\u7919\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u7a2e\u963b\u7919\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e3d\u662f\u88ab\u627f\u8a8d\uff09\u3002 \u00a0 \u672c\u66f8\uff1a\u201cThe Epistemology for the Rest of the World \u201d \u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u7cfe\u6b63\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u6b65\u3002 \u5168\u66f8\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u96a8\u9644\u7684\u201c\u5ba3\u8a00\u201d\u548c\u5c0e\u8a00\uff09\u70ba\u5206\u6790\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00\u6578\u64da\u548c\u76f8\u95dc\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u5927\u591a\u6578\u7ae0\u7bc0\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca \u201c\u77e5\u9053 know\u201d \u548c\u201c\u77e5\u8b58 knowledge\u201d \u9019\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Shane Ryan \u548c … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2gi","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8698"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8701,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8698\/revisions\/8701"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}