{"id":8771,"date":"2023-03-06T06:51:40","date_gmt":"2023-03-06T06:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8771"},"modified":"2023-03-07T08:57:35","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:57:35","slug":"why-nations-fail-the-origins-of-power-prosperity-and-poverty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/03\/06\/why-nations-fail-the-origins-of-power-prosperity-and-poverty\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/zhongwen\/trad\/world\/2014\/09\/140914_karl_marx_das_kapital#amp_tf=%E4%BE%86%E8%87%AA%20%251%24s&amp;aoh=16780652817927&amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Ftrad%2Fworld%2F2014%2F09%2F140914_karl_marx_das_kapital\">Karl Marx<\/a>\u5206\u6790\u793e\u6703\u4e36\u7d93\u6fdf\u800c\u5beb\u5c31 \u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/theinitium.com\/article\/20151022-opinion-communism-maxism-fault-zhouduo\/\">\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6<\/a>\u3002\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Why-Nations-Fail-Origins-Prosperity-ebook\/dp\/B0058Z4NR8\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2D79Q1AVVM02E&amp;keywords=Why+Nations+Fail%3A+The+Origins+of+Power%2C+Prosperity%2C+and+Poverty&amp;qid=1678085294&amp;sprefix=why+nations+fail+the+origins+of+power%2C+prosperity%2C+and+poverty%2Caps%2C410&amp;sr=8-1\">Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty<\/a>\u201d \u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u8b93\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6 12.9 \u5104\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u9760\u4e0d\u5230 1.25 \u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cbb\u82e6\u82e6\u6399\u624e\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u75db\u5fc3\u7684\u8ca7\u56f0\u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u6dd2\u6dbc\u3001\u9ebb\u6728\u7684\u8b80\u7269\u3002 \u4f46\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u3002 \u5b83\u632f\u596e\u4eba\u5fc3\u3001\u558b\u558b\u4e0d\u4f11\u3001\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u5145\u6eff\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u5091\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u5426\u50cf Karl Marx\u4e00\u6a23\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Daron Acemoglu \u548c James A. Robinson\uff0c\u5169\u4f4d\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u767c\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7576\u4eca\u4f4e\u8ff7\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5bcc\u88d5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 7 \u500d\uff0c\u662f\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 10 \u500d\uff0c\u662f\u79d8\u9b6f\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u662f\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u975e\u6d32\u5c45\u6c11\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 20 \u500d\uff0c\u662f\u99ac\u91cc\u3001\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9e\u548c\u585e\u62c9\u5229\u6602\u7b49\u7279\u5225\u7d55\u671b\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 40 \u500d\u3002 \u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91cb\u5982\u6b64\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff1f &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\uff1a\u201c\u6a5f\u69cbinstitutions\u201d \u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u8ca7\u56f0\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e0d\u8010\u7169\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u9ede\u5c07\u8ca7\u56f0\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u5730\u7406\u904b\u6c23\u4e0d\u4f73\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u6b65\u5c65\u8e63\u8dda\u6216\u7121\u77e5\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\u548c\u6280\u8853\u5b98\u50da\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u201cWhy Nations Fail\u201d\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u5851\u9020\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6f6e\u6d41\u548c\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\uff1a\u5236\u5ea6\u6f02\u79fb\u904e\u7a0b\u7522\u751f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u4eab\u3001\u751f\u7522\u529b\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6280\u8853\u9032\u6b65\u548c\u6574\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff1b \u6216\u69a8\u53d6 extractive \u2014\u2014 \u4e00\u5fc3\u60f3\u5f9e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u652b\u53d6\u8ca1\u5bcc\u548c\u8cc7\u6e90\u4ee5\u9020\u798f\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u69a8\u53d6\u5f0f\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u6a23\u5b50\uff0c\u8acb\u8003\u616e les Grosses Legumes\uff08\u5927\u852c\u83dc\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5c0d\u525b\u679c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005Mobutu Sese Seko\u7684\u8af7\u523a\u6027\u66b1\u7a31\u3002Mobutu Sese Seko\u662f 1965 \u5e74\u81f3 1997 \u5e74\u9593\u7d71\u6cbb\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u525b\u679c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u5f37\u4eba\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7576Mobutu\u4e0b\u4ee4\u8981\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5ea7\u5bae\u6bbf\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u78ba\u4fdd\u6a5f\u5834\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8db3\u5920\u5927\u7684\u8d77\u964d\u8dd1\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7d0d\u4ed6\u559c\u6b61\u5f9e\u6cd5\u570b\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u79df\u7528\u7684\u5354\u548c\u5f0f\u98db\u6a5f\u3002 Mobutu \/ \u5927\u852c\u83dc\u5c0d\u958b\u767c\u525b\u679c\u4e0d\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5438\u53d6\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u7926\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\u6642\uff0c\u5c0d\u9732\u5929\u958b\u63a1\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u662f\u5438\u8840\u9b3c\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u3002 &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u4f46\u525b\u679c\u5669\u5922\u822c\u7684\u8ca7\u56f0\u548c\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u524d\u3002 \u5728\u6b50\u6d32\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5230\u4f86\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u525b\u679c\u738b\u570b\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7531\u5927\u852c\u83dc\u7684\u5be1\u982d\u5148\u884c\u8005\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u4efb\u610f\u5fb5\u7a05\u548c\u7e41\u5fd9\u7684\u5974\u96b8\u8cbf\u6613\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u4e86\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u3002 \u7576\u6b50\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u51fa\u73fe\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4f7f\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6bd4\u5229\u6642\u570b\u738bLeopold\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u8caa\u5a6a\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u7576\u525b\u679c\u6700\u7d42\u5728 1960 \u5e74\u8d0f\u5f97\u7368\u7acb\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u865b\u5f31\u7684\u3001\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0b\u653e\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u80cc\u8ca0\u8457\u63a0\u596a\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u968e\u5c64\u548c\u525d\u524a\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u592a\u5f31\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u672c\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4f46\u8db3\u5920\u5f37\u5927\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8b93Mobutu\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u89aa\u4fe1\u4fdd\u6301\u9818\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b \u592a\u7aae\u4e86\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u990a\u6d3b\u5176\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4f46\u8db3\u5920\u5bcc\u6709\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8b93\u7cbe\u82f1\u5011\u70ba\u4e4b\u596e\u9b25\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Acemoglu \u548c Robinson \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u4f60\u5c07\u8150\u673d\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u3001\u525d\u524a\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u8207\u8106\u5f31\u3001\u5206\u6b0a\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u6642\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a\u8ca7\u56f0\u3001\u885d\u7a81\u751a\u81f3\u5fb9\u5e95\u5931\u6557\u7684\u85e5\u65b9\u3002 \u201c\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u64c1\u6709\u69a8\u53d6\u5f0f\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e26\u5f97\u5230\u963b\u7919\u751a\u81f3\u963b\u7919\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u7684\u69a8\u53d6\u5f0f\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u6642\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5931\u6557\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u9019\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u719f\u6089\u7684\u60c5\u51b5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u50cf\u525b\u679c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u60e1\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u88fd\u9020\u8ca7\u56f0\uff0c\u826f\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u5c07\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5f27\u7dda\u8f49\u5411\u589e\u9577\u548c\u7e41\u69ae\u3002 \u5c07\u525b\u679c\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\u8207Botswana \u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u6bd4\u2014\u2014Botswana \u5728 1966 \u5e74\u8d0f\u5f97\u7368\u7acb\u6642\uff0c\u53ea\u6709 22 \u540d\u5927\u5b78\u7562\u696d\u751f\u3001\u4e03\u82f1\u91cc\u7684\u67cf\u6cb9\u8def\u548c\u5728\u5176\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u908a\u754c\u4e0a\u6012\u76ee\u800c\u8996\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u81f3\u4e0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6b0a\u3002 \u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u7684 Botswana \u64c1\u6709\u201c\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u975e\u6d32\u5730\u5340\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8207\u5308\u7259\u5229\u548c\u54e5\u65af\u9054\u9ece\u52a0\u7b49\u6210\u529f\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u76f8\u7576\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Botswana \u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u5beb\u9053 : \u201c\u901a\u904e\u5728\u7368\u7acb\u5f8c\u8fc5\u901f\u767c\u5c55\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u3002 Botswana\u5b9a\u671f\u8209\u884c\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u5f9e\u672a\u767c\u751f\u904e\u5167\u6230\u4e26\u5be6\u884c\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5b83\u53d7\u76ca\u65bc\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u96c6\u6b0a\u548c\u9650\u5236\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u5016\u5b58\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u9996\u9818\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3002 \u7576\u947d\u77f3\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u9805\u6709\u9060\u898b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u78ba\u4fdd\u4e86\u65b0\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u7dca\u8981\u95dc\u982d\uff0cBotswana \u9996\u4efb\u7e3d\u7d71 Seretse Khama \u548c\u4ed6\u9818\u5c0e\u7684Botswana \u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7b49\u82f1\u660e\u7684 Botswana \u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7368\u88c1\uff0c\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u8caa\u5a6a\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff1a\u9019\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u611a\u8822\u8207\u5426\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 Seretse Khama \u7684 Botswana \u6210\u529f\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u80fd\u5920\u5e36\u4f86\u7e41\u69ae\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u3002 Mobutu \u7684\u525b\u679c\u548c Robert Mugabe \u7684\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97cb\u751a\u81f3\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u5617\u8a66\u904e\u3002 Acemoglu \u548c Robinson \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u89e3\u653e\u5ee3\u5834\u7684\u6297\u8b70\u8005\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u4e00\u500b\u8edf\u5f31\u3001\u8150\u6557\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u5141\u8a31\u4ed6\u5011\u5145\u5206\u767c\u63ee\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6240\u963b\u7919\u3002 \u57c3\u53ca\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8ca7\u7aae\uff0c\u201c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u7531\u5c11\u6578\u7cbe\u82f1\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee5\u72a7\u7272\u5ee3\u5927\u4eba\u6c11\u7fa4\u773e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7d44\u7e54\u793e\u6703\u3002\u201d \u7e3d\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0cBotswana \u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u589e\u9577\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u9130\u8fd1\u7684\u525b\u679c\u548c Sierra Leone \u9677\u5165\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u8ca7\u56f0\u7684\u60e1\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u671d\u9bae\u3001 Sierra Leone\u3001\u6d77\u5730\u548c Somalia \u7b49\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u8b93\u6b0a\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c11\u6578\u9435\u8155\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u4ee5\u652b\u53d6\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f86\u52a0\u5f37\u5c0d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u516c\u5f0f\u5f88\u660e\u78ba\uff1a\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6a5f\u69cb\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7e41\u69ae\u3001\u589e\u9577\u548c\u6301\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\uff1b \u69a8\u53d6\u5f0f\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6a5f\u69cb\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8ca7\u7aae\u3001\u5331\u4e4f\u548c\u505c\u6eef\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u5be1\u982d\u7d93\u5e38\u53d6\u4ee3\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5be1\u982d\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u6cae\u55aa\u7684\u5468\u671f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u201c\u5de5\u696d\u9769\u547d\u6700\u521d\u6c92\u6709\u50b3\u64ad\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ca7\u7aae\u3002\u201d Acemoglu \u548c Robinson \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u6bd4\u6210\u529f\u66f4\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u6bd4\u5931\u6557\u66f4\u5931\u6557\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u70ba\u201c\u5a01\u6b0a\u589e\u9577\u201d\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u5462\uff1f \u4f5c\u8005\u5f88\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7d42\u4e0d\u70ba\u6240\u52d5\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u6b23\u7136\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u96c6\u6b0a\uff0c\u69a8\u53d6\u5f0f\u653f\u6b0a\u5c31\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u66ab\u6642\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u2014\u2014\u60f3\u60f3\u52c3\u5217\u65e5\u6d85\u592b\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8607\u806f\uff0c\u5176\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u7cfb\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5d07\u62dc\u8005\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u201c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\u6bd4 30 \u5e74\u524d\u66f4\u5177\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5f9e\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4ecd\u7136\u80cc\u8ca0\u8457\u69a8\u53d6\u5f0f\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u76f8\u7576\u77ed\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5167\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5c08\u5236\u7d93\u6fdf\u958b\u59cb\u5598\u606f\uff1a\u901a\u904e\u6291\u5236\u6280\u8853\u9032\u6b65\u3001\u5275\u9020\u529b\u548c\u5275\u65b0\u7684\u6fc0\u52f5\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u627c\u6bba\u4e86\u6301\u7e8c\u3001\u9577\u671f\u7684\u589e\u9577\u548c\u7e41\u69ae\u3002 \uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa \u201c\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u5a01\u8105\u8981\u958b\u69cd\u6253\u4eba\u4f86\u5f37\u8feb\u4eba\u5011\u601d\u8003\u548c\u7522\u751f\u597d\u4e3b\u610f\u201d\uff09\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u589e\u9577\u201c\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u63a1\u7528\u73fe\u6709\u6280\u8853\u548c\u5feb\u901f\u6295\u8cc7\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f15\u767c\u7126\u616e\u7684\u4e36\u7522\u751f\u6301\u4e45\u5275\u65b0\u548c\u589e\u9577\u7684\u5275\u9020\u6027\u7834\u58de\u904e\u7a0b\u3002 \u901a\u904e\u9032\u53e3\u5916\u570b\u6280\u8853\u548c\u51fa\u53e3\u4f4e\u7aef\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u6b63\u5728\u73a9\u4e00\u5834\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8ffd\u8d95\u904a\u6232\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8d0f\u5f97\u6bd4\u8cfd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u90a3\u9ebc\u7f8e\u570b\u5982\u4f55\u5e6b\u52a9\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u5462\uff1f \u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u904e\u524a\u6e1b\u5916\u63f4\u6216\u5c0d\u5176\u9032\u884c\u8abf\u7406\uff1b \u6b63\u5982\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u5f88\u96e3\u6307\u671b\u50cf Mobutu \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u7a81\u7136\u62cb\u68c4\u652f\u6490\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u525d\u524a\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u201c\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u591a\u4e00\u9ede\u5916\u570b\u63f4\u52a9\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u70ba\u771f\u6b63\u7d55\u671b\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u9ede\u5b89\u6170\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7ba1\u7406\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c \u7e3d\u6bd4\u6c92\u6709\u597d\u3002 \u4f46\u6700\u7d42\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u8a66\u5716\u54c4\u9a19\u53cd\u5c0d\u4eba\u6c11\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u69cb\u5efa\u5c0d\u5916\u63f4\u52a9\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c0b\u6c42\u5f15\u9032\u908a\u7de3\u5316\u548c\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u548c\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e26\u8ce6\u4e88\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u6b0a\u529b\u3002 \u5c0d\u65bc Acemoglu \u548c Robinson \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u5c07\u4e00\u7d44\u5be1\u982d\u63db\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u7d44\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u201cWhy Nations Fail\u201d \u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u3002 \u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u8207\u69a8\u53d6\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5206\u985e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8b8a\u5f97\u91cd\u8907\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u8607\u806f\u76f8\u7576\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\uff0c\u5f9e\u8607\u806f\u7684\u4e94\u5e74\u8a08\u5283\u5230\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u6642\u4ee3\u9769\u547d Neolithic Revolution \u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u746a\u96c5\u57ce\u90a6 \u2014\u2014\u986f\u7684\u8b39\u614e\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6b3d\u4f69\u3002\u7576\u7136\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9577\u671f\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u4ed4\u7d30\u6aa2\u67e5\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u53e6\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u4e2d\u6771\u7684\u8655\u7406\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u5967\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u6709\u9ede\u82db\u523b\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u770b\u4ed6\u5011\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5c07\u5967\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u6a19\u7c64\u70ba\u201c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5c08\u5236\u201d\uff0c \u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5176\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u548c\u76f8\u5c0d\u5305\u5bb9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u5b89\u6392\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u201cWhy Nations Fail\u201d \u662f\u4e00\u672c\u4ee4\u4eba\u8457\u8ff7\u7684\u8b80\u7269\u3002 \u5f9e\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u5927\u66f8\u3002 \u8b80\u8005\u6703\u5e0c\u671b\u5b83\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 \u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u7e3d\u7d50\uff1a\u201cWhy Nations Fail\u201d \u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u7576\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u73fe\u50cf\u5982\u6b64\u666e\u904d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u6c23\u5019\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff0f\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 \u5373\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u7e41\u69ae\u660c\u76db\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u5247\u82e6\u82e6\u6399\u624e\u4e26\u98fd\u53d7\u8ca7\u56f0\u548c\u8caa\u5a6a\u7684\u56f0\u64fe\uff1f \u6709\u4eba\u8aaa\u9019\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u5331\u4e4f\u6709\u95dc\u3002 \u4f46\u9019\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5dee\u7570\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f9e\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5927\u958b\u773c\u754c\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e2d\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b78\u5230\u4e09\u9ede\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1\uff0f \u89e3\u91cb\u570b\u5bb6\u9593\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u67e5\u770b\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5dee\u7570\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> 2\uff0f \u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\u7684\u55ae\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6210\u529f\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5929\u58e4\u4e4b\u5225\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> 3\uff0f \u64fa\u812b\u8ca7\u56f0\u7684\u5faa\u74b0\u53ef\u80fd\u771f\u7684\u5f88\u96e3\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7d93\u9a57\u6559\u8a131 \uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5169\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u5011\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5fd8\u6389\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u56e0\u5176\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u800c\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u8209\u6b65\u7dad\u8271\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u7406\u8ad6\u5427\u3002 \u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u592a\u591a\u4e86\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u8b49\u660e\u9019\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7d93\u6fdf\u683c\u5c40\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u662f\u6307\u5c0e\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u5883\u5167\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u6cd5\u898f\u3002 \u9019\u5305\u62ec\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\u3001\u8ca1\u7522\u6cd5\u548c\u878d\u8cc7\u6e20\u9053\u7b49\u5167\u5bb9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> \u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u6216\u69a8\u53d6\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\u3002 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\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u767c\u8d77\u7684\u8349\u6839\u904b\u52d5\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u8a72\u570b\u7684\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u70ba\u806f\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u62b5\u5236\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u92ea\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5f9e\u5df4\u897f\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u9031\u671f\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7e41\u69ae\u5c31\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u589e\u9577\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728 2000 \u5e74\u81f3 2012 \u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u589e\u9577\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u9019\u8b49\u660e\u6253\u7834\u8ca7\u56f0\u7684\u9396\u93c8\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u592a\u665a\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc \u201cWhy Nations Fail\u201d \u5c07\u6539\u8b8a\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5982\u6b64\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u8457\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u7570\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u800c\u6709\u8da3\u5473\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5b78\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/libgen.rs\/book\/index.php?md5=89E4F7B0720D3686E664E3D8C83971A0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> \u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7a84\u5eca\uff1a\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u793e\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u6c7a\u5b9a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u547d\u904b<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/5273\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Karl Marx\u5206\u6790\u793e\u6703\u4e36\u7d93\u6fdf\u800c\u5beb\u5c31 \u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u201cWhy Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty\u201d \u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u8b93\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6 12.9 \u5104\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u9760\u4e0d\u5230 1.25 \u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cbb\u82e6\u82e6\u6399\u624e\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u75db\u5fc3\u7684\u8ca7\u56f0\u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u6dd2\u6dbc\u3001\u9ebb\u6728\u7684\u8b80\u7269\u3002 \u4f46\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u3002 \u5b83\u632f\u596e\u4eba\u5fc3\u3001\u558b\u558b\u4e0d\u4f11\u3001\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u5145\u6eff\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u5091\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u5426\u50cf Karl Marx\u4e00\u6a23\uff1f Daron Acemoglu \u548c James A. Robinson\uff0c\u5169\u4f4d\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u767c\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7576\u4eca\u4f4e\u8ff7\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5bcc\u88d5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 7 \u500d\uff0c\u662f\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 10 \u500d\uff0c\u662f\u79d8\u9b6f\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u662f\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u975e\u6d32\u5c45\u6c11\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 20 \u500d\uff0c\u662f\u99ac\u91cc\u3001\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9e\u548c\u585e\u62c9\u5229\u6602\u7b49\u7279\u5225\u7d55\u671b\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684 40 \u500d\u3002 \u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91cb\u5982\u6b64\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff1f &nbsp;&nbsp; \u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\uff1a\u201c\u6a5f\u69cbinstitutions\u201d \u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u8ca7\u56f0\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e0d\u8010\u7169\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u9ede\u5c07\u8ca7\u56f0\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u5730\u7406\u904b\u6c23\u4e0d\u4f73\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u6b65\u5c65\u8e63\u8dda\u6216\u7121\u77e5\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\u548c\u6280\u8853\u5b98\u50da\u3002 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/03\/06\/why-nations-fail-the-origins-of-power-prosperity-and-poverty\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2ht","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8771","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8771"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8775,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8771\/revisions\/8775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8771"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8771"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}