\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6 Moral error theory \u7531\u5169\u90e8\u5206\u7d44\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5426\u8a8d\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u8a66\u5716\u4e3b\u5f35\u53c3\u8003\u9019\u4e9b\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4eba\u5011\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u932f\u89ba\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u7e41\u69ae\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u662f J. L. Mackie \u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u767c\u660e\u662f\u975e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u7b2c 1 \u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u5c0d\u66f4\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78 meta-ethics\u7968\u50f9\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u65b0\u9bae\u3001\u6709\u7528\u7684\u8f14\u52a9\u8a0e\u8ad6\u2014\u2014\u898f\u7bc4\u8853\u8a9e\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u5206\u6790\u2014\u2014Mackie \u8a8d\u70ba\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u6beb\u4e0d\u63a9\u98fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5728\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u4e0a\u592a\u53e4\u602a\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u592a\u964c\u751f\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u5e38\u8b58\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4f3c\u662f\u800c\u975e\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8f03\u5c11\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5962\u4f88\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u614b\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u8b8a\u5f97\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Mackie \u78ba\u5be6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u662f\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u9078\u64c7\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u3002 \u201c \u666e\u901a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u2026\u2026\u4efb\u4f55\u5ffd\u7565\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3001\u5167\u5728\u6027\u548c\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8853\u8a9e\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u5206\u6790\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff1b\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u5206\u6790\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5169\u8005\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7d44\u5408\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1977 \u5e74\uff0c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 J. L. Mackie \u51fa\u7248\u4e86 “ Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong<\/a>” <\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u3002 \u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6703\u524a\u5f31\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u63a1\u53d6\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e0d\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u502b\u7406\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5ba2\u89c0\u73fe\u5be6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5176\u4e2d J. L. Mackie \u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u90fd\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5141\u8a31\u5176\u4e2d\u9069\u7576\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002Mackie \u5728\u8cea\u7591\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u65b7\u8a00\u9053\u5fb7\u9673\u8ff0\u6216\u5728\u4e0d\u9810\u8a2d\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u505a\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e0a\u8868\u614b\u3002 Mackie \u53ea\u5f9e\u4e8b\u9053\u5fb7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u76ee\u6a19\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u601d\u60f3(\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406 meta-ethics)\uff1a\u4ed6\u60f3\u62d2\u7d55\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e26\u99c1\u65a5\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5047\u8a2d\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406\u8207\u666e\u901a\u9053\u5fb7\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u6c92\u6709\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u201d\u4e0d\u8981\u6d6a\u8cbb\u958b\u5834\u767d\uff0c\u9019\u662f J L Mackie \u7684 “Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong” <\/em>\u4e2d\u4ee4\u4eba\u5403\u9a5a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u3002Mackie \u7684 \u201d Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong\u201d <\/em>\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u5206\u6790\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0f\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78 meta-ethics \u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 Mackie \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5728\u5ee3\u5ea6\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u6b3d\u4f69\u3002 \u5b83\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78 meta-ethics \u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6 Error Theory \u7684\u7d93\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002 Mackie \u5728\u90a3\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u500b\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c objective values\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u5047\u8a2d\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u88ab\u932f\u8aa4\u6240\u611f\u67d3\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u932f\u8aa4\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u666e\u901a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u6027\u3002 Mackie \u7136\u5f8c\u901a\u904e\u89e3\u91cb\u6211\u5011\u72af\u9019\u7a2e\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u50be\u5411\u4f86\u5b8c\u6210\u4ed6\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u5047\u8a2d\u666e\u901a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6d89\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cMackie \u7684\u66f8\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5230\u6b64\u7d50\u675f\u3002 \u4ed6\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6db5\u84cb\u898f\u8303\u502b\u7406\u5b78 normative ethics \u548c\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78 metaethics \u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u610f\u5fd7\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u64d4\u5fc3\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff0cMackie \u7e7c\u7e8c\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c \u3002\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728 200 \u591a\u9801\u6975\u5176\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u6563\u6587\u4e2d\uff0cMackie \u5e7e\u4e4e\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u8b80\u7269\u3002 \u54f2\u5b78\uff08\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c0d\u65bc\u666e\u901a\u8b80\u8005\uff09\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u53ca\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u66f8\u8db3\u5920\u591a\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u7372\u5f97\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u5c0d\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u898f\u8303\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u4ecb\u7d39\u3002\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5145\u5206\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u5b83\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u70ba\u8b80\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5165\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0cMackie \u89e3\u91cb\u4e26\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e86\u201c\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u6027 \u2018the subjectivity of values\u201d\u3002 \u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\u201c\u6c92\u6709\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u201d\uff08 p 15 \uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u53ef\u8b8a\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u50f9\u503c\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u201c\u9177\u5152\uff0f\u53e4\u602a queerness\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002 \u4ed6\u7e7c\u7e8c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86 \u201c\u597d good\u201d \u548c \u201c\u61c9\u8a72 ought\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u542b\u7fa9\u3002 \u8aaa\u67d0\u4e8b\u662f\u597d\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u90a3\u662f\u201c\u4f8b\u5982\u6eff\u8db3\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u7b49\uff09\u201d\uff08 pp 55-56 \uff09\u3002 \u8aaa “a \u61c9\u8a72 G a ought to G ” \u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa ” a \u7684 G-ing \u662f\u6709\u539f\u56e0\u7684 There is a reason for a\u2019s G-ing ( pp 73-74)\u3002 \u5728\u6bcf\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u7b49\u6548\u6027\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u3002 \u5c0d\u65bc\u201c\u597d\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u73fe\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u3002 \u8207\u201c\u61c9\u8a72\u201d\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u5b83\u8207\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u95dc\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0cMackie \u90fd\u627f\u8a8d\u666e\u901a\u8a9e\u8a00 \u201c\u5167\u7f6e built in\u201d \u4e86\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u8aaa\u7684\u597d\u50cf\u597d\u6771\u897f\u6eff\u8db3\u201c\u5167\u5728\u8981\u6c42\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u53ea\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6216\u5718\u9ad4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u201d\uff08 p 59 \uff09\u3002Mackie \u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u8a00 \u201c\u7f6e\u5165 built into\u201d \u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7dad\u8b77\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u201c\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6700\u5f8c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 Mackie \u5340\u5206\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u51fa\u65bc\u908f\u8f2f\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u56e0\u6e96\u5099\u4ee5\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u666e\u904d\u5316\u6211\u5011\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0d\u884c\u52d5\u9078\u64c7\u6216\u53ef\u8faf\u8b77\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6a21\u5f0f\u65bd\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u6027\u7d04\u675f\u201d\uff08 p 99 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u5584\u8207\u60e1\u3001\u662f\u8207\u932f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u69cb\u898f\u8303\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u767c\u73fe\u548c\u88fd\u5b9a\u95dc\u65bc\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5584\u8207\u60e1\u3001\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5c0d\u8207\u932f\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3002 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\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6703\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u767c\u73fe\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5e7e\u500b\u7c21\u77ed\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u4e2d\u5c0d\u6b64\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8a0e\u8ad6 ( pp 35\u300148-9\u300162-3)\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u95e1\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u8a31\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff0cMackie \u5c0d\u898f\u8303\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ca2\u737b\u4ee4\u4eba\u5931\u671b\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u8b58\u5225\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u59a8\u8003\u616e\u4e00\u4e0b\u9053\u5fb7\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u3002 \u8003\u616e\u5230\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u898f\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5c0d\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6700\u7d93\u6fdf\u5730\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u76ee\u7684\uff1f \u9ea5\u57fa\u4ee5\u7c97\u7565\u548c\u819a\u6dfa\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8655\u7406\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u4ed6\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u559c\u6b61\u4e00\u7a2e\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\uff08\u4ed6\u5011\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u69cb\u6210\u201d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u9084\u662f\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u4eba\uff08 p 170\uff09\u3002 \u5047\u8a2d\u9019\u662f\u201c\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u201d\uff0cMackie \u7e7c\u7e8c\u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u8ca1\u7522\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u548c\u8f49\u8b93\u7684\u898f\u5247 ( p 178)\uff1b \u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u5728\u767c\u751f\u885d\u7a81\u6642\u8ab0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8b93\u6b65\u7684\u898f\u5247\uff08 p 182\uff09\uff1b \u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u9075\u5b88\u5354\u8b70\u7684\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5011\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8aaa\u771f\u8a71\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u5e38\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u898f\u5247\uff08 p 183\uff09\uff1b \u4e00\u4e9b\u50b3\u7d71\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u5982\u52c7\u6c23\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5192\u72af\u5230\u76f8\u7576\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff08 p 188\uff09\uff1b \u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u5c0d\u61f7\u5b55\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u58ae\u80ce\u6709\u76f8\u5c0d\u5bec\u9b06\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u5f8c\u671f\u7684\u58ae\u80ce\u5247\u66f4\u56b4\u683c ( p 198)\uff1b \u51fa\u751f\u6642\u6709\u56b4\u91cd\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u5b30\u5152\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u5b58\u6d3b ( p 199)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mackie \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u3002 \u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u5ee3\u6cdb\u722d\u8b70\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u6703\u4e0d\u540c\u610f Mackie \u5728\u6492\u8b0a\u3001\u58ae\u80ce\u548c\u6b7b\u5211\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u8003\u616e\u5b83\u5011\u6700\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u8b49\u5c07\u8868\u660e\u9019\u4e9b\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u9ea5\u57fa\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mackie \u7684\u66f8\u5167\u5bb9\u5ee3\u6cdb\u3001\u767c\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u4e14\u8f15\u9b06\u6109\u5feb\u3002 \u9019\u88e1\u751a\u81f3\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7d72\u6182\u9b31\u7684\u8aaa\u6559\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u548c\u66f4\u8b39\u614e\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u66f4\u8a8d\u771f\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5f8c\u8a18<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u8981\u638c\u63e1 J. L. Mackie \u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78 meta-ethics\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u4f86\u60f3\u60f3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8207\u502b\u7406\u5b78<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 \u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143 \u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 \u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 \u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143 \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5c0d\u502b\u7406\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 Mackie \u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5c0d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u502b\u7406\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mackie \u5c0d\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u53ca\u5176\u542b\u7fa9<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6 error theory\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u9177\u5152\uff0f\u53e4\u602a\u8ad6\u8a3c queerness argument\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8a3c relativism argument\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u502b\u7406\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u5275\u9020\u502b\u7406<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f8c\u679c<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u2014\u2014\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d04\u675f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u502b\u7406\u89c0\u9ede\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 \u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u6709\u5f85\u767c\u73fe\u7684\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5275\u9020\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5c0d\u50cf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u502b\u7406\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u597d\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mackie \u548c\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 \u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u201c\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 \u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 \u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u502b\u7406\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u2014\u2014\u610f\u5716\u548c\u8cac\u4efb<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u610f\u5411\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u502b\u7406<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mackie \u5c0d\u8cac\u4efb\u548c\u5fd7\u9858\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u770b\u6cd5<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u81ea\u9858\u884c\u70ba\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u61f2\u7f70\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6545\u610f\u884c\u70ba\u8ca0\u8cac\uff1f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6 Moral error theory \u7531\u5169\u90e8\u5206\u7d44\u6210\uff1a \u5426\u8a8d\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u8a66\u5716\u4e3b\u5f35\u53c3\u8003\u9019\u4e9b\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4eba\u5011\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u932f\u89ba\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u7e41\u69ae\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u662f J. L. Mackie \u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u767c\u660e\u662f\u975e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u7b2c 1 \u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u5c0d\u66f4\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78 meta-ethics\u7968\u50f9\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u65b0\u9bae\u3001\u6709\u7528\u7684\u8f14\u52a9\u8a0e\u8ad6\u2014\u2014\u898f\u7bc4\u8853\u8a9e\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u5206\u6790\u2014\u2014Mackie \u8a8d\u70ba\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u6beb\u4e0d\u63a9\u98fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5728\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u4e0a\u592a\u53e4\u602a\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u592a\u964c\u751f\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u5e38\u8b58\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4f3c\u662f\u800c\u975e\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8f03\u5c11\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5962\u4f88\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u614b\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u8b8a\u5f97\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Mackie \u78ba\u5be6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u662f\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u9078\u64c7\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u3002 \u201c \u666e\u901a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u2026\u2026\u4efb\u4f55\u5ffd\u7565\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3001\u5167\u5728\u6027\u548c\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8853\u8a9e\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u5206\u6790\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff1b\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u5206\u6790\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5169\u8005\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7d44\u5408\u201d\u3002 1977 \u5e74\uff0c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 J. L. Mackie \u51fa\u7248\u4e86 “ Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong” \u4e00\u66f8\u3002 \u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6703\u524a\u5f31\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u63a1\u53d6\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e0d\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u502b\u7406\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5ba2\u89c0\u73fe\u5be6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5176\u4e2d J. L. Mackie \u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u90fd\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5141\u8a31\u5176\u4e2d\u9069\u7576\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002Mackie \u5728\u8cea\u7591\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u65b7\u8a00\u9053\u5fb7\u9673\u8ff0\u6216\u5728\u4e0d\u9810\u8a2d\u5ba2\u89c0\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u505a\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e0a\u8868\u614b\u3002 Mackie … Continue reading