\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e7b\u89ba\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u8ac7\u8ad6\u9b3c\u9b42\u6216\u7368\u89d2\u7378\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4f7f\u9053\u5fb7\u9673\u8ff0\u70ba\u771f\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u5c6c\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u826f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7fa9\u52d9\u7b49\uff09\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u770b\u4f3c\u660e\u986f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u6bba\u5bb3\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u3002 \u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u67d0\u4eba\u63a1\u53d6\u5982\u6b64\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1f \u652f\u6301\u5b83\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u662f\u5426\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\u6216\u4f3c\u662f\u800c\u975e\uff1f \u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6703\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u751f\u6d3b\u7522\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f71\u97ff\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 John Mackie, 1917-1981 \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c”A World Without Values: Essays on John Mackie’s Moral Error Theory<\/a>“\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u4e3b\u8981\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8b9a\u540c\u9ea5\u57fa\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5247\u53cd\u5c0d . \u9019\u672c\u9078\u96c6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8996\u70ba\u8981\u76e1\u5feb\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u5404\u7d1a\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5b78\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5143\u9818\u57df\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u5bf6\u8cb4\u8cc7\u6e90 -\u502b\u7406\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6700\u5148\u9032\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5728\u5e7e\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u63a8\u9032\u4e86\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u5e7e\u5e74\u5167\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u66f8\u67b6\u4e0a\u4f54\u64da\u91cd\u8981\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1977 \u5e74\uff0c John Leslie Mackie\u51fa\u7248\u4e86 Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong”\uff0c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u201d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8faf\u8b77\u3002 \u5f9e\u90a3\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8981\u4e48\u540c\u60c5\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4e0d\u9858\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u6b61\u8fce\u672c\u5408\u96c6\u5c0d Mackie \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u4ed4\u7d30\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002 \u5e7e\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u53ea\u662f\u7565\u5fae\u6d89\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u526f\u6a19\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6e96\u78ba\u3002 \u6709\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u7acb\u5834\u6301\u8d0a\u6210\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u975e\u5e38\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5247\u76f8\u7576\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u4e0b\u6587\u5c07\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u4e26\u975e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u90fd\u662f\u6700\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u6216\u4e3b\u984c\u806f\u7e6b\u4f86\u5b89\u6392\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5c0e\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86 Mackie \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u7de8\u8f2f\u5011\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u8aa4\u89e3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7684\u800c\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u5c6c\u6027\u6216\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u89c0\u9ede \u90fd\u662f\u5047\u7684\uff08\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u66f4\u8b39\u614e\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6 untrue\u201d\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u8868\u9054\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5141\u8a31\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5176\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u5426\u8a8d\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e0d\u662f\u65b7\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u8868\u9054\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684 . \u7de8\u8f2f\u5011\u9084\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u9053\u5fb7\u53d6\u6d88\u4e3b\u7fa9 moral eliminativism\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5ee2\u9664\u6240\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 moral fictionalism \u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u7248\u672c\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u7e7c\u7e8c\u767c\u8868\u9053\u5fb7\u8a00\u8ad6\u4e26\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u907f\u514d\u65b7\u8a00\u9019\u4e9b\u8a00\u8ad6\u4e26\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u4e9b\u8a00\u8ad6 \u60f3\u6cd5\u3002 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u7dad\u6301\u5b83\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u7de8\u8f2f\u5011\u6240\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5728”Ethics” \u4e2d Mackie \u4f3c\u4e4e\u63d0\u5021\u67d0\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u8981\u5730\u8655\u7406\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002 \uff08\u9019\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u9451\u65bc\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6070\u7576\u5730\u8996\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\uff1f\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u56f0\u96e3\u662f\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u80af\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u53ef\u8a55\u4f30\u7684 \u7576\u7531\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u6642\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u65b7\u8a00\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u800c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5247\u4f7f\u7528\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8ffd\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u3002\uff09 <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u8a72\u6587\u96c6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c John Burgess \u7684\u201cAgainst Ethics\u201d\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6709\u4e9b\u597d\u5947\u3002 \u6700\u521d\u662f\u5728 Mackie \u5b8c\u6210 “Ethics” \u4f46\u76f4\u5230 2007 \u5e74\u624d\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5927\u7d04\u540c\u4e00\u6642\u9593\u5beb\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u634d\u885b \u201c\u9ebb\u9189\u4e3b\u7fa9 anethicism\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 Burgess \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u8003\u6d89\u53ca\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u548c\u5e7b\u60f3\u201d(p 1)\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u3002 \u4ed6\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u898f\u5b9a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u201c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78 linguistic\u201d\uff08\u5373\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9 noncognitivist\uff09\u7406\u8ad6\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u5c0d\u65bc\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u6307\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9805\u7684\u65b7\u8a00\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa anethicism \u4e0d\u61c9\u8207\u865b\u7121\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u53d6\u6d88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5efa\u8b70\u653e\u68c4\u9053\u5fb7\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0cCharles Pigden \u7684 \u201cNihilism, Nietzsche, and the Doppelganger Problem\u201d \u6709\u5169\u500b\u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u8868\u660e Nietzsche \u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8faf\u8b77\u514d\u53d7\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u6279\u8a55\u6d89\u53ca \u201c\u5206\u8eab\u554f\u984c Doppelganger Problem\u201d\uff1a\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u65b7\u8a00\u6240\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u90fd\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7 X \u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u5982\u679c X \u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f X\uff08\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u5206\u8eab\u201d\uff09 \u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff1b \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u99c1\u7684\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u5728\u65bc\u901a\u904e\u8072\u7a31\u201c\u975e\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u90fd\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u201d\u4f86\u4fee\u6b63\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u9451\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u8ca2\u737b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9451\u65bc Nietzsche \u7684\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u8faf\u8b77\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc Nietzsche\u662f\u5426\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u6563\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u91cd\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728 \u201cPatterns of Objectification\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c Richard Joyce \u5be9\u8996\u4e86 Mackie \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\/\u6295\u5c04\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u9ede moral objectification\/projectivism \u53ca\u5176\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002 \u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u5efa\u7acb\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u6253\u7834\u5e73\u5c40\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u201c\u662f\u901a\u904e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u6697\u793a\u6216\u9810\u8a2d\u5176\u771f\u5be6\u6027\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u8aaa\u660e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb [\u8a72] \u4fc3\u9032\u9053\u5fb7\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u201d\uff08p 45 ). \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u9451\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u634d\u885b\u5176\u53ef\u53d6\u6027\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u652f\u6301\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u8d77\u6e90\u7d66\u51fa\u66f4\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1Joyce \u8d0a\u540c Mackie \u6230\u7565\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u6230\u7565\u57f7\u884c\u4e0d\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u652f\u6301\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u8ff4\u907f\u4e86\u554f\u984c\u6216\u4f75\u975e\u57fa\u65bc\u7d93\u9a57\u6578\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mackie \u7684\u9177\u5152\uff0f\u53e4\u602a\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7248\u672c\u5728\u5176\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u9177\u5152\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5224\u65b7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5167\u7f6e\u4e86\u67d0\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u7a2e\u5167\u5728\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u3002 Walter Sinnott-Armstrong \u5728 \u201cMackie\u2019s Internalisms\u201d \u4e2d\u5c08\u9580\u95dc\u6ce8\u9019\u500b\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4e26\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u5e7e\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e00\u7a2e\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f Mackie \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6709\u6548\u3002 \u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u985e\u578b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u52d5\u6a5f\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c07\u5176\u4e3b\u5f35\u9650\u5236\u5728\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u7a31\u73fe\u5728\u6642\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u201cMackie\u2019s Realism: Queer Pigs and the Web of Belief\u201d\u4e2d\uff0cJamie Dreier \u70ba Mackie \u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9019\u4e00\u6311\u91c1\u6027\u8ad6\u9ede\u8faf\u8b77\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u4e3b\u5f35\u57fa\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5c0b\u5e38\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u69cb\u60f3\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u9019\u8207\u89e3\u91cb\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u7dad\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u8cbb\u89e3\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u95dc\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u6240\u6307\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\u6216\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e2d\u5c0b\u627e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u800c\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u8868\u73fe\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u2014\u2014\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u5c0b\u627e\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 Mackie \u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u5c6c\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5fc5\u9808\u89e3\u91cb\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u548c\u52d5\u6a5f\u4e4b\u9593\u5167\u5728\u7684\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u201d\uff08 p 82\uff09\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5340\u5206\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\u2014\u2014\u9019\u6700\u7d42\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8853\u8a9e\u554f\u984c\u2014\u2014\u4f46 Dreier \u7684\u5206\u6790\u5f88\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u722d\u8ad6 Mackie \u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u5728\u65bc\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u602a\u7570\u6027\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5c6c\u6027\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6642\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728 \u201cMackie on Practical Reason\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cDavid Phillips \u70ba Mackie \u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u7406\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u6bd4 Bernard Williams \u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u90fd\u662f\u5167\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6240\u6709\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u617e\u671b\u7684\u3002 Williams \u8a8d\u70ba\u5167\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u5176\u4f7f\u617e\u671b\uff08\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u3001\u5076\u7136\u7684\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\uff09\u6210\u70ba\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u3002 \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cMackie \u8a8d\u70ba\u5167\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\u8072\u660e\u8207\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u8072\u660e\u4e00\u6a23\u5177\u6709\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u50c5\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u80cc\u666f\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc Mackie \u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5167\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u6846\u67b6\u76f8\u95dc\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6216\u4e3b\u8981\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u5f35\u4ee5\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u70ba\u771f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Don Loeb \u5728 \u201cThe Argument from Moral Experience\u201d \u4e2d\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u8ac7\u8ad6\u548c\u601d\u8003\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u652f\u6301\u9053\u5fb7\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6e05\u695a\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad4\u9a57\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u7d93\u5e38\u8ac7\u8ad6\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u614b\u5ea6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0d\u6216\u932f\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u3002 Loeb\u96a8\u5f8c\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad4\u9a57\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u9053\u5fb7\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u4e5f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8b49\u660e\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6211\u5011\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8072\u7a31\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u9069\u61c9\u6211\u5011\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u7279\u5fb5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728 \u201cBeyond the Error Theory\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cMichael Smith \u8a8d\u70ba\u4f86\u81ea\u9177\u5152\uff0f\u53e4\u602a\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u5931\u6557\u7684\u3002 Mackie \u8072\u7a31\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u53c8\u662f\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u8072\u7a31\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6771\u897f\u5177\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7d55\u5c0d\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u3002 Smith \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u627f\u8a8dMackie \u7684\u5206\u6790\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u6216\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5947\u602a\u7684\u3002 \u4ed6\u66ab\u6642\u652f\u6301\u201c\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5 Constitutivist Approach\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6301\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b58\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u6027\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u617e\u671b\u3002 \u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u53cd\u601d\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4f86\u78ba\u5b9a\u9019\u4e9b\u9858\u671b\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u901a\u904e\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4ec0\u9ebc\u539f\u56e0\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6e34\u671b\u7684\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u2026\u2026\u8207\u6211\u5011\u95dc\u65bc\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5167\u5728\u9858\u671b\u69cb\u6210\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u5224\u65b7\u76f8\u5e73\u8861\u201d \u7406\u6027\u662f\u652f\u6301\u9019\u4e9b\u66f4\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u617e\u671b\u7684\uff08pp 136-7\uff09\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n David Copp \u7684 \u201cNormativity, Deliberation, and Queerness\u201d \u4e5f\u53cd\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\u201c\u6b0a\u5a01\u7406\u7531\u63d0\u6848\u201d\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u4e26\u91dd\u5c0d Mackie \u548c Joyce \u9032\u884c\u8faf\u8b77\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u8a72\u63d0\u6848\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7fa9\u52d9\u662f\u6b0a\u5a01\u7406\u7531\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5373\u771f\u6b63\u898f\u7bc4\u6216\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5ffd\u8996\u3002 \u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u201c\u9664\u975e\u5979\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u76f8\u4fe1\u5979\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7fa9\u52d9\u6216\u7406\u7531\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6642\u9069\u7576\u5730\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u7fa9\u52d9\u6216\u9019\u500b\u7406\u7531\u201d\uff08p 143). Copp \u8a8d\u70ba Mackie \u6c92\u6709\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u95dc\u65bc\u898f\u7bc4\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u53e4\u602a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14 Joyce \u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u539f\u56e0\u624d\u662f\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u63d0\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u6216\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u627f\u8afe X\uff0c\u4e26\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\u9019\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u627f\u8afe\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6216\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6574\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u932f\u8aa4\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002 \u5728 \u201cA Tension in the Moral Error Theory\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cSimon Kirchin \u8cea\u7591\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u666e\u904d\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u91cd\u9ede\u95dc\u6ce8Mackie\u548cJoyce\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u65e5\u5e38\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u9a57\u201c\u662f\u6df7\u4e82\u7684\u3001\u7121\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u3001\u6df7\u4e82\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7368\u7279\u548c\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u8b58\u5225\u9ede\u201d\uff08 p 168\uff09\u3002 \u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u5fc5\u9808\u61c9\u5c0d\u4e00\u7a2e\u7dca\u5f35\uff1a\u96d6\u7136\u9700\u8981\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u78ba\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u6240\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8d8a\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u5c31\u8d8a\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kirchin\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u9762\u7684 Loeb\uff09\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u65e5\u5e38\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad4\u9a57\u662f\u6df7\u4e82\u7121\u5e8f\u7684\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u6df7\u4e82\u548c\u819a\u6dfa\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u63a9\u84cb\u4e86\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u5171\u540c\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u81f3\u5c11\u5927\u591a\u6578\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6216\u6700\u7d42\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c3\u52a0\u502b\u7406\u8ab2\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u660e\u986f\u81ea\u4fe1\u5730\u8aaa\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u8207\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u88ab\u8ffd\u554f\u5f37\u59e6\u6216\u8b00\u6bba\u5152\u7ae5\u7b49\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u662f \u672c\u8eab\u6c92\u6709\u597d\u58de\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u800c\u8a00\u3002 \u7576\u9762\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5f8c\u8a2d\/\u5143\u502b\u7406\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u505c\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002 \u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u4f3c\u4e4e\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9 moral realism\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7a7a\u9593\u5167\u7522\u751f\u5dee\u7570\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u79ae\u5100\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u7136\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u5ba2\u89c0 \u9053\u5fb7\u4e8b\u5be6\u6216\u5c6c\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0cKirchin \u201c\u8b93\u4e8b\u60c5\u653e\u958b leaves things open\u201d\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5426\u8a8d\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u3001\u6beb\u7121\u6839\u64da\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8868\u660e\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u7248\u672c\u90fd\u5982\u6b64 \u9060\u672a\u63d0\u51fa\u5fc5\u9808\u61c9\u5c0d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7dca\u5f35\u5c40\u52e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u548c\u52d5\u6a5f\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u5167\u5728\u7684\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6216\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u50cf David Hume \u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8072\u7a31\u53ea\u6709\u8207\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u617e\u671b\u624d\u80fd\u6fc0\u767c\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u8b8a\u4e3b\u9ad4\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u617e\u671b\u96c6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002 \u5728 \u201cBusiness as Usual? The Error Theory, Internalism, and the Function of Morality\u201d\uff0cCaroline West \u8a8d\u70ba Mackie \u548c Joyce \u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u201c\u5982\u679c\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9053\u5fb7 \u7121\u8655\u5be6\u4f8b\u5316’\uff08 p 184 \uff09\u3002 West \u65e8\u5728\u6aa2\u9a57\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u865b\u5047\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u66ff\u4ee3\u614b\u5ea6\u3002 \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u5ee2\u9664\u4e3b\u7fa9 moral abolitionism \u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u5207\u7167\u820a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff08\u5979\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc Mackie \uff09\u662f\u4e0d\u9023\u8cab\u7684\u3002 \u5269\u4e0b\u56db\u500b\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5979\u6c92\u6709\u9078\u64c7\u3002 \u524d\u5169\u500b\uff08\u5340\u5206\u5c0d\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u662f\u8a66\u5716\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u9023\u8cab\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7167\u820a\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u8b8a\u9ad4\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\u5169\u500b\uff08\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u4fee\u6b63\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u662f\u4fee\u6b63\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u9054\u5230\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002 \u53cd\u5c0d\u97cb\u65af\u7279\u5c0d\u5176\u9918\u56db\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u6982\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u662f\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u7167\u820a\u201d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0cMackie \u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728 \u201cThe Fictionalist\u2019s Attitude Problem\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cGraham Oddie \u548c Daniel Demetriou \u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u5be9\u8996\u4e86 Mark Kalderon \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u64da\u6b64\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff08\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u3002 \u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u547d\u984c\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u5c31\u662f\u8868\u9054\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u8d0a\u540c\u201d\u5b83\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u3002 Oddie \u548c Demetriou \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9762\u81e8 Frege-Geach \u554f\u984c\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e2d\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u524d\u63d0\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u7d50\u8ad6\u2014\u2014\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u4ed6\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u524d\u63d0\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c \u7406\u6027\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u62d2\u7d55\u5f9e\u524d\u63d0\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002 \u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 cognitivist fictionalism \u4e5f\u9762\u81e8\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u8f49\u79fb\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u96d9\u91cd\u614b\u5ea6\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u8457\u540d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u64c1\u8b77\u8005 Richard Garner \u4ee5 \u201cAbolishing Morality\u201d \u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a66\u5716\u78ba\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5ee2\u9664\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9084\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002 \u4ed6\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9020\u6210\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u591a\u65bc\u5b83\u6240\u9632\u6b62\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u68c4\u9053\u5fb7\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u6bb5\u4f86\u4fc3\u9032\u3001\u9f13\u52f5\u6216\u6fc0\u52f5\u67d0\u4e9b\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u8a13\u7df4\u3001\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d Mackie \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u548c\u7f3a\u9ede\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8faf\u8ad6\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c07\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8b80\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e7b\u89ba\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u8ac7\u8ad6\u9b3c\u9b42\u6216\u7368\u89d2\u7378\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4f7f\u9053\u5fb7\u9673\u8ff0\u70ba\u771f\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u5c6c\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u826f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7fa9\u52d9\u7b49\uff09\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u770b\u4f3c\u660e\u986f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u6bba\u5bb3\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u3002 \u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u67d0\u4eba\u63a1\u53d6\u5982\u6b64\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1f \u652f\u6301\u5b83\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u662f\u5426\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\u6216\u4f3c\u662f\u800c\u975e\uff1f \u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6703\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u751f\u6d3b\u7522\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f71\u97ff\uff1f \u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 John Mackie, 1917-1981 \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c”A World Without Values: Essays on John Mackie’s Moral Error Theory“\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u4e3b\u8981\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8b9a\u540c\u9ea5\u57fa\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5247\u53cd\u5c0d . \u9019\u672c\u9078\u96c6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8996\u70ba\u8981\u76e1\u5feb\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u5404\u7d1a\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5b78\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5143\u9818\u57df\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u5bf6\u8cb4\u8cc7\u6e90 -\u502b\u7406\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6700\u5148\u9032\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5728\u5e7e\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u63a8\u9032\u4e86\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u5e7e\u5e74\u5167\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u66f8\u67b6\u4e0a\u4f54\u64da\u91cd\u8981\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 1977 \u5e74\uff0c John Leslie Mackie\u51fa\u7248\u4e86 Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong”\uff0c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u201d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8faf\u8b77\u3002 \u5f9e\u90a3\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8981\u4e48\u540c\u60c5\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4e0d\u9858\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u6b61\u8fce\u672c\u5408\u96c6\u5c0d Mackie \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u4ed4\u7d30\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002 \u5e7e\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u53ea\u662f\u7565\u5fae\u6d89\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u526f\u6a19\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6e96\u78ba\u3002 … Continue reading