{"id":8808,"date":"2023-03-23T00:26:06","date_gmt":"2023-03-23T00:26:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8808"},"modified":"2023-03-23T00:26:11","modified_gmt":"2023-03-23T00:26:11","slug":"evil-a-philosophical-investigation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/03\/23\/evil-a-philosophical-investigation\/","title":{"rendered":"Evil: A Philosophical Investigation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Luke Russell \u7684\u66f8 \u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/-\/zh_TW\/Luke-Russell\/dp\/0198712480\/ref=sr_1_2?crid=H0A0MYXX9P4T&amp;keywords=Evil%3A+A+Philosophical+Investigation&amp;qid=1679530274&amp;sprefix=evil+a+philosophical+investigation%2Caps%2C264&amp;sr=8-2\">Evil: A Philosophical Investigation<\/a>\u201d \u662f\u5c0d\u95dc\u65bc\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u9053\u5fb7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u56b4\u8b39\u7684\u88dc\u5145\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u90aa\u60e1 evil\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\u6307\u7684\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6700\u5351\u9119\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7b49\u3002 1 Russell\u7279\u5225\u64c5\u9577\u6574\u7406\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3001\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u548c\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684 \u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u7d44\u7e54\u95dc\u65bc\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002 Russell\u7684\u66f8\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u3001\u90aa\u60e1\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5426\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u52a0\u8f09\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u6982\u5ff5\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662fRussell\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u662f\u672c\u6587\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u3002 \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russell\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u8a72\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5225\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u50be\u5411\u4f86\u5be6\u65bd\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70baRussell\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u5728\u4e09\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u6c92\u6709\u5207\u4e2d\u8981\u5bb3\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5b83\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u60e1\u4eba\u7279\u5225\u6297\u62d2\u6539\u8b8a\uff1b (2) \u5b83\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u8aaa\u660e\u4f55\u6642\u9650\u5236\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u514d\u65bc\u6210\u70ba\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\uff1b (3) \u5b83\u8aa4\u89e3\u4e86\u65af\u5766\u5229\u7c73\u723e\u683c\u62c9\u59c6\u670d\u5f9e\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u58de\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russell\u901a\u904e\u5c0d\u7167\u516b\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u60e1\u4eba\u672c\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u76f4\u89ba\u4f86\u6aa2\u9a57\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u60e1\u4eba\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u6c11\u9593\u76f4\u89ba\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4e86\u672c\u66f8\u524d\u9762\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u6e05\u55ae\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> (*9) \u78ba\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(*10) \u60e1\u4eba\u96e3\u5f97\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(*11) \u60e1\u4eba\u61c9\u53d7\u5230\u6211\u5011\u6700\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8b74\u8cac\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(*12) \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0cS \u662f\u60e1\u4eba\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb S \u70ba\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u60e1\u884c\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(*13) \u4e26\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u60e1\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u60e1\u4eba\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(*14) \u505a\u58de\u4e8b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210\u58de\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(*15) \u58de\u4eba\u8b8a\u597d\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96e3\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(*16) \u4e26\u975e\u6bcf\u500b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6703\u57f7\u884c\u3001\u4f01\u5716\u6216\u6253\u7b97\u57f7\u884c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba 2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russell\u627f\u8a8d\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f4\u89ba\u662f\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u3002 \u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u5c0d\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u652f\u6301\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u62d2\u7d55\u4efb\u4f55\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u76f4\u89ba\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u8ad6\u8b49\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u548c\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u201d\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u73fe\u5b58\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u76f4\u89ba ( p 154)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8981\u7406\u89e3Russell\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e14\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8cec\u6236\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u9996\u5148\u5340\u5206\u50be\u5411\u6027\u548c\u975e\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8cec\u6236\u3002 \u8655\u7f6e\u8cec\u6236\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8655\u7f6e\u5c6c\u6027\u8a55\u4f30\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8655\u7f6e\u8cec\u6236\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u975e\u8655\u7f6e\u5c6c\u6027\u8a55\u4f30\u4eba\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u64daRussell\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5be6\u65bd\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002 \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u805a\u5408\u8cec\u6236\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u7f85\u7d20\u8a73\u7d30\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u975e\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8cec\u6236\u2014\u2014\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u57f7\u884c\u8d85\u904e\u6307\u5b9a\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u7522\u751f\u8d85\u904e\u6307\u5b9a\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3 ( pp 139-53)\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russell \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6700\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u975e\u50be\u5411\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\u4e5f\u8207\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c11\u9593\u76f4\u89ba\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u4e1f\u68c4 ( pp 134-53)\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u975e\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8cec\u6236\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u76f4\u89ba ( p 16)\uff1b \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6703\u505a\u51fa\u3001\u4f01\u5716\u6216\u6253\u7b97\u505a\u51fa\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u975e\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8a18\u8ff0\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u505a\u6216\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u6253\u7b97\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff09\u4f86\u6311\u9078\u60e1\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u679c\u60c5\u6cc1\u5141\u8a31\u5b83\u6703\u505a\u51fa\u60e1\u884c\u7684\u60e1\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6a5f\u6703\u6216\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u57f7\u884c\u6216\u6c92\u6709\u57f7\u884c\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u7f85\u7d20\u559c\u6b61\u7684\u8655\u7f6e\u8cec\u6236\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u8655\u7f6e\u8cec\u6236 ( p 180)\u3002 \u5728\u57fa\u65bc\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8cec\u6236\u4e2d\uff0c\u60e1\u4eba\u6709\u5be6\u65bd\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Russell \u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u53d7\u9650\u6982\u5ff5\u591a\u5143\u8ad6\u8005\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u591a\u7684\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u6c92\u6709\u66f4\u591a\uff09\u7406\u7531\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u7a2e\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u8584\u5f31\u7684\u60e1\u884c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u60e1\u884c\u53ea\u662f\u6975\u7aef\u7684\u904e\u5931 \u4e5f\u662f\u60e1\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u8650\u5f85\u72c2\u7684\u6216\u6311\u91c1\u7684\uff08 pp 129-32\uff09\u3002\u9084\u6709\u57fa\u65bc\u52d5\u6a5f\u548c\u57fa\u65bc\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8cec\u6236\u3002 \u5728\u57fa\u65bc\u52d5\u6a5f\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u60e1\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u7522\u751f\u67d0\u7a2e\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u57fa\u65bc\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u60e1\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u7522\u751f\u67d0\u7a2e\u611f\u89ba\u3002Colin McGinn \u5728\u4ed6\u7684&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/-\/zh_TW\/Colin-McGinn\/dp\/0198238770\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3BQY6C9B15S39&amp;keywords=Ethics%2C+Evil%2C+and+Fiction&amp;qid=1679530438&amp;sprefix=ethics%2C+evil%2C+and+fiction%2Caps%2C644&amp;sr=8-1\">Ethics, Evil, and Fiction<\/a>&#8221; \u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f35\u57fa\u65bc\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 Daniel Haybron \u5728 &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/monist\/article-abstract\/85\/2\/260\/1129970?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Moral Monsters and Saints<\/a>&#8221; \u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f35\u4ed6\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u52d5\u6a5f\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6839\u64da Russell \u57fa\u65bc\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u201c\u7576\u4e14\u50c5\u7576 S \u5728\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5f37\u70c8\u4e14\u9ad8\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u57f7\u884c\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0cS \u624d\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff08 p 173\uff09\u3002Russell \u901a\u904e\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u683c\u8aac\u660e\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e09\u500b\u7d44\u4ef6\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u9673\u8ff0\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u548c\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u50be\u5411 \uff1a\u5f37\u5ea6\u7d44\u4ef6\u3001\u56fa\u5b9a\u7d44\u4ef6\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u7d44\u4ef6\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9700\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u6210\u5206\u4f86\u9069\u61c9\u76f4\u89ba\uff08*13\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6bcf\u500b\u4f5c\u60e1\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u60e1\u4eba\uff08 p 156\uff09\u3002 \u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f9e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6027\u683c\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u60e1\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u60e1\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u7684\u60e1\u4eba\u90fd\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u60e1\u884c\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u60e1\u4eba\u3002 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\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7576\u4e14\u50c5\u7576 S \u5728\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5f37\u70c8\u800c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u57f7\u884c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u6216\u8005 S \u5728\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u6642\u5f37\u70c8\u800c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u611f\u53d7 \u2013 \u6709\u5229\u689d\u4ef6\u201d\uff08 p 192\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u5206\u88ab\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5167\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u6355\u6349\u5171\u540c\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e00\u500b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u662f[\u8fd1]\u9053\u5fb7\u8a3b\u92b7&#8230;&#8230;[\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b]\u8d85\u8d8a&#8217;\u6e9d\u901a\u548c\u8ac7\u5224\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u548c\u6551\u8d16&#8217;\u201c\uff08 p 169\uff09\u3002Russell \u5728\u9019\u88e1\u5f15\u7528\u4e86 Philip Cole, :Myth of Evil&#8221; ( p 236)\u3002\u6700\u521d\u5f15\u5165\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u5206\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9069\u61c9\u76f4\u89ba (*10)\uff0c\u5373\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u5f88\u5c11\u898b\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cRussell \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u689d\u4ef6\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u660e\u60e1\u7684\u7a00\u6709\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u9069\u61c9\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u5f9e\u60e1\u5230\u5584\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u5e38\u898b\u76f4\u89ba ( p 170)\u3002Russell \u8a8d\u70ba \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5f88\u96e3\u5f9e\u60e1\u5230\u5584\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9019\u7a2e\u8f49\u8b8a\u5f88\u5c11\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f15\u5165\u81ea\u6cbb\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9069\u61c9\u76f4\u89ba (*10)\uff0c\u5373\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u5f88\u5c11\u898b\u3002Russell \u64d4\u5fc3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u6cbb\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8aaa\u660e\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 20 \u4e16\u7d00 90 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b\u6216\u76e7\u65fa\u9054\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53e3\u90fd\u6709\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u50be\u5411\u3002 Russel l\u5f9eStanley Milgram \u7684\u670d\u5f9e\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002 \u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0cMilgram \u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5c0d\u8c61\u9858\u610f\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u8a18\u61b6\u548c\u5b78\u7fd2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7121\u8f9c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u96fb\u64ca\u3002(\u53c3\u8207\u201c\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u201d\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u5047\u88dd\u53d7\u5230\u96fb\u64ca\u7684\u6f14\u54e1\u3002)  \u5be6\u9a57\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u8feb\u9032\u884c\u96fb\u64ca\uff1b \u4ed6\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u4eba\u54e1\u5805\u5b9a\u800c\u79ae\u8c8c\u5730\u8a62\u554f\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u3002 \u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c65% \u7684 Milgram \u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u9858\u610f\u65bd\u52a0 450 \u4f0f\u7684\u6700\u5927\u96fb\u58d3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u6703\u975e\u5e38\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u4e26\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002 Russell \u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u201c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u57f7\u884c\u9019\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u884c\u70ba[\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9020\u6210\u6975\u7aef\u4e0d\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u75db\u82e6]\u201d\uff08 p 161\uff09\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u70ba\u4e86\u7406\u89e3 Milgram \u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60e1\u884c\u548c\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b\u7b49\u7dca\u5f35\u800c\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7f55\u898b\u6027\uff0cRussell \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5f37\u5ea6\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6027\u6210\u5206\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8aac\u660e\u9084\u9700\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4fee\u6539\u3002 \u57fa\u672c\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4f5c\u60e1\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u4e00\u7d44\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u689d\u4ef6 C \u4e2d\u4f5c\u60e1\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8072\u7a31\u60e1\u4eba\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u689d\u4ef6 C \u4e2d\u5f37\u70c8\u800c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u505a\u60e1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u662f\u60e1\u4eba\u3002 \uff08 pp 170-1\uff09\u3002 Russell \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u60e1\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u60e1\u884c\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u689d\u4ef6\u96c6\u662f\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002 \u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u662f\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u505a\u5979\u771f\u6b63\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002 \u7576\u975e\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6642\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728Milgram \u7684\u5834\u666f\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u5011\u201c\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u758f\u9060\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u201d \u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u60e1\u8005\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u6b3a\u9a19\u3001\u5a01\u8105\u3001\u8105\u8feb\u6216\u58d3\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff08 p 173\uff09\u3002 \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7576\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u505a\u4ed6\u5011\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6642\u5f88\u5c11\u6703\u505a\u51fa\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u6210\u5206\u4f7f Russell \u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u89e3\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7f55\u898b\u6027\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u50cf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crimemuseum.org\/crime-library\/serial-killers\/jeffrey-dahmer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jeffry Dahmer<\/a> \u9019 \u6a23\u7684\u9023\u74b0\u6bba\u624b\u5728\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5f37\u70c8\u800c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5be6\u65bd\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46 Milgram \u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8b8a\u5f97\u4e0d\u90aa\u60e1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u56fa\u5b9a\u7d44\u4ef6\uff0c \u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0cRussell \u5305\u542b\u6b64\u7d44\u4ef6\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9069\u61c9\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u5f9e\u60e1\u8b8a\u5584\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u5e38\u898b\u76f4\u89ba\u3002 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\u505a\u60e1\u7684\u50be\u5411\u4e0d\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u5979\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u6539\u8b8a\u5979\u505a\u60e1\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8aaa\u670d\u5979\u61c9\u8a72\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u3002 Geoff \u7684\u4f5c\u60e1\u50be\u5411\u4e0d\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4f5c\u60e1\u50be\u5411\u6f20\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\uff0c\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4e0a\u4efb\u6027\u3001\u7121\u539f\u5247\u3002 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\uff0cEthan \u7684\u4eba\u54c1\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7a0d\u5fae\u5dee\u4e00\u9ede\uff0cFrancine\u7684 \u4eba\u54c1\u7a0d\u5fae\u597d\u4e00\u9ede\u3002 \u4f46\u662f Darlene \u548c Geoff \u7684\u6027\u683c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u986f\u8457\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1 Darlene \u7684\u6027\u683c\u975e\u5e38\u56fa\u5b9a\u800c Geoff \u7684\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\u3002 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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u61c9\u8a72\u5f9e\u5e33\u6236\u4e2d\u522a\u9664\u56fa\u5b9a\u689d\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u6cbb\u8207\u90aa\u60e1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53e6\u5916\u5169\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u9ede\u6d89\u53ca\u81ea\u6cbb\u90e8\u5206\u3002 Russell \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u500b\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\u5c07\u8207\u58de\u4eba\u5f88\u5c11\u898b\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728 Milgram \u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u6216\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u6216\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53e3\u4f3c\u4e4e\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u6975\u7aef\u75db\u82e6\u3002 \u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u6210\u5206\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u89e3\u9762\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5be6\u6642\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7f55\u898b\u6027\uff0c\u5177\u9ad4\u8aaa\u660e\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u201c\u88ab\u6b3a\u9a19\u3001\u5a01\u8105\u3001\u8105\u8feb\u6216\u65bd\u58d3\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u624d\u6709\u5be6\u65bd\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u7684 \u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4e00\u6a23\uff08p 173\uff09\u3002 \u8981\u6210\u70ba\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u4e0d\u53d7\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u9650\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u57f7\u884c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u4e3b\u7d44\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5b83\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7279\u7570\u6027\u3002 \u7f85\u7d20\u60f3\u8981\u6355\u6349\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u76f4\u89ba\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u201c\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u201d\u6211\u5011\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u6210\u70ba\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u6211\u5011\u201c\u53d7\u5230\u58d3\u529b\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5f71\u97ff\u6216\u64cd\u7e31\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u5728 Milgram \u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u3002 \u4f46\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f Milgram \u5834\u666f\uff1f \u6211\u5011\u53d7\u5230\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u6cc1\u90fd\u662f\u7c73\u723e\u683c\u62c9\u59c6\u60c5\u666f\u55ce\uff1f \u5982\u679c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u8655\u65bc Milgram \u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u3002 \u793e\u6703\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7121\u6578\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u6703\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u559d\u82e6\u5473\u98f2\u6599\u6216\u805e\u5230\u96e3\u805e\u7684\u6c23\u5473\u6703\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u4e0a\u8ab2\u9072\u5230\u6703\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a \u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8def\u904e\u53ef\u80fd\u6025\u9700\u5e6b\u52a9\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u516c\u7528\u96fb\u8a71\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u6bdb\u9322\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u6389\u843d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5f71\u97ff \u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u7f85\u9580\u00b7\u963f\u65bd (Solomon Asch) \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5f9e\u773e\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7576\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u540c\u76df\u8005\uff09\u7d66\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\uff08\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff09\u7b54\u6848\u6642\uff0c\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7d66\u51fa\u660e\u986f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u554f\u984c\u7b54\u6848\u3002 17 \u6846\u67b6\u662f\u5f71\u97ff\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f \u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3002 \u4e00\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7576\u91ab\u751f\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u201c\u4e00\u767e\u540d\u60a3\u8005\u4e2d\u6709\u4e5d\u5341\u540d\u5016\u5b58\u201d\u6642\uff0c\u6bd4\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u201c\u4e00\u767e\u540d\u60a3\u8005\u4e2d\u6709\u5341\u540d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u201d\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u751f\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u63a8\u85a6\u624b\u8853\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u5169\u500b\u77ed\u8a9e\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c \u53ef\u80fd\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u6642\u90fd\u6703\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u6216\u64cd\u7e31\u3002 Russell \u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4f55\u6642\u6703\uff0c\u4f55\u6642\u4e0d\u6703\u963b\u6b62\u6211\u5011\u6210\u70ba\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u4e3b\u7d44\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5b83\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7f55\u898b\u6027\u548cMilgram \u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002 \u78ba\u5be6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u5927\u9650\u5236\u6642\u624d\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u6975\u7aef\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u58de\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u88ab\u6b3a\u9a19\u6216\u88ab\u8feb\u6642\u90a3\u6a23\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u69cd\u53e3\u4e0b\u50b7\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u58de\u4eba\u3002 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6839\u64da Russell \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u6703\u5728\u7d0d\u7cb9\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u60e1\u884c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u7d0d\u7cb9\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u60e1\u884c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u69cb\u6210\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u3002 \u9019\u88e1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u91cb\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7f55\u898b\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5c07\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u8207\u6211\u5011\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8996\u70ba\u602a\u7269\u6216\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u7d44\u4ef6\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u7d44\u4ef6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6355\u6349\u9019\u7a2e\u76f4\u89ba\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u7d0d\u7cb9\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u8655\u65bc\u7d0d\u7cb9\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u6cbb\u6210\u5206\u7684\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u8aac\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u7f55\u898b\u7684\u3002 \u6309\u7167\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u76ee\u524d\u4e0d\u662f\u58de\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u58de\u4eba\u3002 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\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4ed4\u7d30\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u60e1\u4eba\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u53c8\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u8b8a\u5f97\u6b63\u6d3e\u3002 \u74b0\u5883\u548c\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6027\u683c\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u901a\u904eMilgram\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f71\u97ff\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u9019\u4e00\u7d50\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u76f8\u95dc\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u4e14\u6beb\u4e0d\u7559\u60c5\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5c07\u5c0e\u81f4\u6027\u683c\u767c\u751f\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u4e26\u53ef\u4ee5\u90e8\u5206\u89e3\u91cb\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u548c\u76e7\u65fa\u9054\u7a2e\u65cf\u6ec5\u7d55\u7b49\u66b4\u884c\u7684\u767c\u751f\u3002 \u7a31\u67d0\u4eba\u70ba\u60e1\u4eba\u8207\u7a31\u5979\u70ba\u975e\u4eba\u7684\u602a\u7269\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u9019\u662f\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u8b66\u9418\u3002 \u901a\u904e\u7a31\u67d0\u4eba\u70ba\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6307\u51fa\u5979\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6700\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6539\u8b8a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u7f85\u7d20\u6558\u8ff0\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u5b83\u80fd\u5920\u6355\u6349\u5230\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6700\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u3002 \u51fa\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u901a\u904e\u76f8\u4e92\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002 \u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7f85\u7d20\u7684\u66f8\u70ba\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u5730\u63a2\u8a0e\u6709\u95dc\u90aa\u60e1\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u984c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u95dc\u65bc\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u6700\u8907\u96dc\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u66f8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u597d\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u4f5c\u60e1\u300b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/2152\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Anatomy of Malice: The Enigma of the Nazi War Criminals&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/4775\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u6839\u672c\u60e1\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5be9\u8996\u300b  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/2121\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Luke Russell \u7684\u66f8 \u201dEvil: A Philosophical Investigation\u201d \u662f\u5c0d\u95dc\u65bc\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u9053\u5fb7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u56b4\u8b39\u7684\u88dc\u5145\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u90aa\u60e1 evil\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\u6307\u7684\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6700\u5351\u9119\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7b49\u3002 1 Russell\u7279\u5225\u64c5\u9577\u6574\u7406\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3001\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u548c\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684 \u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u7d44\u7e54\u95dc\u65bc\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002 Russell\u7684\u66f8\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u3001\u90aa\u60e1\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5426\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u52a0\u8f09\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u6982\u5ff5\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662fRussell\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u662f\u672c\u6587\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u3002 \u00a0 Russell\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u8a72\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5225\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u50be\u5411\u4f86\u5be6\u65bd\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70baRussell\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u5728\u4e09\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u6c92\u6709\u5207\u4e2d\u8981\u5bb3\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5b83\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u60e1\u4eba\u7279\u5225\u6297\u62d2\u6539\u8b8a\uff1b (2) \u5b83\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u8aaa\u660e\u4f55\u6642\u9650\u5236\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u514d\u65bc\u6210\u70ba\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\uff1b (3) \u5b83\u8aa4\u89e3\u4e86\u65af\u5766\u5229\u7c73\u723e\u683c\u62c9\u59c6\u670d\u5f9e\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u58de\u4eba\u3002 Russell\u901a\u904e\u5c0d\u7167\u516b\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u60e1\u4eba\u672c\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u76f4\u89ba\u4f86\u6aa2\u9a57\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u60e1\u4eba\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u6c11\u9593\u76f4\u89ba\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4e86\u672c\u66f8\u524d\u9762\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u6e05\u55ae\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\uff1a (*9) \u78ba\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u3002 (*10) \u60e1\u4eba\u96e3\u5f97\u3002 (*11) \u60e1\u4eba\u61c9\u53d7\u5230\u6211\u5011\u6700\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8b74\u8cac\u3002 (*12) \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0cS \u662f\u60e1\u4eba\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb S \u70ba\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u60e1\u884c\u3002 (*13) \u4e26\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u60e1\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u60e1\u4eba\u3002 (*14) \u505a\u58de\u4e8b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210\u58de\u4eba\u3002 (*15) &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/03\/23\/evil-a-philosophical-investigation\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2i4","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8808","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8808"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8808\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8809,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8808\/revisions\/8809"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}