{"id":8830,"date":"2023-04-04T04:36:28","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T04:36:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8830"},"modified":"2023-04-05T09:35:51","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T09:35:51","slug":"religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-an-existential-approach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/04\/04\/religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-an-existential-approach\/","title":{"rendered":"Religion and the Meaning of Life: An Existential Approach"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u9019\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u58de\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u667a\u6167\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u611a\u8822\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u5149\u660e\u7684\u5b63\u7bc0\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u5b63\u7bc0\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4e4b\u6625\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5931\u671b\u4e4b\u51ac\uff1b\u4eba\u5011\u9762\u524d\u6709\u8457\u5404\u6a23\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u9762\u524d\u4e5f\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u6709\uff1b\u4eba\u5011\u6b63\u5728\u76f4\u767b\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u5728\u76f4\u4e0b\u5730\u7344\u2014\u2014\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u90a3\u6642\u8ddf\u73fe\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u50cf\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u55a7\u56c2\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5805\u6301\u8981\u7528\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7d1a\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u5b83\u3002\u8aaa\u5b83\u597d\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7684\uff1b\u8aaa\u5b83\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7684\u3002
It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of Light,it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us,we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven,we were all going direct the other way–in short,the period was so.far like the present period,that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received,for good or for evil,in the superlative degree of comparison only.
Charles Dickens\uff0c\u201cA Tale of Two Cities<\/a>\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9762\u5c0d\u7576\u4eca\u4e16\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u548c\u5e73\u5145\u6eff\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5d0e\u5d87\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u7d55\u671b\uff1a\u6709\u6b0a\u8005\u4efb\u610f\u5984\u70ba\u5448\u4e00\u5df1\u4e4b\u6b32\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u5176\u540d\u70ba\u70ba\u570b\u70ba\u6c11\u3002\u7576\u6b64\/\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u885d\u52d5\u6240\u9a45\u4f7f\u3002 \u5728\u5b97\u6559\u8207\u751f\u547d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e2d\uff0cClifford Williams \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u6096\u8ad6\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u9060\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u6096\u8ad6\u3002 Williams \u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u73fe\u5be6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7121\u804a\u3001\u5275\u50b7\u3001\u81ea\u6bba\u3001\u5426\u8a8d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u548c\u51b7\u6f20\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7372\u5f97\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u7372\u5f97\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u969c\u7919\u3002 \u9019\u672c \u201cReligion and the Meaning of Life: An Existential Approach<\/a>\u201d \u66f8\u7684\u7368\u7279\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u9858\u610f\u8d85\u8d8a\u66f4\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u751f\u547d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u76f8\u95dc\u3002 \u5b97\u6559\u8207\u751f\u547d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u5176\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u5b78\u8005\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u5b78\u751f\u548c\u666e\u901a\u8b80\u8005\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u7528\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u6307\u8cacClifford Williams\u4ee5\u6beb\u7121\u6839\u64da\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u95e1\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u5f9e\u8207\u6d41\u6d6a\u6f22\u4e00\u8d77\u6d41\u6d6a\u5230\u63a1\u8a2a\u90a3\u4e9b\u653e\u68c4\u81ea\u6bba\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u64b0\u5beb\u95dc\u65bc\u617e\u671b\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0cWilliams\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u59cb\u7d42\u95dc\u6ce8\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5206\u6790\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u8c61\u7259\u5854\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u53d7\u5230\u7576\u4ee3\u5b78\u8853\u7684\u555f\u767c\u3002 \u201cReligion and the Meaning of Life\u201d \u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Williams \u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u5169\u500b\u6975\u9ede\u7684\u6096\u8ad6\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u6e34\u671b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u537b\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u53bb\u601d\u8003\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u6096\u8ad6\u7684\u5169\u6975\u90fd\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u76f8\u95dc\u806f\u3002 \u4ed6\u5047\u8a2d\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f86\u4e16\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u662f\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002 \u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u904e\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u201c\u589e\u5f37\u8ad6\u9ede enhancement thesis\u201d\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6301\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e26\u4e14\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u5c31\u6703\u589e\u5f37\u3002 Williams \u5c07\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u8b58\u5225\u5b83\u5011\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u5167\u5fc3\u72c0\u614b\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u8457\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c 1 \u7ae0\u8a62\u554f\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u95dc\u5fc3\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u7b54\u6848\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6e34\u671b\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b58\u5728\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u95dc\u5fc3\u5b83\u7684\u671f\u671b\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u617e\u671b\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u5c0d\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u617e\u671b\u3002 \u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5167\u5728\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u7d93\u5e38\u91cd\u758a\u3002 \u5728\u8a73\u7d30\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u2014\u2014\u975e\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u904a\u6232\uff0c\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\u2014\u2014\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0cWilliams \u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u6771\u897f\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6e34\u671b\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u6e34\u671b\u751a\u81f3\u6182\u9b31\u3002 \u4ee4\u4eba\u8cbb\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9451\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u6df1\u5207\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u6f20\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\u3002 \u5728\u6b64\uff0cWilliams \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u611f\u5230\u51b7\u6f20\u7684\u4e03\u500b\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u5fd9\u788c\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u8eab\u9ad4\u75b2\u618a\u3001\u75db\u82e6\u3001\u53d7\u9650\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u6291\u9b31\u548c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002 \u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5076\u7136\u7d93\u6b77\u9019\u4e9b\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\u610f\u7fa9\u611f\u5230\u9a5a\u8a1d\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u95dc\u5fc3\u610f\u7fa9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5c0d\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u554f\u984c\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95dc\u5fc3\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5167\u5728\u8ca1\u5bcc\u548c\u6b63\u78ba\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u73fe\u5c0d\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5177\u6709\u6eff\u8db3\u617e\u671b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u6eff\u8db3\u9019\u7a2e\u617e\u671b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5167\u5728\u7684\u597d\u8655\u3002 \u7b2c 1 \u7ae0\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u95dc\u6ce8\u610f\u7fa9\u53ef\u4ee5\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u57fa\u65bc\u8cac\u4efb\u548c\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6700\u9069\u5408\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c 2 \u7ae0\u8a0e\u8ad6 \u201c\u7121\u804a\u201d\uff0c\u5c07\u65e5\u5e38\u7121\u804a\u8207\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u804a\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u3002 \u524d\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u60c5\u5883\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u7576\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u60c5\u5931\u53bb\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u505a\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u617e\u671b\u3002 \u5f8c\u8005\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u617e\u671b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u617e\u671b \u2014\u2014 \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u611f\u5230\u7121\u804a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6703\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u98df\u3002 \u4f46\u6700\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5c0d\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002 \u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u5931\u53bb\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7121\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u60f3\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u804a\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u7121\u804a\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u6016\u6144\u3001\u81ea\u6bba\u5ff5\u982d\u548c\u75db\u82e6\uff08\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\uff09\u3002 \u6211\u6703\u99ac\u4e0a\u56de\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u72c0\u614b\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u7121\u804a\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u898f\u907f\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53c3\u52a0\u9ad4\u80b2\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52d5\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u800c\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u7121\u804a\u3002 Williams \u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5169\u7a2e\u7b56\u7565\uff1a\u5fc3\u7406\u6d3b\u52d5\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\/\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52d5\u5728 Sartre \u7684\u81ea\u6b3a\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u6b78\u5bbf\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e00\u751f\u90fd\u5728\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9003\u907f\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9762\u81e8\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u75db\u82e6\u3001\u7d55\u671b\u3001\u6cae\u55aa\u3001\u53db\u9006\u548c\u81ea\u6bba\u5ff5\u982d\u3002 Williams \u4ee5Camus \u7684 Sisyphus \u4f5c\u70ba\u966a\u896f\uff0c\u6307\u51fa Sisyphus \u5982\u4f55\u7121\u6cd5\u9003\u907f\u4ed6\u7684\u8655\u5883\u3002 \u53ea\u6709\u5ca9\u77f3\u5728\u5c71\u4e0a\u6efe\u52d5\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u53db\uff0c\u8511\u8996\u773e\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6839\u64da Camus \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u60f3\u50cf Sisyphus \u662f\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u3002\u201d \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u90a3\u7a2e\u5feb\u6a02\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u80cc\u53db\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5c0d\u795e\u7684\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u53cd\u6297\u3001\u6050\u61fc\u3001\u75db\u82e6\u7b49\u7b49\u8db3\u5920\u7cdf\u7cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7d50\u675f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5207\u65b7\u4e86\u56de\u61c9\u201c\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u547c\u559a\u201d\u4ee5\u64fa\u812b\u9019\u4e9b\u6d88\u6975\u72c0\u614b\u4e26\u91cd\u65b0\u7372\u5f97\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 Williams \u6307\u51faKierkegaard \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5e7e\u4ef6\u4e8b\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\uff1a\u95dc\u6ce8\u5167\u5fc3\u3001\u9858\u610f\u6539\u8b8a\u3001\u95e1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3001\u5b89\u975c\u548c\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5206\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7576\u524d\u7121\u804a\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u5c0d\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u71b1\u5207\u71b1\u60c5\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u4e26\u64c1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u5b89\u975c\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\uff0c\u4e0d\u88ab\u4eba\u7fa4\u5206\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u4fe1\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u4f7f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba \u66f4\u9858\u610f\u8046\u807d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c 3 \u7ae0\u4f7f\u7528 Ernest Becker\u00a0\u7684 \u201dThe Denial of Death<\/a>\u201d \u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u7528\u4f86\u5426\u8a8d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u6c38\u751f\u8a08\u5283\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u8b0a\u8a00\uff0c\u5c07\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u6ec5\u7d55\u548c\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u6b7b\u5373\u6ec5\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u662f\u5426\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u4f5c\u70ba\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u9805\u76ee\u5c07\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u5c0f\u5230\u5927\u3002 \u8cfa\u9322\u3001\u6280\u8853\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0cWilliams \u88dc\u5145\u8aaa\uff0c\u597d\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e8\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f46\u6703\u5f37\u5316\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u662f\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002 \u6b64\u985e\u9805\u76ee\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u5728\u201c\u734e\u52f5\u7d9c\u5408\u75c7 Reward Syndrome\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u8207\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002 Becker\u00a0\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4e0d\u673d\u9805\u76ee\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u6642\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u7dad\u7684\u3002 \u4f46\u5f8c\u8005\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u5df2\u7d93\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002 \u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8b0a\u8a00\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\u5730\u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u4f86\u6230\u52dd\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u91cd\u751f\u2014\u2014\u5c0d\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u9762\u5c0d\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u91cd\u751f\u3002 \u4f46\u6839\u64da Williams \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0cBecker \u5f88\u5c11\u8ac7\u53ca\u5584\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u6c38\u751f\u8a08\u5283\u6b3a\u9a19\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002 \u7e7c Kierkegaard \u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0cWilliams \u63d0\u51fa\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u5584\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\uff1a\u589e\u52a0\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u3001\u6539\u8b8a\u500b\u4eba\u6839\u672c\u617e\u671b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4ee5\u53ca\u8b19\u905c\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c 4 \u7ae0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u77ad\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u56db\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u5be6\u73fe\u76ee\u6a19\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5275\u9020\u529b\u3001\u64c1\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d66\u4e88\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u611b\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u90fd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u758a\u52a0\u4e00\u81f4\u4e26\u4e14\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e00\u81f4\u3002 \u7b2c 5 \u7ae0\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u7372\u5f97\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u56db\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5e6b\u52a9\u6253\u6557\u81ea\u6bba\u5ff5\u982d\u3002 Williams \u63a5\u624b\u4e86 Camus \u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u6bba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u800c\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u81ea\u6bba\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u52d9\u5be6\u4e14\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
\n  
\n \u7b2c 6 \u7ae0\u548c\u7b2c 7 \u7ae0\u56de\u6b78\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u6b7b\u5f8c\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7121\u804a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u7de9\u89e3\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u4f86\u4e16\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u5df1\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u7684\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u5e0c\u671b\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u5f37\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u627e\u5230\u4e86 Williams \u7684\u589e\u5f37\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002 \u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u5e38\u5e38\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c07\u6beb\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u4e16\u4fd7\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d2e\u6839\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 Williams \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u589e\u5f37\u4e86\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u6846\u67b6\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba Williams \u8861\u91cf\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\u4e0d\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e3b\u89c0\u559c\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u5167\u5728\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n\u5728\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8209\u52d5 existential move\u201d\u4e2d\uff0cWilliams\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u611f\u5230\u75db\u82e6\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5426\u8a8d\u589e\u5f37\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c0d\u5b83\u6f20\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff09\u6216\u8005\u70ba\u5b83\u82e6\u60f1\u3002 \u75db\u82e6\u662f\u6700\u7406\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u932f\u904e\u4e86\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c31\u932f\u904e\u4e86\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u3002 \u7b2c 7 \u7ae0\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u589e\u5f37\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u6b7b\u5f8c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u771f\u76f8\u589e\u5f37\u4e86\u4eca\u751f\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8003\u616e\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u904e\u5c0d\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f86\u589e\u52a0\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f86\u589e\u5f37\u751f\u547d\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u56db\u7a2e\u76f8\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Williams \u5728\u89e3\u6790\u7121\u804a\u6642\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7121\u804a\u7684\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u617e\u671b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002 \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u804a\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u5728\u610f\u9019\u7a2e\u6216\u90a3\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u6216\u8a31\u9023\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b7b\u6d3b\u90fd\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u3002 \u5f9e\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e0a\u6bd4\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u804a\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u3002 \u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u4eba\/\u9019\u985e\u5b8c\u5168\u5fd8\u5931\u4e86\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5f9e Williams \u5c0d\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\uff1f \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u771f\u80fd\u904e\u4e0a\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u55ce\uff1f Williams \u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u6027\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u500b\u6027\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027\u3002 \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u662f\u8d85\u51fa\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff1f    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c Kierkegaard \u95dc\u65bc\u514b\u670d\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u804a\u4ee5\u8d70\u5411\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff1a\u95dc\u6ce8\u5167\u5fc3\u3001\u9858\u610f\u6539\u8b8a\u3001\u95e1\u660e\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3001\u5b89\u975c\u548c\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002 \u4f3c\u4e4e\uff0c\u771f\u80fd\u9054\u81f3\u6b64\u4e5f\u5df2\u7d93\u5c0d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u9ad4\u609f\u4e86\u3002 \u6216\u8a31\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u7cfe\u7d50\uff1b\u800c\u9019\u8207\u4e0a\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u6709\u95dc\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u804a\u7684\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u53c3\u8207\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u64d4\u5fc3\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0d\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 Kierkegaard \u7684\u9019\u4e94\u7a2e\u80fd\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u591a\u5c11\u4e5f\u5145\u5206\u5730\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u6703\u611f\u5230\u7121\u804a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u6e96\u5099\u597d\u514b\u670d\u5b83\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8207\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u804a\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5340\u5225\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7a2e\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\/\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7d55\u671b\uff0c\u59bb\u96e2\u5b50\u6563\u3001\u5bb6\u7834\u4eba\u4ea1\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u81f3\u8d70\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u3001\u8d70\u5230 Kierkegaard \u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff1a\u81f4\u6b7b\u4e4b\u75c5 The sickness unto death\uff0c\u6216\u5982\u73fe\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8eba\u5e73\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u81f3\u6bd4\u8eba\u5e73\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u66f4\u52a3\u5462\uff1f\u8b6c\u55bb\u9054\u81f3\u751f\u7121\u53ef\u6200\u3001\u9023\u830d\u4e14\u5077\u751f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u503c\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u90a3\u53c8\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u5462\uff1f\u4eba\u82e5\u7576\u771f\u89ba\u5f97\u751f\u6d3b\u771f\u7684\u6beb\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u4e86\uff0c\u6216\u4eba\u90aa\u60e1\u5230\u60e1\u8cab\u6eff\u76c8\u4e86\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u5462\uff1f Williams \u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u52a0\u4ee5\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u4ed6\u61c9\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u9019\u4e5f\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6b7b\u5c40\u4e86\u3002\u3002\u3002\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u5c0d\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002 \u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002 \u5931\u53bb\u5e0c\u671b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7834\u58de\u4e86\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u6c7a\u5fc3\uff0c\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9019\u4e00\u751f\u6beb\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u6beb\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u90a3\u4eba\u6700\u7d42\u53c8\u5c07\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u6771\u897f\u5f9e\u6beb\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u63db\u6210\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\uff1f\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u9762\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4eba\u53c8\u8a72\u7576\u5982\u4f55\uff1f Williams \u53c8\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7406\uff1f\u3002\u3002\u3002\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5019\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u7d66\u4e88\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u7957\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u64c1\u62b1\uff1f\u3002\u3002\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5beb\u4e00\u672c\u7121\u8072\u7684\u66f8\u662f\u5f88\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cWilliams \u6240\u5beb\u7684\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e26\u975e\u4e00\u8a00\u4e0d\u767c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u3001\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u548c\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u9673\u8ff0\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8a31\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u8b80\u8005\u5c0b\u627e\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\u8b80\u8005\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u9019\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u58de\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u667a\u6167\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u611a\u8822\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u5149\u660e\u7684\u5b63\u7bc0\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u5b63\u7bc0\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4e4b\u6625\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5931\u671b\u4e4b\u51ac\uff1b\u4eba\u5011\u9762\u524d\u6709\u8457\u5404\u6a23\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u9762\u524d\u4e5f\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u6709\uff1b\u4eba\u5011\u6b63\u5728\u76f4\u767b\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u5728\u76f4\u4e0b\u5730\u7344\u2014\u2014\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u90a3\u6642\u8ddf\u73fe\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u50cf\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u55a7\u56c2\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5805\u6301\u8981\u7528\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7d1a\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u5b83\u3002\u8aaa\u5b83\u597d\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7684\uff1b\u8aaa\u5b83\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7684\u3002 It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of Light,it was the season … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2iq","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8830"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8836,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8830\/revisions\/8836"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}