{"id":8889,"date":"2023-05-01T22:37:04","date_gmt":"2023-05-01T22:37:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8889"},"modified":"2023-05-02T22:38:08","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T22:38:08","slug":"our-fate-essays-on-god-and-free-will","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/05\/01\/our-fate-essays-on-god-and-free-will\/","title":{"rendered":"Our Fate: Essays on God and Free Will"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u5bbf\u547d\u8ad6\u96e2\u4e0d\u958b\u9810\u77e5 foreknowledge \u8207\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e3b\u5c0e\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u662f\u771f\u7684\u55ce\uff1f\u201d \u548c  \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u76f8\u5bb9\u55ce\uff1f\u201d \u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u8ca0\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u80fd\u812b\u96e2\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u81ea\u6c7a\u3002\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u517c\u5bb9\u554f\u984c\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u662f\u5426\u8207\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002John Martin Fischer) \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u672c\u66f8 11 \u7bc7\u662f\u4ee5\u524d\u767c\u8868\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u5408\u96c6\u3002 Fischer \u5f9e\u4e00\u7bc7\u65b0\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u6587\u7ae0\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4ed6\u7e3d\u7d50\u3001\u64f4\u5c55\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8981\u7d20 \u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u95dc\u6ce8\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u662f\u5426\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fischer \u8a66\u5716\u8b49\u660e\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002 \u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6697\u793a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4e5f\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cFischer \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e26\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 Fischer \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\u70ba\u652f\u6301\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u800c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u5230\u5e95\u5982\u4f55?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u548c\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8abf\u548c\uff1f
\nFischer \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9eb5\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u8207\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u3002 \u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u8ad6\u9ede\u90fd\u8207 \u201c\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u6027 fixity of the past\u201d\u6709\u95dc( Ch. 6 )\u3002 \u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u616e\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fischer \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8ad6\u9ede\uff08 \u201c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede the Arguments for Incompatibilism\u201d \uff09( p 53 )\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u65bc\u201c\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u548c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u8f49\u79fb\u539f\u5247 Transfer Principle ( pp 2-3 ) . \u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u8868\u660e\u505a X \u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u505a Y\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a Y\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a X\u3002\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u8005\u901a\u904e\u8868\u660e\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a X\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff09\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a Y \u4f86\u4f7f\u7528\u8f49\u79fb\u539f\u5247 \uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u8b49\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6301\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u3002 Fischer \u8abf\u67e5\u4e86\u5c0d\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u8b49 Incompatibilism \u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u8af8\u5982
\n\u201cScotism\u201d\uff1a\u8f49\u79fb\u539f\u5247\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\uff0c\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc Duns Scotus\uff0c\u7531 Anthony Kenny \u958b\u767c ( Ch 2 )\uff1b
\n\u201cOckhamism\u201d\uff1a\u57fa\u65bcWilliam of Ockham\u7684\u601d\u60f3 ( p 12 )\uff0c\u4ed6\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u904e\u53bb\u7684 \u201c\u786c hard\u201d\uff08\u66ab\u6642\u4e0d\u76f8\u95dc\uff09\u548c \u201c\u8edf soft\u201d\uff08\u66ab\u6642\u76f8\u95dc\uff09\u4e8b\u5be6 ( Ch 7 )\uff1b
\n\u201cMolinism\u201d\uff1a\u53d7\u8036\u7a4c\u6703\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Luis de Molina\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d \u201c\u4e2d\u9593\u77e5\u8b58 middle knowledge\u201d \u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u555f\u767c ( p 8 ) \u2014\u2014\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6703\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002( Ch 4 )
\nFischer \u70ba\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u8b49\u8faf\u8b77\u4ee5\u61c9\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7248\u672c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\u4e0d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5176\u4ed6\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cAnthony Kenny \u5c0d\u8f49\u79fb\u539f\u5247\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7248\u672c\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u8f49\u79fb\u539f\u5247\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u62d2\u7d55\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u56e0\u6b64\u62d2\u7d55\u5176\u4ed6\u8ad6\u8b49\u3002 \u6839\u64da Fischer \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0cMolinism \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5929\u610f\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u3002 \u4ed6\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5b83\u8ff4\u907f\u4e86\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e14\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u8abf\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9664\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u767c\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5916\uff0cFischer \u9084\u5c0d\u76f8\u95dc\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002 \u4ed6\u70ba\u795e\u5b78\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b83\u8ff4\u907f\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a66\u5716\u8868\u660e\u62d2\u7d55 Ockhamism \u4e26\u4e0d\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u8072\u7a31\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u786c\u4e8b\u5be6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8edf\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\uff08\u53cd\u5c0d William Hasker\u3001Patrick Todd \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff09\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u67d0\u4e9b\u672a\u4f86\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6703\u767c\u751f\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e26\u4e0d\u59a8\u7919\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u6839\u64da\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u7279\u5fb5\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6703\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u548c\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002 \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u4ee5\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u69cb\u60f3\u3002 \u4f46\u8207\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u662f\u7121\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u968e\u4fe1\u5ff5 \u201c\u5f15\u5c0e bootstrap\u201d \u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u4e8c\u968e\uff08 Fischer \u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9810\u77e5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7a31\u70ba\u5f15\u5c0e\u89c0\u9ede  the Bootstrapping View\uff09( p 38 )\u3002 \u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002 \u9019\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u76f8\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6392\u9664\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cFischer \u9084\u662f\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7121\u95dc\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c07\u5176\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u76f8\u5354\u8abf\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u672c\u66f8\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u53ef\u4ee5\u8abf\u548c\u55ce\uff1f
\nFischer \u53c3\u8003\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4f86\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7406\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u548c\u8faf\u8b77 \u3002 \u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u6240\u9700\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u81ea\u7531\u8981\u6c42\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a1\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff08\u66ff\u4ee3\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u539f\u5247 the Principle of Alternative Possibilities \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede ( PP46, 51\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cFischer \u8a66\u5716\u8b49\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba \u201c\u8abf\u7bc0\u63a7\u5236 regulative control\u201d \u7684\u81ea\u7531 ( p 47 ) \u2014\u2014\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u53ef\u8abf\u548c\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u898f\u7bc4\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5373 \u201c\u6307\u5c0e\u63a7\u5236 guidance control\u201d\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u6307\u5c0e\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u4ed6\u6839\u64da\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u3002 \u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba \u201c\u627f\u64d4\u8cac\u4efb takes responsibility\u201d \u6642\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u5c31\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6307\u5c0e\u63a7\u5236\u5305\u62ec\u5169\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u548c\u5c0d\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u3002( p 47 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fischer \u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u793a\u4f8b\uff08\u53d7 Harry Frankfurt \u6240\u8209\u793a\u4f8b\u7684\u555f\u767c ( p58 )\uff09\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u67d0\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u627f\u64d4\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9078\u64c7\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Black \u5077\u5077\u5728 Jones \u7684\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u690d\u5165\u4e86\u82af\u7247\u3002 \u9019\u4f7f Black \u80fd\u5920\u76e3\u8996\u548c\u63a7\u5236 Jones \u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5728\u7e3d\u7d71\u9078\u8209\u4e2d\uff0c Jones \u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u6295\u7968\u7d66\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u5019\u9078\u4eba\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc Jones \u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u7684\u82af\u7247\u5c31\u6703\u9032\u884c\u5e72\u9810\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u4ed6\u771f\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6295\u7968\u7d66\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u3002 \u4f46\u5982\u679c Jones \u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6295\u7968\u7d66\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\uff0c\u82af\u7247\u5c31\u4ec0\u9ebc\u90fd\u4e0d\u505a\u3002 \u5047\u8a2d Jones \u6c7a\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u6295\u7968\u7d66\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\uff0c\u5c31\u50cfBlack \u6c92\u6709\u5728\u4ed6\u8166\u888b\u88e1\u690d\u5165\u82af\u7247\u4e00\u6a23\u3002 \u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\uff0cJones \u4f3c\u4e4e\u8981\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u8ca0\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5225\u7121\u9078\u64c7\u3002( p 46 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fischer \u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u985e\u4f3c Frankfurt \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684 “\u534a\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6 semicompatibilism” \u89c0\u9ede ( p 49 )\uff1a\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u795e\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec Derk Pereboom\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u8981\u6c42\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6210\u70ba\u4ed6\u884c\u70ba\u7684 \u201c\u6700\u7d42\u4f86\u6e90 ultimate source\u201d\u3002 \u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8207\u4e3b\u9ad4\u662f\u5176\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u4f86\u6e90\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6700\u7d42\u4f86\u6e90\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6839\u64da Fischer \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u534a\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u4f86\u6e90\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8ad6\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e26\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4ed6\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u4e0d\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u4e0d\u904e\uff0cFischer \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9810\u77e5\u548c Frankfurt \u6848\u4f8b \u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u5916\u5728\u65bc\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e14\u4e0d\u53d7\u4ed6\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6771\u897f\u8db3\u4ee5\u4fc3\u6210\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u5916\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u50cf Fischer \u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u4ecd\u7136\u8207\u6307\u5c0e\u63a7\u5236\u76f8\u5bb9 \u2014\u2014 \u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u76f8\u5bb9 \u2014\u2014 \u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4f86\u6e90\u540c\u6a23\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6697\u793a\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0cFischer \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u985e\u4f3cFrankfurt \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u50c5\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u5176\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u4f86\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7e3d\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0cFischer \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u5011\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u6c38\u9060\u7121\u6cd5\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 \u4f46\u4ed6\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u63a7\u5236\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7f3a\u4e4f\u76e3\u7ba1\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6307\u5c0e\u63a7\u5236\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u76f8\u95dc\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8ca0\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e8b\u5148\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002
\nRobert Kane \u5728 “The Oxford Handbook of Free Will” \u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9810\u77e5\u4e4b\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u201c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u8ff7\u5bae\u822c\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u4e0a\u8d85\u904e\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u201d\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u975e\u76f8\u95dc\u554f\u984c\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cFischer \u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u662f\u8907\u96dc\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e3b\u8981\u5c0d\u5c08\u5bb6\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u76f8\u95dc\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002 Fischer \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e0d\u50c5\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9810\u77e5\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u3001\u9078\u64c7\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u5c0d\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u3001\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5f88\u6709\u8da3 \u5426\u5247\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u3002 \u539f\u56e0\u662f\u9019\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5171\u540c\u9ede\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0cFischer \u5c0d\u6b64\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u95e1\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fischer \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u5c0d\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u56b4\u683c\u8a55\u4f30\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e26\u634d\u885b\u4e86\u904e\u53bb\u5c0d\u6311\u6230\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u6027\u524d\u63d0\uff1b \u4ed6\u8868\u660e\u786c\u4e8b\u5be6\u548c\u8edf\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u96b1\u85cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9019\u7a2e\u5340\u5225\u61c9\u8a72\u8207\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5be6\u548c\u975e\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff1b \u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5c0d\u6982\u5ff5\u542b\u7fa9\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u201d\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u542b\u7fa9\uff1b \u4ed6\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u6a21\u68f1\u5169\u53ef\u548c\u8ff4\u907f\u554f\u984c\u7b49\u908f\u8f2f\u8b2c\u8aa4\uff1b \u4ed6\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5f9e\u4e00\u7a2e\u201c\u8a9e\u8a00\u904a\u6232\u201d\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u201c\u8a9e\u8a00\u904a\u6232\u201d\u7684\u8b2c\u8aa4\uff08 Wittgenstein\u66fe\u8b66\u544a\u904e \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u6027\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u70ba\u5c0e\u81f4\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Fischer \u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5dee\u7570\u662f\u5426\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5f71\u97ff\u503c\u5f97\u61f7\u7591\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0cFischer \u627f\u8a8d\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5f15\u5c0e\u201d\u8ad6\u9ede\uff08\u5c07\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u5206\u958b\uff09\u662f\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u7d50\u8ad6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u795e\u8056\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u76f8\u5bb9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Kane \u63d0\u5230  Milton \u7684\u300a\u5931\u6a02\u5712 Paradise Lost\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5929\u4f7f\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u4e4b\u5149\u4e2d\u8faf\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8ff7\u5931\u5728\u201c\u7121\u76e1\u7684\u8ff7\u5bae endless mazes\u201d\u4e2d\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u201c\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u51e1\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4ee4\u4eba\u6b23\u6170\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u201d Fischer \u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7406\u89e3\u7121\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e3b\u8981\u89c0\u9ede\u201c\u81f3\u5c11\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8207\u4e4b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5967\u79d8\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f \u91cd\u5927\u554f\u984c\u3002\u201d \u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6240\u8003\u616e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8207\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5bbf\u547d\u8ad6\u96e2\u4e0d\u958b\u9810\u77e5 foreknowledge \u8207\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e3b\u5c0e\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u662f\u771f\u7684\u55ce\uff1f\u201d \u548c  \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u76f8\u5bb9\u55ce\uff1f\u201d \u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u8ca0\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u80fd\u812b\u96e2\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u81ea\u6c7a\u3002\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u517c\u5bb9\u554f\u984c\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u662f\u5426\u8207\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002John Martin Fischer) \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u795e\u8056\u9810\u77e5\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u672c\u66f8 11 \u7bc7\u662f\u4ee5\u524d\u767c\u8868\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u5408\u96c6\u3002 Fischer \u5f9e\u4e00\u7bc7\u65b0\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u6027\u6587\u7ae0\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4ed6\u7e3d\u7d50\u3001\u64f4\u5c55\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8981\u7d20 \u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u95dc\u6ce8\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u662f\u5426\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u3002 Fischer \u8a66\u5716\u8b49\u660e\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002 \u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6697\u793a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4e5f\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9810\u77e5\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cFischer \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u4e26\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 Fischer \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\u70ba\u652f\u6301\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u800c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u5230\u5e95\u5982\u4f55? 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