{"id":8891,"date":"2023-05-04T16:00:31","date_gmt":"2023-05-04T16:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8891"},"modified":"2023-05-05T16:03:01","modified_gmt":"2023-05-05T16:03:01","slug":"warranted-christian-belief","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/05\/04\/warranted-christian-belief\/","title":{"rendered":"Warranted Christian Belief"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u978f\u56fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u504f\u898b\u800c\u5df2\u3002 Williams James <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u6709\u504f\u898b\u4e0d\u662f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u504f\u898b\u624d\u662f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u504f\u898b\u537b\u4e0d\u4fee\u6b63\u66f4\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u885d\u7a81\u7686\u6e90\u81ea\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u504f\u898b\u3002\u4eba\u53ea\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u842c\u7269\uff1a\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u66b4\u529b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u4eba\u8aaa: Alvin Plantinga \u8a8d\u70ba\uff1aAtheists are actually dysfunctional cognitively\u3002\u90a3\u5230\u5e95\u8a8d\u77e5\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8abf\u7684\u6703\u662f\u8ab0\u5462? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b97\u6559\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u54f2\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u554f\u984c\u662f \u201c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6191\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff1f\u201d\u3002 \u5c0d\u6b64\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230 Aquinas \u53ca\u4ee5\u5f8c? : \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\uff09\u4fe1\u4ef0\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ad6\u64da\u6216\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u7406\u667a\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u5c07\u6839\u64da\u5f37\u5ea6\u800c\u5b9a\u3002 \u6216\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6216\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u5f31\u9ede\u3002 \u5927\u7d04 20 \u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u52a0\u723e\u6587\u5b78\u9662\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u65b0\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b78\uff08\u7f8e\u570b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6b78\u6b63\u6703\u5b78\u9662\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u5c0f\u7d44\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\u662f Alvin Plantinga \uff0c\u6642\u4efb\u52a0\u723e\u6587\u5b78\u9662\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u73fe\u4efb\u8056\u6bcd\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u3002 \u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7d0d\u5dde Nicholas Wolterstorff \u6642\u4efb\u52a0\u723e\u6587\u5b78\u9662\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u73fe\u4efb\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u795e\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff1b \u548c\u6700\u8fd1\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u7d10\u7d04\u932b\u62c9\u4e18\u8332\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388 William Alston \u3002 \u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c07\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7406\u7531\u6216\u8ad6\u64da\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff1b \u7528\u884c\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u201d\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6709\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8001\u751f\u5e38\u8ac7\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5c31\u6703\u9762\u81e8\u60e1\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u6216\u7121\u9650\u5012\u9000\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u6210\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\u5730\u6301\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4f5c\u70ba\u9069\u7576\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002 Plantinga\u3001Wolterstorff \u548c Alston \u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u7b97\u4f5c\u9019\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u6539\u9769\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6 Reformed epistemology\u201d\uff0c\u63a1\u7d0d\u4e86 Nicholas Wolterstorff \u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8207\u82f1\u7f8e\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u50b3\u7d71\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u5dee\u7570\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u3002 \u2018\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u4eba\u58eb\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u7528\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u978f\u56fa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5805\u5b9a\u5730\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u901a\u904e\u7406\u8ad6\u5316\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 \u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u4e0d\u592a\u559c\u6b61\u901a\u904e\u7406\u8ad6\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5805\u5b9a\u5730\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u6536\u96c6\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u978f\u56fa\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u2019\uff08The Reformed Journal 31, April 1981<\/a>\uff09\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u5728 Alvin Plantinga \u7684\u5de8\u8457 “Warranted Christian Belief <\/a> (OUP, Oxford, 2000)”\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31 WCB\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u4e2d\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u9802\u5cf0\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u95dc\u65bcWarrant \u7684\u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u5176\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u201c\u8cea\u91cf\u6216\u6578\u91cf\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5b83\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u5c07\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u201d\uff08WCB\uff0cp 153\uff09 , \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f Warrant: The Current Debate<\/a> (OUP, Oxford, 1993)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31 WCD\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca Warrant and Proper Function<\/a> (OUP, Oxford, 1993)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31 WPF\u3002 WCB\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5176\u6a19\u984c\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\uff0c Plantinga \u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u5c07\u95dc\u65bc “Warrant” \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8003\u616e\u4e2d\u3002 \u5b83\u5f9e\u5169\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0cPlantinga \u53cd\u5c0d\u4ed6\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u7684\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u7406\u7531\u6216\u8ad6\u64da\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u5176\u8a8d\u77e5\u5c0a\u91cd\u6c92\u6709\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b \u5230\u5b83\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002Plantinga \u5728\u9019\u88e1\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95dc\u65bc\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u771f\u7406\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6d88\u6975\u8b77\u6559\u5b78\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\uff0cPlantinga \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8996\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u7406\u7531\u6216\u8ad6\u64da\uff1b \u9019\u500b\u9805\u76ee\u78ba\u5be6\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u6587\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u539a\u91cd\u7684\u66f8 508 \u9801\u7684\u56b4\u8b39\u548c\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff08\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u5169\u7a2e\u5b57\u9ad4\uff1a\u6a19\u6e96\u4ee3\u8868\u56b4\u8b39\uff0c\u5c0f\u4ee3\u8868\u771f\u6b63\u56b4\u8b39\uff09\u88ab Plantinga \u7684\u6a5f\u667a\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u8033\u76ee\u4e00\u65b0\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u9078\u64c7\u6240\u6fc0\u767c\u2014\u2014\u719f\u6089 Plantinga \u4ee5\u524d\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u5f88\u9ad8\u8208\u770b\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u4f8b\u5b50\u53d6\u81ea\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u767b\u5c71\u611b\u597d\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\uff08\u9060\u65b9\uff09\u89aa\u621a Feike\u4eba \u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantinga \u9996\u5148\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u67d0\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u2014\u2014\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d the de facto objection \u610f\u898b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d the de jure objection \u610f\u898b \u3002 \u5728 WCB \u4e2d\uff0cPlantinga \u8655\u7406\u4e86\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u7570\u8b70\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u8868\u660e\u90a3\u7a2e\u4eba\u8aaa \u201c\u597d\u5427\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5be6\uff08\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u8ab0\u6703\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u201d \u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6301\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u8173\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6e05\u9664\u4e86\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u7684\u7532\u677f\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5373\u6c92\u6709\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u8868\u660e Kant \u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8fd1\u7684 John Hick \u548c Gordon Kaufman \u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0cPlantinga \u5c07\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f49\u5411\u5c0d\u7570\u8b70\u7684\u95e1\u660e\uff1a\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6191\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff1f \u4ed6\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u4e09\u500b\u91cd\u5efa\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u7684\u5019\u9078\u8005\uff1a\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5167\u90e8\u6216\u5916\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantinga \u9996\u5148\u8655\u7406\u95dc\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u5176\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u53cd\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6642\u6c92\u6709\u9075\u5b88\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7406\u667a\u8077\u8cac\u3002 Plantinga \u6c92\u6709\u5728 WCB \u4e2d\u8aaa\u660e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u667a\u529b\u8cac\u4efb\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5728 WCD \u4e2d\u7c21\u8981\u8a0e\u8ad6\u904e\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f88\u660e\u986f\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6642\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u4efb\u4f55\u667a\u529b\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8996\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\uff08\u547d\u984c\uff09\u8b49\u64da\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantinga \u8a8d\u70ba\u57fa\u65bc\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d the de jure objection \u592a\u5bb9\u6613\u53cd\u99c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5c07\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f49\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0b\u627e\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u3002\u5373\uff0c \u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u5408\u7406\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5805\u6301\u4f5c\u70ba\u9069\u7576\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u201c\u975e\u7406\u6027 irrationality\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u6307\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6545\u969c\u6216\u529f\u80fd\u969c\u7919\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c\u4ed6\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u5167\u90e8\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u7406\u6027\u3002 \u4ed6\u5c07 ( p 110) \u5167\u5728\u7406\u6027\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7522\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u5728\u7d93\u9a57 \u201c\u4e0b\u6e38 downstream\u201d \u7684\u9069\u7576\u529f\u80fd\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6839\u64da\u7d93\u9a57\u5f62\u6210\u6216\u6301\u6709\u9069\u7576\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u6301\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u9023\u8cab\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u60c5\u6cc1\u51fa\u73fe\u6642\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c31\u884c\u52d5\u65b9\u6848\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u66f4\u9858\u610f\u76f8\u4fe1\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u6642\u5019\u5c0b\u627e\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u3002 Plantinga \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5167\u90e8\u5408\u7406\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u4e5f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53cd\u99c1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u5f37\u70c8\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f88\u660e\u986f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u5728\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5167\u5728\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5c07\u662f\u5167\u5728\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0b\u627e\u66f4\u5177\u6311\u6230\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff0cPlantinga \u8f49\u5411\u5916\u90e8\u7406\u6027 external rationality\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u5176\u5b9a\u7fa9 ( p 246) \u70ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u7d93\u9a57 \u201c\u4e0a\u6e38 upstream\u201d \u7684\u9069\u7576\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5373\u95dc\u65bc\u6b63\u78ba\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u5f62\u6210 ( p 112)\u3002 Plantinga \u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u5c07\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u8072\u7a31\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0cPlantinga \u8aaa\uff0c\u4f9d\u64da\u5305\u62ec\u5916\u5728\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5f9e\u4f9d\u64da\u8003\u616e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u4e5f\u5f9e\u5916\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u51fa\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u539f\u56e0 Plantinga \u8f49\u5411\u4fdd\u8b49\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u5176\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u8db3\u4ee5\u5c07\u771f\u5be6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002 Plantinga \u5728\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u4e14\u50c5\u7576\uff08\u7c97\u7565\u5730\uff09\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7522\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u6839\u64da\u6210\u529f\u5730\u65e8\u5728\u7522\u751f\u771f\u5be6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u8a08\u5283\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u6b63\u5e38\u904b\u4f5c\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5 WCD \u548c WPF \u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u3002 Plantinga \u96a8\u5f8c\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f Freud \u548cMarx \u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u62b1\u6028\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0cFreud \u8072\u7a31\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u5ec2\u60c5\u9858\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u7522\u751f\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u5118\u7ba1\u5b83\u904b\u4f5c\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u4ee5\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u904e\u7a0b\u3002 \u5c0d\u65bc Marx \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u7531\u4ee5\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u904e\u7a0b\u7522\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u8a8d\u77e5\u904e\u7a0b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6b63\u5e38\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u88ab\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u8655\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u6240\u626d\u66f2\u3002 Plantinga \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f Freud \u9084\u662f Marx \uff0c\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u63d0\u4f9b\u592a\u591a\u8ad6\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684 \u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantinga \u7136\u5f8c\u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a the de jure \u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e26\u4e0d\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a the de facto \u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002 Plantinga \u901a\u904e\u8072\u7a31\u5982\u679c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u771f\u7684\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\u4f86\u8ad6\u8b49\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4e26\u901a\u904e\u7d66\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u201c\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u6027\uff0c\u4f46 Plantinga \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u8868\u660e\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u7d66\u51fa\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u3002 Plantinga \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u8b49\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8b49\u660e\u5c31\u6211\u5011\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u800c\u8a00\u5b83\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u8b49\u660e\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7d66\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6709\u529b\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002 Plantinga \u9084\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8207\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u6771\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a the de facto \u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a the de jure \u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0a\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u4eba\u8aaa \u201c\u597d\u5427\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5be6\uff08\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u8ab0\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u55ce\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u78ba\u5be6\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684’\u6c92\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002 Plantinga \u7136\u5f8c\u8aaa ( p 191) \u201c\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u53cd\u5c0d\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u5b83\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantinga \u7136\u5f8c\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u795e\u8056\u611f the sensus divinitatis\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5728\u9069\u7576\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u76f4\u63a5\u5275\u9020\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u81ea\u7136\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u8a18\u61b6\u3001\u63a8\u7406\uff09; \u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u6211\u5011\u8eab\u4e0a\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e26\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u547d\u984c\u8b49\u64da\u3002 Plantinga \u7a31\u6b64\u70ba \u201cthe Aquinas\/Calvin\uff0c\u6216 A\/C\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u8072\u7a31\u5b83\u6e90\u81eaAquinas \u7684 “Summa Theologiae” \u548c Calvin \u7684 “Institutes of the Christian Religion”\u3002 \u5728 A\/C \u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u7531\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff08\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u8a2d\u8a08\u70ba\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff09\u4e2d\u6839\u64da\u6210\u529f\u5730\u91dd\u5c0d\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u8a08\u5283\uff08 \u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5047\u8a2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u6703\u72af\u932f\uff0c\u4e26\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5f62\u6210\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6301\u6709\u4e26\u4e14\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u69cb\u6210\u77e5\u8b58\u3002 \u9019\u5c07\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7f6e\u65bc\u4f55\u5730\uff1f Plantinga \u5728\u7b2c 186 \u9801\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u67d0\u7a2e\u5931\u660e\u6216\u8033\u807e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u8056\u611f\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u7576\u9020\u6210\u7684 ( P 186)\u3002 \u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u96b1\u779e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u4fdd\u8b49’\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u751a\u81f3\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u666e\u904d\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff08\u56e0\u70ba the sensus divinitatis universal\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5927\u6982\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u666e\u904d \u8a2d\u8a08\u65b9\u6848\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u898f\u5b9a\u96b1\u779e\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u6703\u5c07\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7559\u5728\u4f55\u8655\uff1f \u5373\u57fa\u65bc\u8ad6\u8b49\u6216\u547d\u984c\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1f \u795e\u8056\u611f\u7522\u751f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u5730\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u597d\u50cf\u795e\u8056\u611f\u6c92\u6709\u6b63\u5e38\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u662f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6b0a\u8b49 warrant \u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u7269\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantinga \u7136\u5f8c\u8f49\u5411\u634d\u885b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 \u6279\u8a55\u8005\u5c07\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u66f4\u52a0\u6a21\u68f1\u5169\u53ef\u3002 \u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u201c\u8056\u9748\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u6fc0\u52f5 internal instigation of the Holy Spirit\u201d \u6216 \u7c21\u7d04\u4e4b\u70ba \u201cIIHS\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u201c\u5411\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u63ed\u793a\u4e26\u5370\u8b49\u6211\u5011\u5167\u5fc3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff08\u5373\u4e0d\u57fa\u65bc\uff08\u547d\u984c\uff09\u8ad6\u9ede\u6216\u7406\u7531\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u201d \u798f\u97f3\u7684\u5927\u4e8b\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u9ad4\u3001\u9053\u6210\u8089\u8eab\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8907\u6d3b\u3001\u8d16\u7f6a\u3001\u7f6a\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\u3001\u6551\u6069\u3001\u91cd\u751f\u3001\u6c38\u751f\u201d\uff08 p 241\uff09\u3002 Plantinga \u5c07\u9019\u5957\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7121\u52a9\u5730\u4f7f\u7528 \u201c\u4fe1\u4ef0 faith\u201d \u4e00\u8a5e\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u5f62\u6210\u9019\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u7576\uff08\u4e26\u4e14\u50c5\u7576\uff1f\uff09\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u904e\u95b1\u8b80\u6216\u9593\u63a5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u904e\u8b1b\u9053\uff09\u8056\u7d93\u807d\u5230\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u898b\u8b49\u6642\uff0c\u8056\u9748\u5c31\u6703\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u6a21\u68f1\u5169\u53ef\u7684\u662f\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u4fdd\u8b49\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u662f\u8056\u7d93\u3001IIHS\u3001\u8b49\u8a5e\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u7d44\u5408\uff1f \u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u771f\u7684\u4f46\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u5047\u7684\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff1a\u8056\u9748\u7684\u5167\u5728\u6fc0\u52f5\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantinga \u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u7531\u8a8d\u77e5\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u662f IIHS\uff09\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u6b63\u5e38\u904b\u4f5c\uff08\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u8056\u9748\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u6b63\u5e38\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c( p 246, fn. 10)\uff09\u7522\u751f\u7684 \uff08\u8056\u9748\u4e0d\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u4e0d\u5408\u9069\u7684\uff09\u6309\u7167\u4e00\u500b\u8a2d\u8a08\u65b9\u6848\u6210\u529f\u5730\u9054\u5230\u7522\u751f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u8056\u9748\u4e0d\u72af\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u8981\u6211\u5011\u5f62\u6210\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff09\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6301\u6709\u5f97\u8db3\u5920\u7262\u56fa\uff0c\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u69cb\u6210\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u5982\u679c\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff09\u3002 the sensus divinitatis \u548c IIHS \u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u958b\u59cb\u6642\uff09\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u4f7f\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u8b8a\u5f97\u975e\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6c92\u6709 IIHS \u5c31\u4e0d\u5fc5\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u90e8\u5206\uff0cPlantinga \u5c07\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f49\u5411\u4e86\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5931\u6557\u8005\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u5931\u6557\u8005\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u958b\u59cb\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u500b\u5931\u6557\u8005\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u7406\u6027\u5730\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6301\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\uff08\u201c\u88ab\u64ca\u6557\u7684\u201d\uff09\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002 Plantinga \u8003\u616e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u62b1\u6028\u662f\u5c0d\u6b77\u53f2\u8056\u7d93\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f9e\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u63a8\u65b7\u51fa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 \u56de\u61c9\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78-\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f the accepted scientific-historic manner \u5f9e\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u63a8\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u4fdd\u8b49\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5931\u6557\u8005\u662f\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u5f8c Plantinga \u8003\u616e\u4e26\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5931\u6557\u8005\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u8f49\u5411\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9451\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u591a\u5143\u6027\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u662f\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u4e14\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e26\u5f9e\u6982\u7387\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u4fdd\u8b49\u3002 Plantinga \u7136\u5f8c\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6301\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u56de\u7b54\u8aaa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u3002 Plantinga \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u62d2\u7d55\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u62d2\u7d55\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6709\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\u4fdd\u8b49\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5373 IIHS\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\uff0cPlantinga \u6c42\u52a9\u65bc\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u548c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u6230\u52dd\u8005\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u90aa\u60e1\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7570\u8b70\u5df2\u88ab\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u62cb\u68c4\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u6bd4\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u90aa\u60e1\u548c\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u90aa\u60e1\u53ca\u82e6\u96e3\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u6709\u7406\u7531\u653e\u68c4\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u3002 Plantinga \u56de\u7b54\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u53ea\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5f9e\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u984c\u4e2d\u6982\u7387\u6027\u5730\u7372\u5f97\u4fdd\u8b49\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u5f8c\uff0cPlantinga \u8a8d\u70ba\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6642\uff0c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u652f\u6301\u6bd4\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u2014\u2014\u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u88ab\u8056\u9748\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u795e\u8056\u611f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u63a8\u52d5\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u52dd\u65bc\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u8a08\u5283\u4e2d\u653e\u68c4\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7684\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5931\u6557\u8005\uff1b \u800c\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u2019\uff08 p 491\uff09\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9019\u662f\u5c0d\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u80af\u5b9a\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u53cd\u99c1\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u64ca\u6557\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4eba\u55ce\uff1f \u96e3\u9053\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u770b\u770b\u8a2d\u8a08\u8a08\u5283\u5728\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e00\u822c\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u898f\u5b9a\u653e\u68c4\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n

WCB \u5305\u542b\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u9644\u5e36\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002 Plantinga \u9806\u4fbf\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u5f04\u5de7\u6210\u62d9\u7684\u3002 \u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7522\u751f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6301\u6709\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5931\u6557\u8005\u3002 Plantinga \u99c1\u65a5\u4e86\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u201c\u6211\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff08\u6216\u6211\u7956\u5148\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u5177\u6709\u9069\u61c9\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6 […] \u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u4e26\u4e14\u6211\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u4e09\u6d41\u7406\u7531\u201d\uff08 p 235\uff09\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u8db3\u4ee5\u8b93\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u8005\u9589\u5634\uff1a\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d\u6700\u4f73\u751f\u5b58\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u771f\u5be6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d\uff08\u4f3c\u662f\u800c\u975e\u5730\uff09\u6240\u6709\u5404\u65b9\u90fd\u60f3\u751f\u5b58 \uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5118\u7ba1 Plantinga \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5728\u7bc4\u570d\u548c\u898f\u6a21\u4e0a\u90fd\u5f88\u9f90\u5927\uff0c\u5728\u8655\u7406\u548c\u5c0d\u7d30\u7bc0\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5f88\u5fb9\u5e95\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u5011\u9084\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7591\u554f\u3002 \u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba Plantinga \u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u592a\u5f31\u4e86\u3002 Plantinga \u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u201c\u7336\u592a\u6559\u201d\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7f8e\u6d32\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5b97\u6559\u69cb\u5efa\u8207\u4ed6\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff08 p 350\uff09\u3002 \u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u8a55\u8ad6\u5bb6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6839\u64da Plantinga\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u9664\u5916\uff09\u5c07\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c07\u4e0d\u6703\u6839\u64da\u6210\u529f\u5730\u7784\u6e96\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u8a08\u5283\u800c\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8d85\u8d8a\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559 \u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6bcf\u500b\u7d30\u7bc0\u4e0a\u6a21\u4eff Plantinga \u7684\u9632\u79a6\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u80fd\u5920\u62b5\u5236\u4efb\u4f55\u5411\u4ed6\u5011\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\u50b3\u6559\u5617\u8a66\u3002 \u5728\u8655\u7406\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ad6\u64da\u6216\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6a21\u5f0f\u6642\uff0c Plantinga \u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u8655\u7406\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u9593\u540c\u610f\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u8a72\u6a19\u51c6\u5141\u8a31\u6211\u5011\u8faf\u8ad6\u3001\u722d\u8ad6\u548c\u50b3\u798f\u97f3\u3002 \u5728\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5ea7\u5805\u4e0d\u53ef\u6467\u7684\u5821\u58d8\u6642\uff0c Plantinga \u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5b97\u6559\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u88f8\u9732\u7684\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u6216\u54f2\u5b78\u6709\u795e\u8ad6 Philosophical theism \u5462\uff1f \u5373\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4eba\uff1f \u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u672a\u63a5\u53d7\u904e IIHS\uff08 Plantinga \u4f3c\u4e4e\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u672a\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u901a\u904e\u8a66\u5716\u8b49\u660e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\u4f86\u5411\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u50b3\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002 \u4f3c\u4e4e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7948\u6c42\u8056\u9748\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u88cf\u9762\u4f5c\u5de5\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6c92\u6709\u7d93\u6b77\u904e IIHS\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u88f8\u9732\u7684\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u6216\u54f2\u5b78\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6307\u8cac\u548c\u8b74\u8cac\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba Plantinga \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u904e\u65bc\u5f37\u5927\u3002 \u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ea\u662f\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u50c5\u57fa\u65bc\u7406\u7531\u6216\u8ad6\u64da\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u904e\u65bc\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u5c0d\u5f85\u3002 \u5047\u8a2d\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc Plantinga \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u672a\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u57fa\u65bc\u795e\u8056\u611f\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u4f46\u50c5\u57fa\u65bc\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684 \uff1f Plantinga \u8aaa ( p 186) \u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u795e\u6027\u611f\u89ba\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u5927\u6982\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u66f4\u9858\u610f\u6839\u64da\u8ad6\u8b49\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7b2c 179 \u9801\u8173\u8a3b 15 \u4e2d \uff0c\u4ed6\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u7372\u5f97\u4fdd\u8b49\u201d\u3002 \u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u90a3\u4e9b\u78ba\u5be6\u57fa\u65bc\u8ad6\u8b49\u548c\uff08\u547d\u984c\uff09\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\u5c07\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002 \u81f3\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0cPlantinga \u5728\u7b2c 255 \u9801\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u4f34\u96a8\u8056\u9748\u898b\u8b49\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f62\u6210\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c07\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8abf\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4ee5\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8abf\u7684\uff0c\u5373\uff0c \u6c92\u6709\uff08\u547d\u984c\uff09\u8b49\u64da\u6216\u8ad6\u64da\u3002 \u4ed6\u9084\u8aaa\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u201c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u5c07\u201c\u904e\u65bc\u8106\u5f31\u548c\u6295\u6a5f\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u57fa\u65bc\u8ad6\u8b49\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u61c9\u8a72\u201c\u540c\u6a23\u7336\u8c6b\u4e0d\u6c7a\u201d\uff08 p 267\uff09\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cPlantinga \u5728\u7b2c 250 \u9801\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff1a <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8a72\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u69cb\u6210\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5 [\u5373\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0] \u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u57fa\u672c […]\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u984c\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u3002 [\u2026] \u4fe1\u5f92\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u6709\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5f92\u78ba\u5be6\u9019\u6a23\u63a8\u7406\u3002 \u4f46\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u60c5\u6cc1\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u65bc IIHS \u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5c31\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u9ede\u82db\u523b\u55ce\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f7c\u5f97\u66f8 3:15 \u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u7e3d\u662f\u6e96\u5099\u597d\u56de\u7b54\u6bcf\u500b\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u7d66\u51fa\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5982\u5be6\u7d66\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d66\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u7684\u76f8\u4fe1\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4f7f\u5f92\u8981\u6211\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u5462\uff1f \u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\uff1f \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u5011\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u7688\u4f9d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6839\u64da Plantinga \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c07\u662f\u201c\u7336\u8c6b\u4e0d\u6c7a\u7684\u201d\uff08 p 267\uff09\u3002 \u8aa0\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u64da\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9010\u6f38\u767c\u5c55\u5230\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u76f8\u4fe1\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4f7f\u5f92\u8981\u8b9a\u63da\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u5462\uff1f <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96e3\u548c\u5fa9\u96dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u662f\uff0cPlantinga \u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u5340\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7121\u50f9\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u70ba\u7121\u61c8\u53ef\u64ca\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e26\u99c1\u65a5\u4e86\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u5230\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u3002 WCB \u5c07\u978f\u56fa Plantinga \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u8072\u8b7d\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u8b7d\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u5b8f\u8ad6\u5b83\u6709\u591a\u5b8c\u5584\u7d42\u6b78\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\uff1b\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5916\u4e4b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u5373\u6210\u5176\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u978f\u56fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u504f\u898b\u800c\u5df2\u3002 Williams James \u4f46\u6709\u504f\u898b\u4e0d\u662f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u504f\u898b\u624d\u662f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u504f\u898b\u537b\u4e0d\u4fee\u6b63\u66f4\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u885d\u7a81\u7686\u6e90\u81ea\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u504f\u898b\u3002\u4eba\u53ea\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u842c\u7269\uff1a\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u66b4\u529b \u6709\u4eba\u8aaa: Alvin Plantinga \u8a8d\u70ba\uff1aAtheists are actually dysfunctional cognitively\u3002\u90a3\u5230\u5e95\u8a8d\u77e5\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8abf\u7684\u6703\u662f\u8ab0\u5462? \u5b97\u6559\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u54f2\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u554f\u984c\u662f \u201c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6191\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff1f\u201d\u3002 \u5c0d\u6b64\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230 Aquinas \u53ca\u4ee5\u5f8c? : \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\uff09\u4fe1\u4ef0\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ad6\u64da\u6216\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u7406\u667a\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u5c07\u6839\u64da\u5f37\u5ea6\u800c\u5b9a\u3002 \u6216\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6216\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u5f31\u9ede\u3002 \u5927\u7d04 20 \u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u52a0\u723e\u6587\u5b78\u9662\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u65b0\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b78\uff08\u7f8e\u570b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6b78\u6b63\u6703\u5b78\u9662\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u5c0f\u7d44\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\u662f Alvin Plantinga \uff0c\u6642\u4efb\u52a0\u723e\u6587\u5b78\u9662\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u73fe\u4efb\u8056\u6bcd\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u3002 \u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7d0d\u5dde Nicholas Wolterstorff \u6642\u4efb\u52a0\u723e\u6587\u5b78\u9662\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u73fe\u4efb\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u795e\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff1b \u548c\u6700\u8fd1\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u7d10\u7d04\u932b\u62c9\u4e18\u8332\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388 William Alston \u3002 \u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c07\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7406\u7531\u6216\u8ad6\u64da\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff1b \u7528\u884c\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u201d\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6709\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8001\u751f\u5e38\u8ac7\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5c31\u6703\u9762\u81e8\u60e1\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u6216\u7121\u9650\u5012\u9000\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u6210\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\u5730\u6301\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4f5c\u70ba\u9069\u7576\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002 … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2jp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8891","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8891"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8891\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8892,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8891\/revisions\/8892"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8891"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8891"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8891"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}