{"id":8925,"date":"2023-05-26T16:56:34","date_gmt":"2023-05-26T16:56:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8925"},"modified":"2023-05-26T16:56:38","modified_gmt":"2023-05-26T16:56:38","slug":"fellow-creatures%ef%bc%9aour-obligations-to-the-other-animals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/05\/26\/fellow-creatures%ef%bc%9aour-obligations-to-the-other-animals\/","title":{"rendered":"Fellow Creatures\uff1aOur Obligations to the Other Animals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Oxana Timofeeva \u7684 “The History of Animals: A Philosophy<\/a><\/em>” \u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u7368\u7279\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u4f86\u770b\u4eba\u8207\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002Martha C. Nussbaum \u7684 “Justice for Animals: Our Collective Responsibility<\/a><\/em>” \u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5f9e\u5979\u4e00\ue43c\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5165\u624b\u3002Nussbaum \u5728\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7684\u662f\u5947\u8e5f\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u3002 \u5979\u5c07\u751f\u7269\u8996\u70ba\u6613\u53d7\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002 \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u60c5\u7dd2\u662f\u63a5\u89f8\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u4f86\u9762\u76ee\uff1a\u64c1\u6709\u6216\u5931\u53bb\u6216\u767c\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u597d\u6771\u897f\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\u3002 \u6240\u6709\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u8207\u9019\u7a2e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4eba\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u64c1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u6e05\u55ae\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4fdd\u8b77\u9019\u4e9b\u7a7a\u9593\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

” \u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5f9e\u5979\u4e00\ue43c\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5165\u624b\u3002Nussbaum \u5728\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7684\u662f\u5947\u8e5f\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u3002 \u5979\u5c07\u751f\u7269\u8996\u70ba\u6613\u53d7\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002 \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u60c5\u7dd2\u662f\u63a5\u89f8\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u4f86\u9762\u76ee\uff1a\u64c1\u6709\u6216\u5931\u53bb\u6216\u767c\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u597d\u6771\u897f\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\u3002 \u6240\u6709\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u8207\u9019\u7a2e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4eba\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u64c1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u6e05\u55ae\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4fdd\u8b77\u9019\u4e9b\u7a7a\u9593\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nussbaum \u7684\u66f8\u8207 Oxana Timofeeva\u7684\u4e00\u6a23\u8b93\u4eba\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u5728\u9678\u5730\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u7a7a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7a7a\u9593\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u985e\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u9678\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u6700\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u5927\u578b\u91ce\u751f\u52d5\u7269\u4fdd\u8b77\u5340\uff0c\u8a72\u4fdd\u8b77\u5340\u7531\u975e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u76e3\u7ba1\u548c\u7167\u6599\uff08\u5982\u679c\u7167\u6599\u5f97\u7576\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u3002 \u6d77\u6d0b\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u8352\u91ce\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5049\u5927\u5821\u58d8\u3002 \u4f46\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u653e\u5728\u90a3\u88cf\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff1a\u5851\u6599\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Nussbaum \u6307\u51fa\u6709\u9be8\u9b5a\u56e0\u70ba\u541e\u4e0b\u5851\u6599\u5783\u573e\u800c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1a\u4e00\u982d\u9be8\u9b5a\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c88 \u78c5\u7684\u5851\u6599\u5783\u573e\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u80c3\u88cf\u9223\u5316\u6210\u4e00\u584a\u5851\u6599\u78da\u3002 \u9084\u6709\uff0c\u8072\u97f3\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\u3002 \u9be8\u9b5a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6d77\u6d0b\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u901a\u904e\u8072\u97f3\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8996\u89ba\u6216\u55c5\u89ba\u4f86\u63a2\u7d22\u4e16\u754c\u3002 \u9020\u6210\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u8072\u7d0d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u6d77\u8ecd\u7684\u4f4e\u983b\u8072\u7d0d\u9805\u76ee\u73fe\u5728\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u5ba3\u4f48\u70ba\u975e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d\u9be8\u9b5a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52d5\u6709\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u4f46\u9019\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u6cbf\u6d77\u6c34\u57df\u3002 \u5728\u91ce\u5916\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u6b63\u5728\u5617\u8a66\u947d\u63a2\u3002 \u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u5728\u54ea\u88cf\u947d\u63a2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u6d77\u5e95\u7684\u5730\u5716\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u5411\u6d77\u5e95\u767c\u5c04\u6c23\u69cd\uff0c\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u6d77\u6d0b\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u7a2e\u7fa3\u7684\u9077\u5f99\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u7e41\u6b96\u3001\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u60c5\u7dd2\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81f3\u65bc\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u5927\u7d04\u4e00\u534a\u9077\u5f99\u7269\u7a2e\u73fe\u5728\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\u3002 \u4e00\u5927\u5a01\u8105\u662f\u7a7a\u6c23\u6c61\u67d3\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u5efa\u7bc9\u7269\u3002 \u4e00\u4e9b\u9ce5\u985e\u7684\u9077\u5f99\u8def\u7dda\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u8b8a\u5316\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u885d\u9032\u4eba\u985e\u5efa\u7bc9\u7684\u5927\u6a13\uff0c\u5230\u8655\u90fd\u662f\u6b7b\u9ce5\u3002 \u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u505a\u6210\u7684\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u5b83\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u5374\u7121\u8996\u3001\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u4e0d\u5c0f\u5fc3\u4e86\u3002 \u95dc\u9375\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u758f\u5ffd\u7684\u3002 \u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\uff09\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e3d\u662f\u60e1\u610f\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u5b83\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e3d\u662f\u6253\u7b97\u9020\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002 \u4f46\u758f\u5ffd\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7f6a\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u7c97\u5fc3\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u751a\u9ebc\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nussbaum \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5176\u5be6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5979\u6709\u95dc Aristotle \u7684 \u201cDe Motu Animalium<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba Aristotle \u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u771f\u7684\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u671d\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u904b\u52d5\uff1a\u7121\u8ad6\u5dee\u7570\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u9ede\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u611f\u77e5\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u617e\u671b\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f86\u524d\u9032\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u671d\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u617e\u671b\u5c0d\u8c61\u79fb\u52d5\u3002 Nussbaum \u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e5f\u9593\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002\u5982 \u201cWomen and Human Development<\/a><\/em> (1999)\u201d\uff0c\u201cFrontiers of Justice <\/a><\/em>(2006)\u201d\uff0c \u201cCreating Capabilities<\/em> (2011)\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 Nussbaum \u7684 “Justice for Animals: Our Collective Responsibility<\/a><\/em>” \u6709\u6d89\u53ca Christine Korsgaard \u7684 “Fellow Creatures\uff1aOur Obligations to the Other Animals<\/em>” \u3002 Nussbaum \u8a8d\u70ba Korsgaard \u5728 \u201cFellow Creatures<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u6452\u68c4\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u8853\u8a9e\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u826f\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u5f9e kant \u548c Aristotle \u7684\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u4f46 Nussbaum \u8a8d\u70ba korsgaard \u4ecd\u7136\u592a\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc kant \u3002\u56e0\u70ba korsgaard \u8aaa\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u5920\u9032\u884c\u9053\u5fb7\u5be9\u8b70\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u52d5\u7269\u6210\u70ba\u7a4d\u6975\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u9019\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u6210\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u63a1\u53d6\u7a4d\u6975\u6b65\u9a5f\u4f86\u634d\u885b\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u3002Nussbaum \u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u52d5\u7269\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8ac7\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u751a\u9ebc\u548c\u4e0d\u60f3\u8981\u751a\u9ebc\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u504f\u597d\u3002 \u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6709\u8a8d\u77e5\u969c\u7919\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7b49\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u8aaa\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u82f1\u8a9e\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u50be\u807d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u770b\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u751a\u9ebc\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u52d5\u7269\u505a\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 \u52d5\u7269\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u52d5\u7684\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Immanuel Kant \u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5049\u5927\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5c24\u5176\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff1a\u8a31\u591a\u7576\u4ee3\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u6b63\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u5f9e kant \u7684 \u201c\u5b9a\u7136\u4ee4\u5f0f Categorical Imperatives\u201d \u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u9748\u611f\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\uff08\u5373\u7d55\u5c0d\uff09\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u5247\uff08\u6216\u547d\u4ee4\uff09\u3002Kant \u6709\u4e09\u500b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u500b\u898f\u5247\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u502b\u7406\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a\u201c\u4ee5\u5c0d\u5f85\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u4f60\u672c\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u9054\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u7e3d\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u76ee\u7684\u3002Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always as an end.\u201d ( “Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals<\/a>“,<\/em> Section 2 )\u3002 \u9019\u4e00\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u5c0a\u91cd\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u67d0\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u201d\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u7576\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u6642\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u907a\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8a72\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u767c\u9001\u7684\u201c\u55ae\u7d14\u624b\u6bb5\u201d\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u540c\u610f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d7\u5230\u5c0d\u5f85\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cKant \u5c31\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u4e14\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\u4e86\uff1a\u201c\u5c31\u52d5\u7269\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8077\u8cac\u3002\u52d5\u7269\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u9054\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u90a3\u500b\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8b58 Self-consciousness\u201d \u662f\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u6240\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\uff1a\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u5426\u6703\u7522\u751f\u201c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u201d\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0cKant \u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\uff1a\u52d5\u7269\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff1b \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6b0a\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Christine Korsgaard \u662f\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u548c\u524d\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002 \u5979\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\u7684 Kant \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5b78\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u5728\u5979\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba Kant \u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u652f\u6301\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\uff01 \u5979\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1 Kant \u672c\u4eba\u5c31\u6b64\u4e8b\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u4f46\u8a31\u591a\u52d5\u7269\u548c\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u81ea\u8eab\u70ba\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u4e26\u61c9\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\uff1a\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u9054\u5230\u6211\u5011\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f Kant \u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u5178\u578b\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff1a\u5118\u7ba1\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u8a8d\u70ba Kant \u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u6392\u65a5\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u75f4\u8ff7\u65bc\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc Kant \u5982\u6b64\u95dc\u6ce8\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002\uff08\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u55ce\uff1f\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a Kant \u6703\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u61c9\uff1a\u4ed6\u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u6709\u201c\u8ca0\u9762\u201d\u770b\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Korsgaard \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4eba\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u601d\u8003\u7406\u6027\u5728 Kant \u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6700\u7d42\u8ce6\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u3002 \u8ce6\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u7c97\u7565\u5730\u8aaa \uff0c\u5f9e\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u58de\u4e8b\u3002 \u65e2\u7136\u6211\u5011\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c0a\u91cd\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5584\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5c0a\u91cd\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff1a\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7406\u6027\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u91cd\u8981 \u3002 \u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc\u64c1\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5584\u7684\u773e\u751f\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5c0a\u91cd\u5b83\u5011\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5584\u5982\u4f55\u8981\u6c42\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7531\u65bc\u8a31\u591a\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u548c\u6709\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5584\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u4f9d Kant \u7684\u6b65\u4f10\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u9054\u5230\u6211\u5011\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002Korsgaard \u7e3d\u7d50\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7279\u5225\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5f97\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b \u52d5\u7269\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u547d\u904b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7d55\u5c0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8a71\u201d ( p 324)\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\u90fd\u5728\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u634d\u885bKant \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u767c\u5c55\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u5f8c\u4e09\u7ae0\u89e3\u6c7a\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\u3002 Korsgaard \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5de5\u5ee0\u5316\u990a\u6b96\u548c\u88ab\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u4eba\u9053\u201d\u990a\u6b96\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff1a\u5403\u8089\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5c07\u52d5\u7269\u8996\u70ba\u9054\u5230\u6211\u5011\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002 \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u52d5\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd \u201c\u62ef\u6551\u201d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u547d \u2014\u2014 \u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u662f\u5ef6\u9577\u751f\u547d \u2014\u2014 \u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff1b \u5979\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u8ad6\u8b49\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u76ca\u591a\u65bc\u52d5\u7269\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u56f0\u96e3\u3002 \u5979\u4ee5\u8070\u660e\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u548c\u667a\u6167\u8655\u7406\u5176\u4ed6\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u770b\u4f86\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u95b1\u8b80\u9019\u4e9b\u7ae0\u7bc0\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8a72\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c Korsgaard \u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u5c0d\u5f85\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f \u201c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u66b4\u884c\u201d\u3002 \u5979\u8aaa\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u9019\u6a23\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7c21\u55ae\u660e\u4e86\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u50b7\u5bb3\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u500b\u7406\u7531\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u518d\u6b21\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u6c42\u52a9\u65bc\u5426\u8a8d\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8faf\u8b77\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7e3d\u62ec\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u6709\u77e5\u89ba\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u8996\u70ba \u201c\u76ee\u7684\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u3002 \u501f\u9452\u6e90\u81ea Aristotle \u7684\u5584\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5b83\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u5584\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3002 \u5b83\u85c9\u9451\u4e86 Kant \u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u7248\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5169\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5f35\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 \u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u8072\u7a31\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5f7c\u6b64\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u8072\u7a31\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002 \u4f5c\u70ba\u64c1\u6709\u5584\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7d55\u5c0d\u662f\u5584\u7684\u4e26\u4e14\u503c\u5f97\u8ffd\u6c42\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u8072\u7a31\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u627f\u8afe\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u81ea\u5f8b\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7acb\u6cd5\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u6bcf\u96bb\u6709\u77e5\u89ba\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8996\u70ba\u7d55\u5c0d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 \u4eba\u985e\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u66f4\u512a\u8d8a\u6216\u66f4\u597d\u3002 \u5b83\u6279\u8a55\u201c\u908a\u7de3\u6848\u4f8b\u201d\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u8207\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u975e\u6642\u9593\u4e3b\u9ad4\u76f8\u95dc\u3002 \u5b83\u5c0d\u5584\u8207\u5feb\u6a02\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e26\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u6709\u95dc\u6ec5\u7d55\u7684\u58de\u8655\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6b0a\u5403\u52d5\u7269\u3001\u5c0d\u5b83\u5011\u9032\u884c\u5be6\u9a57\u3001\u8b93\u5b83\u5011\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u7576\u4f5c\u5bf5\u7269\u98fc\u990a\u7b49\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oxana Timofeeva \u7684 “The History of Animals: A Philosophy” \u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u7368\u7279\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u4f86\u770b\u4eba\u8207\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002Martha C. Nussbaum \u7684 “Justice for Animals: Our Collective Responsibility” \u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5f9e\u5979\u4e00\ue43c\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5165\u624b\u3002Nussbaum \u5728\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7684\u662f\u5947\u8e5f\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u3002 \u5979\u5c07\u751f\u7269\u8996\u70ba\u6613\u53d7\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002 \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u60c5\u7dd2\u662f\u63a5\u89f8\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u4f86\u9762\u76ee\uff1a\u64c1\u6709\u6216\u5931\u53bb\u6216\u767c\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u597d\u6771\u897f\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\u3002 \u6240\u6709\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u8207\u9019\u7a2e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4eba\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u64c1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u6e05\u55ae\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4fdd\u8b77\u9019\u4e9b\u7a7a\u9593\u3002 ” \u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5f9e\u5979\u4e00\ue43c\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5165\u624b\u3002Nussbaum \u5728\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7684\u662f\u5947\u8e5f\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u3002 \u5979\u5c07\u751f\u7269\u8996\u70ba\u6613\u53d7\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002 \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u60c5\u7dd2\u662f\u63a5\u89f8\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u4f86\u9762\u76ee\uff1a\u64c1\u6709\u6216\u5931\u53bb\u6216\u767c\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u597d\u6771\u897f\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\u3002 \u6240\u6709\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u8207\u9019\u7a2e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4eba\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u64c1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u6e05\u55ae\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4fdd\u8b77\u9019\u4e9b\u7a7a\u9593\u3002 Nussbaum \u7684\u66f8\u8207 Oxana Timofeeva\u7684\u4e00\u6a23\u8b93\u4eba\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u5728\u9678\u5730\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u7a7a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7a7a\u9593\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u985e\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u9678\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u6700\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u5927\u578b\u91ce\u751f\u52d5\u7269\u4fdd\u8b77\u5340\uff0c\u8a72\u4fdd\u8b77\u5340\u7531\u975e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u76e3\u7ba1\u548c\u7167\u6599\uff08\u5982\u679c\u7167\u6599\u5f97\u7576\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u3002 \u6d77\u6d0b\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u8352\u91ce\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5049\u5927\u5821\u58d8\u3002 … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8925","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2jX","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8925","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8925"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8925\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8926,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8925\/revisions\/8926"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8925"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8925"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8925"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}