{"id":8927,"date":"2023-05-28T02:06:49","date_gmt":"2023-05-28T02:06:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8927"},"modified":"2023-05-28T02:06:53","modified_gmt":"2023-05-28T02:06:53","slug":"metaphysical-animals-how-four-women-brought-philosophy-back-to-life","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/05\/28\/metaphysical-animals-how-four-women-brought-philosophy-back-to-life\/","title":{"rendered":"Metaphysical Animals: How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oxana Timofeeva\uff0cMartha C. Nussbaum\uff0cChristine Korsgaard \u90fd\u662f\u5973\u6027\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86Timofeeva \u662f\u65b0\u9032\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5916\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e5f\u90fd\u6df1\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3002\u9019\u672c\u53bb\u5e74\u525b\u51fa\u7248\u7684  &#8220;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Metaphysical-Animals-Women-Brought-Philosophy-ebook\/dp\/B09CCNKSR6\/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&amp;qid=1685239474&amp;sr=8-1\">Metaphysical Animals: How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life<\/a><\/em>&#8221; \u4e00\u66f8\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u671f\u9593\u540c\u6642\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u8b80\u672c\u79d1\u7684 Iris Murdoch \u3001Mary Midgley \u3001Philippa Foot \u548c Elizabeth Anscombe \u3002 \u5b8c\u6210\u5b78\u696d\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u56db\u4f4d\u90fd\u5c0d 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u4e0b\u534a\u8449\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u96d6\u7136\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e0d\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u78ba\u5be6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u6b72\u6708\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002 \u4f5c\u70ba\u5927\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u935b\u7149\u7684\u654f\u92b3\u667a\u6167\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u771f\u6b63\u4ee4\u4eba\u8457\u8ff7\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u65e9\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u53cb\u8abc\u6301\u7e8c\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A.J. Ayer \u7684\u66f8 &#8220;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Language-Truth-Logic-Western-Philosophy-ebook\/dp\/B008TVDBY4\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3C2PT5Y0IZUSN&amp;keywords=Truth%2C+Language+and+Logic&amp;qid=1685239577&amp;sprefix=truth%2C+language+and+logic%2Caps%2C299&amp;sr=8-1\">Truth, Language and Logic<\/a>&#8221; <\/em>\u65bc 1936 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u6642\u9817\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff0c\u6b64\u66f8\u65e8\u5728\u53d6\u4ee3\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3001\u800c\u8072\u7a31\u552f\u4e00\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u5be6\u8b49\u5206\u6790\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u7d93\u9a57\u554f\u984c\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u7d93\u9a57\u89c0\u5bdf\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u4f7f\u54f2\u5b78\u8207\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b78\u8655\u65bc\u540c\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 Iris Murdoch \u3001Mary Midgley \u3001Philippa Foot \u548c Elizabeth Anscombe \u6b63\u662f\u5728 1938 \u5e74\u9032\u5165\u90a3\u7a2e\u7531\u908f\u8f2f\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u00a0Logical Positivism \u6240\u5021\u5c0e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u5e7e\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u5f9e\u672a\u88ab\u908f\u8f2f\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u8aaa\u670d\uff1b \u4ed6\u5011\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u640d\u5bb3\u6574\u500b\u5b78\u79d1\uff0c\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u88ab\u6383\u5730\u51fa\u9580\u3002 \u7576\u4e16\u754c\u6b63\u5728\u8207\u7d0d\u7cb9\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u548c\u5ee3\u5cf6\u7684\u91ce\u883b\u5f8c\u679c\u4f5c\u9b25\u722d\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u548c\u5584\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8af8\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0b\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f \u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u6230\u722d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u5979\u5011\u7684\u665a\u5e74\uff0c\u9019\u5e7e\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u6703\u8207\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406 virtue ethics\u201d \u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002 \u4f46\u9019\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7528\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u5011\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u3002 Philippa Foot \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u5c6c\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u98a8\u683c\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u540c\u4f34\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u537b\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002 \u57fa\u65bc\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002 \u9019\u76f4\u63a5\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86 Iris Murdoch \u7684\u6587\u5b78\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5f9e\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7269\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u3002 Mary Midgley \u5c07\u5979\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u9ede\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u74b0\u5883\u502b\u7406\u548c\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u76f4\u5230\u5979\u5f9e Newcastle \u5927\u5b78\u4efb\u6559\u9000\u4f11\u5f8c\uff0c\u5979\u624d\u767c\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u3002 \u5979\u5728 1978 \u5e74\u5beb\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8 &#8220;<em>Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Natur<\/em>e&#8221; \uff0c\u7576\u6642\u5979\u5df2\u7d93\u4e94\u5341\u591a\u6b72\u4e86\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u53c8\u5beb\u4e86\u8d85\u904e 15 \u672c\u66f8\u3002 \u5979\u56e0\u8207\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6 Richard Dawkin\uff08\u4e00\u4f4d\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u65b0\u9054\u723e\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff09\u9032\u884c\u6fc0\u70c8\u8faf\u8ad6\u800c\u5728\u665a\u5e74\u5c24\u5176\u51fa\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u6230\u722d\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u5283\u5206\u70ba\u4e03\u7ae0\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u6230\u722d\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c\u76f4\u5230 1956 \u5e74\u7684\u6642\u671f\u3002\u5b83\u5f9e Midgley 1938 \u5e74\u53bb\u725b\u6d25\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u958b\u59cb\u3002 \u7576\u5979\u548c\u5979\u7684\u670b\u53cb Jean Rowntree&nbsp;\uff08\u8457\u540d\u7684 Rowntree&nbsp;\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff09\u4e00\u8d77\u4f4f\u5728\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u4e00\u500b\u7336\u592a\u5bb6\u5ead\u6642\uff0c\u5979\u770b\u8457\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5206\u5b50\u8e29\u8457\u788e\u73bb\u7483\u9032\u8ecd\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u96a8\u5f8c\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u9003\u96e2\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u524d\u5f80\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u8b49\u4ef6\u3002 \u5979\u770b\u8457 \u201c\u6211\u5011\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u201d\u9010\u6f38\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u842c\u5b57\u7b26\u65d7\u96a8\u8655\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u541e\u4f75&nbsp;Czechoslovakia\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9032\u5165\u6ce2\u862d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7576 Midgley \u8fd4\u56de\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u4e26\u524d\u5f80\u725b\u6d25\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5f71\u50cf\u4e00\u76f4\u7559\u5728\u5979\u7684\u8166\u6d77\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u767c\u73fe\u725b\u6d25\u4e5f\u8655\u65bc\u6230\u706b\u7d1b\u98db\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002 \u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u62db\u52df\u6295\u5165\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u524d\u9014\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u6b63\u5728\u6536\u62fe\u6771\u897f\u96e2\u958b\u53bb\u53c3\u8ecd\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u671f\u554f\uff0c\u5979\u9047\u5230\u4e86 Iris Murdoch\uff0c\u5979\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u4e86 Somerville \u5b78\u9662\u5b78\u7fd2\u53e4\u5178\u5b78\u3002 \u5979\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u5979\u5011\u662f\u7576\u5e74\u5b78\u7fd2\u9019\u9580\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u50c5\u6709\u7684\u5169\u540d\u5973\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u5e7e\u7ae0\u5c0d\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u975e\u5e38\u6d41\u66a2\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u8b80\u8d77\u4f86\u5c31\u50cf\u6709\u4eba\u9a0e\u8457\u81ea\u884c\u8eca\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7121\u7aae\u7121\u76e1\u7684\u5730\u7406\u7d30\u7bc0\uff1a\u8ab0\u4f4f\u5728\u54ea\u88cf\uff0c\u5728\u54ea\u6240\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u751a\u9ebc\u3002 \u50c5\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u9032\u884c\u5230\u4e00\u534a\u6642\uff0c\u6558\u4e8b\u5c31\u5207\u63db\u5230\u528d\u6a4b\u548c\u502b\u6566\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u7562\u696d\u4e86\u4e26\u5f35\u958b\u96d9\u7ffc\u5728\u767d\u5ef3\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u9580\u627e\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u8655\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8b80\u5230 Murdoch \u5728\u6bd4\u5229\u6642\u7684\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6551\u6fdf\u6a5f\u69cb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u5979\u95b1\u8b80\u4e86 Sartre \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab Sartre \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6240\u9707\u64bc\u3002 Anscombe \u7562\u696d\u5f8c\u79fb\u5c45\u528d\u6a4b\uff0c\u4e26\u9047\u5230\u4e86 Wittgenstein \u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u610f\u7fa9\u91cd\u5927\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5e7e\u4e4e\u69cb\u7bc9\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6578\u6545\u4e8b\u767c\u751f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5728\u666e\u901a\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u7684\u7562\u696d\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4ee3\u53c8\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002 \u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u805e\u540d\u65bc\u4e16\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u6230\u722d\u671f\u9593\u7684\u5f62\u50cf\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u50cf Ayer \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5708\u5b50\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u96e2\u958b\u5927\u5b78\u53c3\u52a0\u6230\u722d\u6642\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u3001\u88ab\u4f86\u81ea\u6b50\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u7684\u5973\u6027\u548c\u96e3\u6c11\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u8b1b\u5e2b\u586b\u88dc\u4e86\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u540d\u5b57\u807d\u8d77\u4f86\u5f88\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u6388\u4ee5\u53ca\u5973\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u5c0d\u9019\u6240\u5927\u5b78\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u5973\u6027\u662f\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u65b0\u624b\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u725b\u6d25\u528d\u6a4b\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e00\u591c\u4e4b\u9593\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u548c\u8b80\u66f8\u6703\u76f4\u5230 1939 \u5e74\u624d\u6210\u70ba\u5e38\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1939 \u5e74\u8056\u99ac\u4e01\u7bc0\u6559\u6388\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u540d\u55ae\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u9a5a\uff1aRichard Walzer \u6559\u6388 \u201c\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u4e3b\u7fa9 Platonism in Islamic Studies\u201d\uff0cHenry Cassirer \u6559\u6388 \u201c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78 Kant and moral philosophy\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u54f2\u5b78\u7684 Mary Glover \u7b49\u82f1\u570b\u5973\u6027\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u5f15\u9818\u4e86 Anscombe \u5c0d Plato \u7684\u8208\u8da3 \u2014\u2014 \u4ee5\u53ca\u8607\u683c\u862d\u51fa\u65bc\u826f\u5fc3\u62d2\u670d\u5175\u5f79\u8005 Donald MacKinnon \u5728\u5c0d Iris Murdoch \u548c\u5979\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u9996\u5148\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u52d5\u7269 metaphysical animals\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u4e26\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5176\u672c\u8cea\u2014\u2014\u8868\u73fe\u5728\u5176\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u548c\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u4e2d\u3002 \u4eba\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u6703\u8aaa\u8a71\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u95dc\u5584\u826f\u3001\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u525d\u596a[\u4ed6\u5011]\u50cf\u6975\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u90a3\u6a23\u63d0\u51fa\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u9084\u5269\u4e0b\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f \u72ac\u5112\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6050\u61fc\u2026\u2026 \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u9700\u8981\u8ac7\u8ad6\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u7121\u9650\uff08 p 91 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u540c\u6a23\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u9a5a\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u73ed\u7d1a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002 Cumhaill \u548c Wiseman \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5728\u528d\u6a4b\uff0cWittgenstein \u7684\u6c89\u9ed8\u5982\u4f55\u8b8a\u5f97\u51fa\u540d \u2014\u2014 \u6216\u8072\u540d\u72fc\u85c9 \u2014\u2014 \u6b63\u5982 Elizabeth Anscombe \u5728\u5979\u7684\u8f14\u5c0e\u8ab2\u4e0a\u9577\u9054\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u6642\u7684\u6c89\u9ed8\u548c\u5583\u5583\u81ea\u8a9e\uff0c\u5468\u570d\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u5b78\u751f\u3002 \u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6642\u9593\u88cf\uff0c\u5947\u602a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u3002 \u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7576 Anscombe \u5b89\u6392 Wittgenstein \u5728\u528d\u6a4b\u767c\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u6642\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a18\u9304\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5f9e [\u528d\u6a4b\u9053\u5fb7\u79d1\u5b78] \u4ff1\u6a02\u90e8\u76ee\u7779 Wittgenstein \u7528\u64b2\u514b\u724c\u5a01\u8105 Karl Popper \u7684\u8457\u540d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u5feb\u4e00\u5e74\u4e86\u3002 \uff08 p 188 \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f7f\u547d\u611f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u8070\u660e\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u9a0e\u8457\u81ea\u884c\u8eca\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5468\u570d\u5954\u8dd1\uff0c\u9ed1\u8272\u9577\u888d\u96a8\u98a8\u98c4\u63da\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u611b\u4e01\u5821\u5927\u8857\u4e0a\u7684\u8b93 Jean Brodie  \u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u7121\u7591\u96b1\u85cf\u8457\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u91ce\u5fc3\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cb\u8abc\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u7af6\u722d\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u65b7\u51f8\u986f\u3002 \u9019\u56db\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5979\u5011\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5718\u7d50\u611f\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u672c\u66f8\u6558\u4e8b\u7684\u63a8\u9032\u800c\u52a0\u5f37\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u7537\u6027\u4f34\u4fb6\u548c\u60c5\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6975\u5176\u8003\u9a57\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u7bc0\u3002 \u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u6df7\u4e82\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u812b\u96e2\u6846\u67b6\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u56db\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u8ce6\u4e88\u5979\u5011\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7279\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u54c1\u8cea\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u5979\u5011\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u95dc\u4fc2\u548c\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7d93\u6b77\u904e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc3\u75db\u4e0d\u5df2\u3002 1943 \u5e74 6 \u6708\uff0cMurdoch \u7684\u672a\u5a5a\u592b Frank Thompson \u4f5c\u70ba\u7279\u7a2e\u90e8\u968a\u6210\u54e1\u88ab\u6295\u5165\u88ab\u4f54\u9818\u7684\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9e\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab\u7d0d\u7cb9\u6293\u7372\u3001\u6298\u78e8\u4e26\u8655\u6c7a\u3002\u5728\u96e2\u958b\u725b\u6d25\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5beb\u4e0b\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5167\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u5728\u6211\u5011\u9762\u524d\uff0cSo we, whose life was all before us,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5fc3\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u967d\u5149\uff0c                         Our hearts with sunlight filled,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u628a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u66f8\u548c\u82b1\u7559\u5728\u5c71\u4e0a\uff0c                  Left in the hills our books and flowers,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab\u6bba\u6b7b\u3002                                Descended, and were killed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anscombe \u7684\u5144\u5f1f John \u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u9663\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c Midgley \u7684\u670b\u53cb Nick Cosby \u5728\u6230\u722d\u521d\u671f\u99d5\u99db\u4ed6\u7684 HMS Goshawk \u865f\u6c89\u6c92\u3002 \u4f46\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u5931\u843d\u7684\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u76ee\u7684\u611f\uff0cClare Mac Cumhaill \u548c Rachael Wiseman \u4ed4\u7d30\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6700\u7d42\u9583\u8000\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u9a5a\u5947\u548c\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u611f\u89ba\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u611f\u89ba\u6fc0\u767c\u4e86\u5979\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u771f\u6b63\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u71b1\u611b\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u9593\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u7e7c\u7e8c\u524d\u9032\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5951\u7d04\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u627f\u8afe\u548c\u652f\u6301\uff0cElizabeth Anscombe \u5c07\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u61f7\u8457\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u540c\u6642\u7167\u9867\u5782\u6b7b\u7684 Wittgenstein\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u528d\u6a4b\u548c\u725b\u6d25\u52aa\u529b\u7dad\u6301\u6559\u5b78\u8ca0\u64d4\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4efb\u52d9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373 Anscombe\u3001Foot\u3001Murdoch \u548c Midgley \u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8a71\u8a9e\u3002 \u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\uff0c\u9019\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u63a8\u7406\u7684 \u201c\u751a\u9ebc what\u201d \u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011 \u201c\u5982\u4f55 how\u201d \u69cb\u5efa\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u3002 \u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u65e9\u5e74\u5982\u4f55\u5c31\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u5411\u505a\u51fa\u9078\u64c7\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 \u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u96c6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u5c0d\u908a\u7de3\u5316\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u660e\u986f\u7684\u6f20\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u7576\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u90fd\u88ab A. J. Ayer \u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6240\u5438\u5f15\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8f49\u800c\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b83\uff1f \u5c0d\u65bc\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5982\u6b64\u81ea\u4fe1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u3002 \u9019\u4efd\u81ea\u4fe1\u5f9e\u4f55\u800c\u4f86\uff1f \u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u597d\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\u3002 \u9084\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6642\u9593\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u9078\u64c7\u6642\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u548c\u544a\u77e5\uff1f \u4ed6\u5011\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u8d77\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8108\u640f\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u89e3\u6c7a\u7576\u6642\u5fc5\u9808\u9762\u5c0d\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4f86\u57f9\u80b2\u5b78\u79d1\u7cbe\u795e\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u63a1\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u6975\u5176\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4f5c\u70ba\u76f8\u5c0d\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u7d93\u53d7\u4f4f\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u8003\u9a57\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u8b80\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5171\u540c\u76ee\u6a19\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u61f8\u800c\u672a\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5979\u5011\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\u548c\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5171\u540c\u71b1\u611b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9019\u56db\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u662f\u5426\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff1f Cumhaill \u548c Wiseman \u8aaa\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\uff0c\u4e26\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8208\u8da3\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f86\u81ea\u5c0d\u725b\u6d25\u54f2\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002 \u4f46\u9019\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u9ede\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u56db\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u5c0e\u5e2b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 Wittgenstein \u548c Donald MacKinnon\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u592a\u591a\u6642\u9593\u5c0d\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5145\u6eff\u71b1\u60c5\u3002 \u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u9f13\u52f5\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u751a\u81f3\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u6e05\u7a7a\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u524a\u5f31\u9019\u9580\u5b78\u79d1\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u6230\u722d\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u9858\u666f\u8207\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u904e\u4e0a\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u9593\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5c37\u5c2c\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u8a73\u7d30\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86 1946 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u7576\u6642&nbsp;Elizabeth Anscombe \u53cd\u5c0d\u5927\u5b78\u5411\u7f8e\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71Harry Truman \u6388\u4e88\u69ae\u8b7d\u5b78\u4f4d\u7684\u63d0\u8b70\u3002 \u7a7f\u8457\u9577\u888d\u7684\u8457\u540d\u725b\u6d25\u7537\u5b50\u5728\u807d\u5230 \u201c\u5973\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\u201d\u6642\u52d5\u54e1\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u6e67\u5165\u6703\u8b70\u5927\u6a13\uff0c\u5c31 Truman \u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u53d7\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u69ae\u5e78\u9032\u884c\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002 \u7e3d\u9ad4\u60c5\u7dd2\u58d3\u5012\u6027\u5730\u5e0c\u671b\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7372\u5f97\u69ae\u8b7d\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc Anscombe\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u50cf\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u9806\u5229\u3002 \u5979\u5750\u5728\u5927\u5ef3\u7684\u5f8c\u9762\uff0c\u4ed4\u7d30\u8046\u807d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u9032\u884c\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c\u5979\u7ad9\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u6162\u6162\u8d70\u5411\u8b1b\u53f0\u3002 \u5979\u4ee5\u7a7f\u8932\u5b50\u800c\u805e\u540d\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5979\u7684\u817f\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u5979\u7a7f\u88d9\u5b50\u3002 \u610f\u8b58\u5230\u89c0\u5bdf\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5979\u6162\u6162\u5730\u8d70\u5230\u8b1b\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u8f15\u8072\u4f46\u7d55\u5c0d\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u8b1b\u8a71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5979\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa Truman \u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u5b78\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u5b78\u6703\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u5728\u7d00\u5ff5\u9019\u4f4d\u4e0b\u4ee4\u8f5f\u70b8\u9577\u5d0e\u548c\u5ee3\u5cf6\u3001\u9020\u6210\u6578\u5341\u842c\u7121\u8f9c\u5e73\u6c11\u55aa\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u3002 \u5979\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u6240\u5927\u5b78\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u8868\u5f70\u4e00\u7a2e\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4e26\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u5927\u5b78\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8003\u616e\u8868\u5f70\u4ec0\u9ebc\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\uff0c\u6295\u7968\u6309\u8a08\u5283\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u6388\u4e88 Truman \u5b78\u4f4d\u7684\u52d5\u8b70\u7372\u5f97\u901a\u904e\u3002 \u4f46 Anscombe \u5e72\u9810\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u5f88\u5feb\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5230\u8655\u6d41\u50b3\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5141\u8a31\u5973\u6027\u9032\u5165\u5927\u5b78\u6642\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u56db\u4f4d\u5a66\u5973\u4e00\u751f\u90fd\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u8b8a\u9769\u904b\u52d5\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cIris Murdoch \u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u671f\u9593\u662f\u82f1\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5979\u5728\u767d\u5ef3\u4efb\u8077\u671f\u9593\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u70ba\u9593\u8adc\u3002 Murdoch \u548c Foot \u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5de6\u7ffc\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u96a8\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e5f\u8b8a\u5f97\u8edf\u5316\u4e86\u3002 \u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u7e7c\u7e8c\u62d2\u7d55\u63a5\u53d7\u6230\u722d\u5e74\u4ee3\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Elizabeth Anscombe \u5728\u6703\u8b70\u5927\u6a13\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u6240\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u751f\u6d3b\u554f\u984c\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u62d2\u7d55\u63a5\u53d7\u5c0d\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u7591\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u4e3b\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63a8\u7406\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u95b1\u8b80&nbsp;Plato\u3001Aristotle\u3001Kant&nbsp;\u548c Hegel \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5c0d\u65bc\u601d\u8003\u4ed6\u5011\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3e\u8072<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u7d14\u7cb9\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u5728\u7576\u4eca\u4e4b\u4e16\u5f9e\u66f8\u4e2d\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u800c\u6d3b\u3002\u55ae\u7957\u6b64\u5df2\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u95b1\u8b80\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u5beb\u7d66\u6703\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u66f8\u3002 \u5b83\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u7531\u5169\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5beb\u7d66\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u56db\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u66f8\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u53cb\u8abc\u548c\u51fa\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u66f8\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u56db\u4f4d\u975e\u51e1\u5973\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u5728\u56f0\u96e3\u6642\u671f\u4e92\u76f8\u6276\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u5979\u5011\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u672a\u88ab\u91cd\u8996\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u5c0d\u6e34\u671b\u7368\u7acb\u601d\u8003\u4f46\u9047\u5230\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u7684\u795d\u6176\u3002 \u516b\u5341\u5e74\u904e\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u50cf\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u9700\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oxana Timofeeva\uff0cMartha C. Nussbaum\uff0cChristine Korsgaard \u90fd\u662f\u5973\u6027\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86Timofeeva \u662f\u65b0\u9032\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5916\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e5f\u90fd\u6df1\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3002\u9019\u672c\u53bb\u5e74\u525b\u51fa\u7248\u7684 &#8220;Metaphysical Animals: How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life&#8221; \u4e00\u66f8\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u671f\u9593\u540c\u6642\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u8b80\u672c\u79d1\u7684 Iris Murdoch \u3001Mary Midgley \u3001Philippa Foot \u548c Elizabeth Anscombe \u3002 \u5b8c\u6210\u5b78\u696d\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u56db\u4f4d\u90fd\u5c0d 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u4e0b\u534a\u8449\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u96d6\u7136\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e0d\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u78ba\u5be6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u6b72\u6708\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002 \u4f5c\u70ba\u5927\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u935b\u7149\u7684\u654f\u92b3\u667a\u6167\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u771f\u6b63\u4ee4\u4eba\u8457\u8ff7\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u65e9\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u53cb\u8abc\u6301\u7e8c\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002 A.J. Ayer \u7684\u66f8 &#8220;Truth, Language and &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/05\/28\/metaphysical-animals-how-four-women-brought-philosophy-back-to-life\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2jZ","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8927","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8927"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8927\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8928,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8927\/revisions\/8928"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8927"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8927"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8927"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}