{"id":8933,"date":"2023-06-01T07:26:05","date_gmt":"2023-06-01T07:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8933"},"modified":"2023-06-01T07:26:11","modified_gmt":"2023-06-01T07:26:11","slug":"aping-mankind-neuromania-darwinitis-and-the-misrepresentation-of-humanity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/06\/01\/aping-mankind-neuromania-darwinitis-and-the-misrepresentation-of-humanity\/","title":{"rendered":"Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u88e1\uff0c\u91ab\u751f\u3001\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Raymond Tallis \u91dd\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u5805\u6c7a\u5426\u8a8d\u4eba\u6027\u7368\u7279\u6027\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u548c\u201c\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u201d\u5f62\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8ad6\u6230\u3002 \u5f9e &#8220;<em>The Explicit Animal\u00a0<\/em>(1991)&#8221; \u958b\u59cb\uff0cTallis \u8a66\u5716\u53cd\u64ca\u4ee5\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7684\u540d\u7fa9\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u610f\u5411\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u9032\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u653b\u64ca\u3002 \u4f46\u5c31\u50cf\u667a\u529b\u904a\u6232\u201c\u6253\u5730\u9f20\u201d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u4e0d\u65b7\u51fa\u73fe\u3002 Tallis \u7684 &#8220;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Aping-Mankind-Neuromania-Darwinitis-Misrepresentation\/dp\/B01FGMU7IG\/ref=tmm_mmp_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&amp;qid=1685603692&amp;sr=8-2\">Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity<\/a><\/em> (2011) &#8221; \u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u9802\u5cf0\uff0c\u7d9c\u5408\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u4ed6\u6240\u80fd\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u667a\u529b\u706b\u529b\u7528\u65bc\u5c0d\u6297\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u53cd\u4eba\u985e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53db\u4e82\u5206\u5b50 \u3002\u6b64\u66f8\u6279\u8a55\u4e86\u81ea 1990 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u9032\u5316\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 \u5f9e\u795e\u7d93\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u5230\u795e\u7d93\u795e\u5b78\uff0c\u201cneuro-\u201d\u524d\u7db4\u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u795e\u7d93\u5f71\u50cf\u5b78\uff09\u5728\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u6587\u548c\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u5de5\u5177\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u4e2d\u7684\u61c9\u7528 \u2014\u2014 \u72c2\u71b1\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u9032\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540c\u4f34 \u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6 Susan Greenfield \u7684\u65b7\u8a00\u201c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u201d\uff08 p 30 \uff09\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u9032\u5316\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u7a7a\u9593\u548c\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u9032\u5316\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u8166\uff0c\u795e\u7d93\u72c2\u75c7\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u8a66\u5716\u7528\u9032\u5316\u512a\u52e2\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u8207\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u3002 \u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u8a55\u8ad6\u5bb6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5854\u5229\u65af\u66f4\u5f37\u8abf\u9019\u7a2e\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5f88\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u795e\u7d93\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5982\u6b64\u7a7a\u6d1e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u8166\u90a3\u9ebc\u660e\u986f\uff0c\u90a3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9084\u8981\u95dc\u5fc3\u5462\uff1f \u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u5411\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6295\u964d\u201d\uff08 p 343 \uff09\u6b63\u5728\u6ef2\u900f\u5230\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u3002 \u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b78\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u88ab\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u201c\u795e\u7d93\u201d\u8b8a\u9ad4\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a8d\u77e5\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u7b49\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7b49\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u8655\u65bc\u5e95\u90e8 \u2014\u2014 \u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002 \u5728\u634d\u885b\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u79d1\u514d\u65bc\u6210\u70ba\u201c\u52d5\u7269\u201d\uff08 p 59 \uff09\u6642\uff0c\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4e16\u4fd7\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684 Raymond Tallis \u5805\u7a31\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u53cd\u5c0d\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u6feb\u7528\u3002 \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Daniel Dennett \u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u6c89\u8ff7\u65bc\u201c\u7528\u6f2b\u756b\u53cd\u99c1\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u5931\u53bb\u9663\u5730\u7684\u904e\u6642\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7684\u61a4\u6012\u634d\u885b\u8005\u201d\uff08&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chronicle.com\/author\/marc-parry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marc Parry<\/a>\uff0c\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/chronicle.com\/article\/Raymond%20-Tallis-Takes-Out-the\/129279\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Raymond Tallis Takes Out the \u2018Neurotrash\u2019<\/a>\u201d\uff09\u3002 \u5982\u6b64\u8cb6\u4f4e\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\uff0c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e86\u733f\u4eba\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u5c0d\u8a71\u3002 \u5c0d\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u5c1a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee5\u4ea4\u53c9\u76ee\u7684\u8aaa\u8a71\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u672c\u8eab\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728 Raymond Tallis \u7684\u8a3a\u65b7\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u72c2\u71b1\u8005\u6240\u60a3\u7684\u767c\u71d2\u72c0\u614b\u662f \u201c\u795e\u7d93\u72c2 Neuromania\u201d \u548c \u201c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e Darwinitis\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u4e9b\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u7279\u9ede\u662f\u8a87\u5927\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u6559\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u95dc\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5206\u5225\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7576\u524d\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5c0d\u795e\u7d93\u5b78\u548c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8aa4\u7528\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u800c\u6070\u7576\u7684\u65b0\u8a5e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba Tallis \u6559\u6388\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8abf\u548c \u201c\u50b3\u67d3\u201d \u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e26\u6210\u70ba\u75f4\u8ff7\u7684\u72a7\u7272\u54c1\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u540d\u5c08\u9580\u7814\u7a76\u7672\u7647\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u91ab\u751f\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\uff0cTallis \u5c0d\u53d7\u640d\u7684\u5927\u8166\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8b8a\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u6709\u8457\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u654f\u92b3\u5730\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u795e\u7d93\u72c2\u75c7\u5c07\u5fc3\u667a\u9084\u539f\u70ba\u5927\u8166\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002 \u4ed6\u7279\u5225\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u5730\u5fb9\u5e95\u99c1\u65a5\u4e86\u8072\u7a31\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u5fc3\u7406\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\u548c\u5b9a\u4f4d \u2014\u2014 \u5f9e\u611b\u548c\u667a\u6167\u5230\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u504f\u898b \u2014\u2014 \u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u57fa\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u529f\u80fd\u6027 MRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging\uff0cfMRI) \u5716\u50cf\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u7684\u601d\u60f3 \u3002 \u7576\u5927\u8166\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7279\u5b9a\u4efb\u52d9\u6642\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u6e2c\u91cf\u5927\u8166\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u4f4d\u7684\u8840\u6c27\u6c34\u5e73\u8b8a\u5316\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f69\u8272\u5716\u50cf\u4ee4\u4eba\u8457\u8ff7\uff0c\u592a\u591a\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u4eba\u6587\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u201c\u8ffd\u661f\u65cf\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bb9\u6613\u4e0a\u7576\u53d7\u9a19\u7684\u4eba \u5a92\u9ad4\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u592a\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u6771\u897f&#8230;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis \u7684 <em>&#8220;Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity<\/em>&#8221; \u662f\u4e00\u672c\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u66f8\u3002 \u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5c0d\u6d41\u884c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u6279\u5224\uff1b \u53e6\u4e00\u662f\u500b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c07\u610f\u8b58\u8207\u5927\u8166\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u62ef\u6551\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f86\u81ea\u5404\u7a2e\u201c\u6709\u5bb3\u201d\u9084\u539f\u8ad6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u9032\u6b65\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis  \u6b23\u7136\u627f\u8a8d\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u8166\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u9a5a\u4eba\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u69cd\u5c0d\u6e96\u4e86\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u5925\u4f34 \u2014\u2014 \u4ed6\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684 \u201c\u795e\u7d93\u72c2 Neuromania\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u76f8\u4fe1\u5927\u8166\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5927\u8166\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u610f\u8b58\u5145\u5206\u689d\u4ef6 \uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u884c\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u7528\u795e\u7d93\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0cTallis \u662f\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u795e\u7d93\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u64b0\u5beb\u4e86\u5341\u5e7e\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u66f8\u7c4d\uff0c\u4e26\u6301\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u610f\u8b58\u9032\u5316\u7684\u5192\u96aa\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u6191\u85c9\u81e8\u5e8a\u91ab\u751f\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4ee4\u4eba\u656c\u754f\u7684\u654f\u92b3\u5ea6\u548c\u7cbe\u78ba\u5ea6\uff0cTallis \u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u201c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u201d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4ee5\u795e\u7d93\u70ba\u524d\u7db4\u7684\u507d\u5b78\u79d1\u8072\u7a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u5f9e\u85dd\u8853\u548c\u6587\u5b78\u5230\u72af\u7f6a\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u4e26\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u662f\u6df7\u4e82\u548c\u8b2c\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u8072\u671b\u7684\u6feb\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u8ff4\u907f\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8eab\u5fc3\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis \u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u5f9e\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u3002 \u7528\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u65e5\u5e38\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u4eba\u985e\u610f\u8b58\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u9032\u5316\u5927\u8166\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u5426\u8a8d\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7368\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u901a\u904e\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u6211\u5011\u8207\u6211\u5011\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u89aa\u5c6c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u6b6a\u66f2\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u8352\u8b2c\u7c21\u5316\u548c\u6709\u8fb1\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 . Tallis \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6bd4\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u93e1\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u6211\u5011\u8981\u6709\u8da3\u548c\u5fa9\u96dc\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;Aping Mankind<\/em>&#8221; \u5168\u66f8\u5171\u5206\u70ba\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0(Science and Scientism)\u4e2d\uff0cTallis \u56de\u9867\u4e86\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c07\u5927\u8166\u6216\u9032\u5316\u7f6e\u65bc\u4e2d\u5fc3\u821e\u53f0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u8a8d\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u201c\u795e\u7d93\u72c2\u201d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u201d\uff08 p 29\uff09\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u201c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e\u201d\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u4e4b\u9593\u6c92\u6709\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u6216\u201c\u672c\u8cea\u201d\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u89c0\u9ede ( p 147)\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u6709\u5c0d\u61c9\u7269\uff1a\u5927\u8166\u6216\u9032\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u201c\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5404\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u201d\uff08 p 5\uff09\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0(Consequences&nbsp;)\u5217\u8209\u4e86\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u6bc0\u6ec5\u6027\u5f8c\u679c\uff1a\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u55aa\u5931\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u793e\u6703\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u55aa\u5931\u3002 \u95b1\u8b80\u524d\u5169\u7ae0\u6700\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5047\u8a2d Tallis \u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8abf\u67e5\u4e00\u4e9b\u9b06\u6563\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u53cd\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u75c7\u72c0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0(Neuromania: A Castle Built on Sand&nbsp;)\u662f\u5168\u66f8\u4e2d\u6700\u9577\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u6709 70 \u591a\u9801\u3002 \u524d\u5341\u9801\u7e3d\u7d50\u4e86 fMRI \u6383\u63cf\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff1b \u96d6\u7136\u9019\u88cf\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u9084\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002 \u5176\u9918\u9801\u9762\u653b\u64ca\u795e\u7d93\u72c2\u75c7\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7cbe\u795e\u72c0\u614b\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u8207\u5927\u8166\u72c0\u614b\u76f8\u540c\uff08\u201c\u795e\u7d93\u72c2\u75c7\u201d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u985e\u578b\u985e\u578b\u8eab\u4efd\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8207 U. T. Place \u548c J. J. C. Smart \u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5982 \u4ee5\u53ca\u8207\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76f8\u95dc\u7684 token-token \u8eab\u4efd\u7406\u8ad6\uff09\u3002 \u4ed6\u901a\u904e\u4f7f\u7528\u6d89\u53ca\u611f\u53d7\u6027\u3001\u610f\u5411\u6027\u3001\u96b1\u79c1\u3001\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/neuroscience\/binding-problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u7d81\u5b9a\u554f\u984c binding problem<\/a>\u201d\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/chinese-room\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chinese Room argument <\/a>\u548c\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u5dee\u8ddd\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f86\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u8a8d\u540c\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0(From Darwinism to Darwinitis&nbsp;)\u901a\u904e\u5f37\u8abf\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u7570\u4f86\u653b\u64ca\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5011\u63a1\u7528\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u6771\u897f\u4e26\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u5f9e\u5c6c\u65bc\u7368\u7279\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u76ee\u7684\u201d\uff08 p 155\uff09\u3002 \uff08\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u8aaa\u4eba\u985e\u201c\u4f7f\u751f\u7269\u7d66\u5b9a\u670d\u5f9e\u4eba\u985e\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u8fd1\u4e4e\u540c\u7fa9\u53cd\u5fa9\uff09\u4ed6\u5c0d\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u6216\u7ae0\u9b5a\u7b49\u52d5\u7269\u4f7f\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7dca\u7e2e\u7684\u6279\u8a55 ( pp 158-9)\u3002 \u4ed6\u9084\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9032\u5316\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6703\u6bd4\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u6a21\u584a\u66f4\u6709\u512a\u52e2 ( pp 175-181)\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f7f\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u8a2d\u60f3\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u6bd4\u73fe\u6709\u6a5f\u5236\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9032\u5316\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u5f8c\u8005 \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u5c07\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnsys.2022.780652\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u904e\u5ea6\u9069\u61c9\u4e3b\u7fa9 hyper-adaptationism <\/a>\u6700\u58de\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0(Bewitched by Language&nbsp;)\u8a3a\u65b7\u4e86\u795e\u7d93\u72c2\u548c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e\u7684\u660e\u986f\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002 \u5b83\u6e90\u65bc\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u548c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u5305\u542b\u5c0d\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u93e1\u50cf\u795e\u7d93\u5143 mirror neurons\u201d( p 190) \u7684\u8a87\u5927\u8aaa\u6cd5\u7684\u5fb9\u5e95\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0(The Sighted Watchmaker) \u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u9d3b\u6e9d\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u89d2\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u62c7\u6307\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f4\u7acb\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\u548c\u6307\u5411\u7684\u624b\u6307\u3002 \u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u62c7\u6307\u8ce6\u4e88\u4eba\u985e\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u6240\u6c92\u6709\u7684\u9748\u5de7\u6027\u3002 \u5b83\u5f15\u5c0e\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u638c\u63e1\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u4e2d\u9032\u884c\u9078\u64c7\u3002 \u5b83\u7d66\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u50c5\u63a8\u52d5\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u5de5\u5177\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u4f5c\u70ba\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u9019\u8207\u76f4\u7acb\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u8207\u5468\u570d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4fdd\u6301\u201c\u8ddd\u96e2\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u589e\u5f37\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u6211\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u5340\u5225\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u3002 \u6307\u5411\u7684\u624b\u6307\u6253\u958b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u52a0\u4e86\u89e3\u793e\u6703\u4e16\u754c\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u64c1\u6709\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u9593\u805a\u96c6\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u771f\u5be6\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f \u201c\u751f\u7406\u60c5\u7dd2 physiological emotions\u201d ( p 235 )\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d \u201c\u7269\u9ad4\u548c\u529b\u91cf objects and forces\u201d ( p 236 )\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002 \u9019\u628a\u4ed6\u5f15\u5411\u4e86\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6b63\u5728\u5c0b\u627e\u4eba\u985e\u7368\u7279\u6027\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5927\u8166\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u7684\u7368\u7279\u6027\u6e90\u65bc\u62c7\u6307\u3001\u59ff\u52e2\u3001\u6307\u9ede\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6253\u958b\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u610f\u7fa9\u7a7a\u9593\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0(Reaffirming our Humanity&nbsp;)\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8faf\u8b77\u3002 \u4ed6\u6279\u8a55\u4e86 Benjamin&nbsp;Libet \u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u61c9\u8a72\u901a\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u884c\u52d5\u5d4c\u5165\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u3002 \u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u4ed6\u6700\u5927\u81bd\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u80fd\u5920\u201c\u5229\u7528\u201d\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5247\u4f86\u9054\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u53d7\u9019\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5247\u7684\u201c\u7d04\u675f\u201d\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u56de\u5230\u4eba\u985e\u4e16\u754c\u9019\u500b\u5049\u5927\u7684\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7a7a\u9593\u2026\u2026\u4e26\u5f9e\u90a3\u88e1\u4f7f\u7528\u7269\u8cea\u539f\u56e0\u4f5c\u70ba\u7269\u8cea\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u628a\u624b\u201d\uff08 p 259\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u50c5\u50c5\u6e90\u65bc\u7528\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u4eba\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u96b1\u55bb\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5247\u88ab\u63cf\u7e6a\u6210\u4e00\u6839\u7e69\u5b50\uff0c\u88ab\u7e69\u5b50\u7d81\u4f4f\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u90a3\u6839\u7e69\u5b50\u53bb\u7d81\u5225\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0(Reaffirming our Humanity&nbsp;)\u901a\u904e\u653b\u64ca\u795e\u7d93\u7f8e\u5b78\u3001\u795e\u7d93\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u3001\u795e\u7d93\u6cd5\u3001\u795e\u7d93\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u795e\u5b78\u7b49\u50b3\u7d71\u5b78\u79d1\u8207\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u4e0d\u7d14\u6f54\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u8f49\u5411\u201c\u634d\u885b\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u79d1\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0(Back to the Drawing Board)\u521d\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u975e\u201c\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u4f46\u975e\u201c\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u201d\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u662f\u8207 Andy Clark \u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u64f4\u5c55\u5fc3\u667a\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u662f\u6cdb\u5fc3\u8ad6\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u53cb\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u5c07\u601d\u60f3\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u5927\u8166\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u5340\u548c\u201c\u6280\u8853\u5708\u201d\u5728\u4fc3\u9032\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8b58\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u8207\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u7dca\u5bc6\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u592a\u591a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u8b93\u7d66\u4e86\u5927\u8166 ( p 352)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis \u5728\u5c0d\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u884c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u6279\u8a55\u6642\u8868\u73fe\u6700\u5f37\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 fMRI \u6383\u63cf\u7684\u5448\u73fe\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8aa4\u5c0e\u4eba\u5011\u8f15\u800c\u6613\u8209\u5730\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u93e1\u50cf\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u5728\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8a87\u5927\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8166\u90e8\u6383\u63cf\u5211\u4e8b\u8cac\u4efb\u3001\u9748\u6027\u4e2d\u7684\u9873\u8449\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Tallis \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u8b80\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u88ab\u201c\u5f37\u786c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u52ab\u6301\u4e86 ( p 342) \u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u5728\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\u9762\u524d\u5351\u8eac\u5c48\u819d\u201d\u7684\u4eba ( p 346)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e26\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u5c55\u73fe\u51fa\u90a3\u7a2e\u80fd\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e2d\u8d0f\u5f97\u89c0\u773e\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u3002 \u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u8cab\u7a7f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u660e\u986f\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5b78\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u70ba\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 \u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u986f\u7136\u8207\u67d0\u7a2e\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u201c\u7121\u95dc\u201d\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u8072\u7a31 &#8216;\u6d77\u5154\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u6a21\u578b <em>Aplysia<\/em>&nbsp;model of memory&#8217; \u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u201c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u2026\u2026\u4e0d\u80fd\u8072\u7a31\u5c0d\u8a18\u61b6\u6709\u89e3\u91cb\u201d\uff08 p 127\uff09\u3002 \u4f46\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u88ab\u6574\u5408\u5230\u4e86\u6d77\u5154\u6c92\u6709\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u7db2\u7d61\u4e2d\u3002 \u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u6d77\u5154\u7cfb\u7d71\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u8a18\u61b6\u7684\u7cbe\u78ba\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u6b64\u985e\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 \u51fa\u65bc\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u795e\u7d93\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7d2f\u7a4d\u4fe1\u7528\u5361\u50b5\u52d9\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\uff1a\u7528\u4fe1\u7528\u5361\u652f\u4ed8\u8207\u8207\u8ca0\u9762\u60c5\u7dd2\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8166\u5cf6\u6fc0\u6d3b\u6e1b\u5c11\u6709\u95dc ( p 324)\u3002 Tallis \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u7aae\u76e1\u4eba\u985e\u7d93\u6fdf\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5373\u795e\u7d93\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u662f&#8217;\u6beb\u7121\u6839\u64da\u7684&#8217;\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e9b\u8a87\u5f35 ( p 326)\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u9ad4\u9a57\u8207\u589e\u5f37\u7684\u9873\u8449\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9b06\u6563\u806f\u7e6b\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u5b97\u6559\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u7cbe\u795e\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u80af\u5b9a\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u8a55\u4f30\u592a\u904e\u5206\u4e86\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\u201c\u8166\u90e8\u6383\u63cf\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5e6b\u52a9\u201d\uff08 p 329\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cab\u7a7f\u5168\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8b93\u795e\u7d93\u7d50\u69cb\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c6c\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u9808\u64c1\u6709\u8a72\u5c6c\u6027\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\u7576\u6211\u611f\u77e5\u9ec3\u8272\u7269\u9ad4\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u8b8a\u9ec3\uff1b \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u611f\u77e5\u4e0d\u5728\u6211\u7684\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\uff08 p 85\uff09\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u6307\u63a7\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6307\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u64c1\u6709\u8a72\u8ca1\u7522\u3002 \u5f9e\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u8b1b\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5927\u8166\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u67d0\u7269\u8868\u793a\u70ba\u65b9\u5f62\u6216\u6a62\u5713\u5f62\u6216\u7c97\u7cd9\u6216\u5149\u6ed1\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5b83\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u65b9\u5f62\u6216\u6a62\u5713\u5f62\u6216\u7c97\u7cd9\u6216\u5149\u6ed1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u73b7\u6c61\u4e86\u4ed6\u5c0d\u201c\u7d81\u5b9a\u554f\u984c\u201d\u7684\u5197\u9577\u8a0e\u8ad6 ( pp 114-120)\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u74b0\u5883\u8996\u70ba\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u984f\u8272\u3001\u5f62\u72c0\u3001\u8072\u97f3\u7b49\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u8655\u7406\u7684\u3002 \u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5927\u8166\u7684\u54ea\u500b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u201c\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u201d\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u7d9c\u5408\u611f\u77e5\uff1f \u6b63\u5982\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u7531\u8a8d\u70ba\u6574\u5408\u7684\u77e5\u89ba\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u6574\u5408\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u611f\u77e5\u7da0\u8272\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\u8b8a\u7da0\u3002 \u5927\u8166\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u4e00\u500b\u5834\u666f\u8868\u793a\u70ba\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u9700\u81ea\u5df1\u986f\u793a\u8a72\u96c6\u6210\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86 Tallis&nbsp;\u5c0d\u9810\u671f\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis&nbsp;\u5c0d\u5f8c\u4e00\u7a2e\u6279\u8a55\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u53cd\u99c1\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u6279\u8a55\u89f8\u53ca\u4e86\u4ed6\u95dc\u65bc\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u4f7f\u4eba\u985e\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002 \u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5927\u8166\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f9e\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u201c\u5c07\u67d0\u7269\u8868\u793a\u70ba\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u8166\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u610f\u5411\u6027 ( p 105)\uff0c\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5305\u88f9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5177\u6709 ( p 359)\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u95dc\u65bc\u201d\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cTallis&nbsp;\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u5617\u8a66\u53c3\u8207\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u9f90\u5927\u54f2\u5b78\u907a\u7522\u3002 \u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7fa9\u5b78\u7684\u6574\u500b\u9818\u57df\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u610f\u5411\u6027\u6700\u6709\u524d\u9014\u7684\u9014\u5f91\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8173\u8a3b\u4e2d\u88ab\u99c1\u56de\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7957\u662f\u201c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e\u201d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u62d2\u7d55 ( p 233)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis \u53cd\u5c0d\u5c07\u610f\u5411\u6027\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5177\u6709\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u8a08\u7b97\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4fe1\u865f\u201d\u7b49\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u5316\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5c0d\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u8fd1\u671f\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u53ef\u7591\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002 \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u4e2d \uff0c \u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\u5728 1950 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u901a\u904e\u660e\u78ba\u63a1\u7528 Claude Shannon \u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6e2c\u91cf\uff08\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8ad6\u201d \u4fe1\u606f\uff09\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u3002 \u7576\u6642\uff08W. S. McCulloch \u7b49\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u5ea6\u91cf\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u5011\u5e38\u8b58\u6027\u7684\u201c\u610f\u7fa9\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u8a9e\u7fa9\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\uff09\u3002 1950 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5c07\u4fe1\u606f\u8ad6\u4fe1\u606f\u632a\u7528\u5230\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7522\u751f\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u651c\u5e36\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1b \u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff0cShannon \u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5148\u524d\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5373\u795e\u7d93\u653e\u96fb\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u4ee3\u8868\u201d\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u932f\u904e\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8ad6\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u8a9e\u7fa9\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u795e\u7d93\u4fe1\u865f\u651c\u5e36\u201c\u95dc\u65bc\u201d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u6beb\u7121\u554f\u984c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7e3d\u62ec\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u72c2\u5984\u81ea\u5927\u7684\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u63f4\u5f15\u7c97\u7cd9\u548c\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u793e\u6703\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u9032\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u72c2\u5984\u81ea\u5927\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8072\u7a31\u901a\u904e\u6307\u5411\u5927\u8166\u67d0\u500b\u5340\u57df\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u611b\u60c5\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c07\u6148\u5584\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u5438\u5f15\u6f5b\u5728\u914d\u5076\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u72c2\u5984\u81ea\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u72c2\u5984\u81ea\u5927\u7684\u7df4\u7fd2\u3002Tallis \u7684\u6279\u8a55\u4e0d\u50c5\u91dd\u5c0d\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u91dd\u5c0d\u6574\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7d66\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u4e0d\u7576\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f9e\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u88ab\u8aa4\u5c0e\u4e86\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u901a\u904e\u53cd\u99c1\u9019\u7a2e\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f86\u53cd\u5c0d\u5927\u773e\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7bc4\u570d\u3002 \u4ed6\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u7406\u89e3\u5f97\u4e0d\u597d\u6216\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u9a5a\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis \u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684 &#8220;\u795e\u7d93\u72c2&#8221;\uff08\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u8a73\u76e1\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\uff09\u548c &#8220;\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e&#8221; \u60a3\u8005\uff08\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c07\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u7368\u7279\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u9032\u5316\u9069\u61c9\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u7834\u58de\u6027\u3002\u5ffd\u8996\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6703\u5ffd\u8996\u7576\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u6642\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8b8a\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u88cf\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u662f\u5c07 &#8220;\u795e\u7d93\u72c2&#8221; \u548c &#8220;\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e&#8221; \u8996\u70ba\u904e\u5ea6\u64f4\u5f35\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u901a\u904e\u53c3\u8003\u81f3\u591a\u53ea\u8d77\u5f88\u5c0f\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u73fe\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8981\u53cd\u5c0d\u5c0d\u611b\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u9808\u5805\u6301\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u4efb\u4f55\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u53cd\u5c0d\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u9084\u539f\u9032\u5316\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u9808\u5426\u8a8d\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u52d5\u7269\u3002Tallis \u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u5426\u8a8d\u79d1\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u7167\u4eae\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u8def\u7dda\uff1a\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u548c\u5275\u9020\u8ad6\u3002\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u5fc3\u9748\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7cbe\u795e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u7531\u795e\u5275\u9020\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u667a\u529b\u8cac\u4efb\u611f\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5f9e\u66f4\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u9032\u5316\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u5f9e\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7368\u7279\u4e4b\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u5011\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u8207\u773e\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\uff1f \u5c0d\u65bc\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\uff0cTallis \u8a8d\u70ba\u610f\u8b58\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\uff08\u4ee4\u4eba\u8cbb\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u66f8\u7684\u7d50\u5c3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u52d5\u7269\u4e5f\u6709\u610f\u8b58\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u610f\u8b58\u7121\u6cd5\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\uff1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u5728\u722d\u8ad6\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u91dd\u5c0d\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5c0d\u201c\u767c\u7d05\u201d\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5927\u8166\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u7d05\u8272\u7684 \u3002 \u56b4\u8085\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\u6254\u6389\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u3002Tallis \u78ba\u5be6\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u79d1\u5b78\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u8072\u660e\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e86\u5169\u7a2e\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u6c34\u662f H2O\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1 H2O \u7684\u55ae\u500b\u5206\u5b50\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u6fd5\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5426\u8a8d\u9019\u662f\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u201c\u6210\u70ba H2O\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6210\u70ba\u6c34\u201d\u662f\u6c34\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u610f\u8b58\u4e2d\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e5f\u8a31\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u73fe\u50cf\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u610f\u8b58\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u8aaa\uff0cTallis \u8a8d\u70ba\u5927\u8166\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u7a2e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u610f\u8b58\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f9e\u6211\u5011\u6587\u5316\u98fd\u548c\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5011\u6240\u898b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5426\u8a8d\u4ed6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u65e8\u5728\u70ba\u5275\u9020\u8ad6\u8005\u548c\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u6170\u3002 \u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u9700\u8981\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u50cf\u4ed6\u4e00\u6a23\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u5c31\u7121\u6fdf\u65bc\u4e8b\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u5b89\u6392\u96d6\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5927\u8166\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e5f\u8a31\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raymond Tallis \u7684\u771f\u6b63\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86 &#8220;\u795e\u7d93\u72c2&#8221; \u548c &#8220;\u9054\u723e\u6587\u708e&#8221; \u60a3\u8005\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8a2d\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u7531\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u69cb\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u7531\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9032\u5316\u6b77\u53f2\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u6210\u70ba\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u69cb\u6210\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u6211\u5011\u9032\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u60c5\u51b5\u5c31\u50cf Alvin Plantinga \u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/9512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Atheists are actually dysfunctional cognitively<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u843d\u5728\u90a3\u8a8d\u77e5\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8abf\u7684\u6ce5\u5df4\u4e2d \u3002\u9019\u662f\u61c9\u5c0d\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u65b9\u5f0f \u2014\u2014 \u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u597d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u5f9e\u5404\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u5f9e\u9032\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5230\u8a8d\u77e5\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u5f9e\u5fc3\u9748\u54f2\u5b78\u5230\u52d5\u7269\u884c\u70ba\u5b78\uff09\u4e2d\u6162\u6162\u6d6e\u73fe\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6027\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6027\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5145\u6eff\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9019\u7a2e\u52d5\u7269\u80fd\u5920\u6839\u64da\u7406\u6027\u5851\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u793e\u6703 \uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u904e\u8d85\u8d8a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u662f\u5c0d\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u9577\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u88dc\u5145\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u737b\u65e8\u5728\u63ed\u7a7f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6210\u70ba\u5831\u7d19\u982d\u689d\u65b0\u805e\u7684\u6dfa\u986f\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u767c\u73fe\u201c\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u57fa\u56e0\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u8166\u5340\u57df\u201d -\u512a\u8cea\u62b5\u62bc\u8cb8\u6b3e\uff0c\u6216\u201c\u8a3c\u660e\u201d \u786c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u6216\u4eba\u985e\u666e\u904d\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u3002 \u5728\u6700\u58de\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u8b80\u8d77\u4f86\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5c0d Daniel Dennett \u7684 &#8220;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Consciousness-Explained-Daniel-C-Dennett-ebook\/dp\/B01N807LD2\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2UJSAO1X96KC0&amp;keywords=Consciousness+Explained&amp;qid=1685604343&amp;sprefix=consciousness+explained%2Caps%2C463&amp;sr=8-1\">Consciousness Explained<\/a><\/em>&#8221; \u7684\u904e\u9577\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u56de\u61c9\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u8b93\u5c08\u696d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c45\u9ad8\u81e8\u4e0b\u5730\u5fae\u7b11\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002Tallis \u8868\u9054\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u632b\u6557\u611f\u503c\u5f97\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5176\u4ed6\u5177\u6709\u54f2\u5b78\u982d\u8166\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u64d4\u6182\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u5404\u7a2e\u201c\u6709\u5bb3\u201d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9084\u539f\u8ad6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u5927\u8166\u89e3\u91cb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u61c9\u6709\u4fe1\u7528\uff1f Paul Weiss\u3001Roger Sperry \u548c John Eccles \u7b49\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u70ba\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u800c\u82e6\u82e6\u6399\u624e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u64d4\u6182\u5728 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 80 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u7a81\u73fe\u8ad6\u548c\u201c\u5411\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u201d\u70ba\u5e4c\u5b50\u5728\u5fc3\u9748\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5370\u8a18\uff08 Sahotra Sarkar\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Philosophy-Science-2-Set-Encyclopedia\/dp\/0415939275\/ref=sr_1_2?crid=2DV13774C1EP3&amp;keywords=sahotra+Sarkar%EF%BC%8CThe+Philosophy+of+Science+-+An+Encyclopedia&amp;qid=1685604300&amp;sprefix=sahotra+sarkar+the+philosophy+of+science+-+an+encyclopedia%2Caps%2C270&amp;sr=8-2&amp;ufe=app_do%3Aamzn1.fos.2b70bf2b-6730-4ccf-ab97-eb60747b8daf\">The Philosophy of Science &#8211; An Encyclopedia<\/a>\u30022006\uff09\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u8868\u9054\u67d0\u7a2e\u6642\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u4fc3\u4f7f\u535a\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u8981\u8f15\u8996\u5176\u54f2\u5b78\u4f7f\u547d\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e5f\u8a31 Tallis \u7684\u66f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u6b23\u8cde\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u88e1\uff0c\u91ab\u751f\u3001\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Raymond Tallis \u91dd\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u5805\u6c7a\u5426\u8a8d\u4eba\u6027\u7368\u7279\u6027\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u548c\u201c\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u201d\u5f62\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8ad6\u6230\u3002 \u5f9e &#8220;The Explicit Animal\u00a0(1991)&#8221; \u958b\u59cb\uff0cTallis \u8a66\u5716\u53cd\u64ca\u4ee5\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7684\u540d\u7fa9\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u610f\u5411\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u9032\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u653b\u64ca\u3002 \u4f46\u5c31\u50cf\u667a\u529b\u904a\u6232\u201c\u6253\u5730\u9f20\u201d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u4e0d\u65b7\u51fa\u73fe\u3002 Tallis \u7684 &#8220;Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity (2011) &#8221; \u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u9802\u5cf0\uff0c\u7d9c\u5408\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u4ed6\u6240\u80fd\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u667a\u529b\u706b\u529b\u7528\u65bc\u5c0d\u6297\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u53cd\u4eba\u985e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53db\u4e82\u5206\u5b50 \u3002\u6b64\u66f8\u6279\u8a55\u4e86\u81ea 1990 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u9032\u5316\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 \u5f9e\u795e\u7d93\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u5230\u795e\u7d93\u795e\u5b78\uff0c\u201cneuro-\u201d\u524d\u7db4\u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u795e\u7d93\u5f71\u50cf\u5b78\uff09\u5728\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u6587\u548c\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u5de5\u5177\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u4e2d\u7684\u61c9\u7528 \u2014\u2014 \u72c2\u71b1\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u9032\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540c\u4f34 \u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u3002 \u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6 Susan Greenfield \u7684\u65b7\u8a00\u201c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u201d\uff08 p 30 \uff09\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u9032\u5316\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u7a7a\u9593\u548c\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u3002 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/06\/01\/aping-mankind-neuromania-darwinitis-and-the-misrepresentation-of-humanity\/\">Continue reading <span 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