\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\uff1f\u77e5\u8b58\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u771f\u7406\uff1f\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u5f9e\u4f55\u800c\u4f86\uff1f\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u6b64\u985e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u5728\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8a2d \u2014\u2014 \u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u5167\u7701\u4e86\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u601d\u8003\u90fd\u662f\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7406\u6027\u662f\u7121\u5f62\u7684\u548c\u666e\u904d\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u516c\u8a8d\u7d50\u679c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\u3002 \u7d93\u9a57\u8868\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
~ \u5927\u591a\u6578\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5730\u8a2a\u554f\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u904e\u5f97\u592a\u5feb\uff0c\u592a\u6df1\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89c0\u5bdf\u5b83\u5011\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
~ \u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u5927\u591a\u662f\u683c\u8a00\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6642\u9593\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5f9e\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u96b1\u55bb\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u662f\u8ca7\u4e4f\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u96b1\u55bb\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e92\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u5c07\u6642\u9593\u8868\u793a\u70ba\u5728\u7a7a\u9593\u4e2d\u7684\u904b\u52d5\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u6d41\u904e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6d41\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u6211\u5011\u79fb\u52d5\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u7dad\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
~ \u601d\u60f3\u662f\u5177\u8eab\u7684 embodied\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u8eab\u9ad4 \u2014\u2014 \u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7463\u788e\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u7269\u7406\u5927\u8166\u4f86\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6211\u5011\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u96b1\u55bb\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u9ad4\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aristotle \u5ba3\u7a31 \u201c\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u6700\u5049\u5927\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u662f\u6210\u70ba\u96b1\u55bb\u5927\u5e2b\u201d \uff0c”\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f9e\u5225\u4eba\u90a3\u88cf\u5b78\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1b \u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u5929\u624d\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5c07\u96b1\u55bb\u88fd\u4f5c\u8996\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u57fa\u672c\u6d3b\u52d5\u30021980 \u5e74\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u6559\u6388 George Lakoff \u548c\u4fc4\u52d2\u5ca1\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb Mark Johnson \u5728 \u201cMetaphors We Live By\u201d \u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u5e6b\u52a9\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u96b1\u55bb\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u6ef2\u900f\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684 \u3002 \u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e26\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u6642\u9593\u8996\u70ba\u91d1\u9322\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d6a\u8cbb\u3001\u6295\u8cc7\u548c\u82b1\u8cbb\u3002\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u96b1\u55bb\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u601d\u8003\u6642\u9593\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u4e5f\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6210\u898b\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u570b\u5bb6\u60f3\u50cf\u6210\u4e00\u8258\u5728\u66b4\u98a8\u96e8\u4e2d\u5b89\u5168\u822a\u884c\u7684\u8239\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u500b\u638c\u8235\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3b\u52d5\u5bb6\u7684\u8239\u54e1\u3002\u96b1\u55bb\u69cb\u5efa\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba \uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5ba2\u89c0\u771f\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5fc5\u7136\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u9ad4\u4fc2\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u201d( \u201cMetaphors We Live By<\/em>\u201d, p 194 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u73fe\u5728\uff0cLakoff \u548c Johnson \u518d\u6b21\u806f\u624b\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u5728 \u201cPhilosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u96b1\u55bb\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5f62\u8c61 \u2014\u2014 \u4eba\u9ad4\u7684\u5f62\u8c61 \u2014\u2014 \u5275\u9020\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u7121\u5f62\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u897f\u65b9\u89c0\u5ff5\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u8207\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7d50\u679c \u201c\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u201d \u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u89c0\u9ede ( p 554 )\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u201c\u5177\u8eab embodied\u201d \u54f2\u5b78\u6703\u8868\u660e\u601d\u60f3\u898f\u5f8b\u662f\u96b1\u55bb\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u908f\u8f2f\u6027\u7684\uff1b\u771f\u7406\u5c07\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u96b1\u55bb\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u8b49\u660e\u9019\u7a2e \u201c\u5177\u8eab\u201d \u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u96b1\u55bb\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7d44\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u63cf\u7e6a\u4eba\u985e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u907a\u50b3\u5bc6\u78bc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u73fe\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u8eab\u9ad4\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u96e2\u7684 Descartes \u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u80fd\u5920\u6839\u64da\u666e\u904d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6307\u793a\u63a1\u53d6\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u52d5\u7684 Kant \u5f0f\u4eba\u7269\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u80fd\u5920\u50c5\u901a\u904e\u5167\u7701\u5b8c\u5168\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u5b78\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3001Chomsky\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3001\u5f8c\u7d50\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3001\u8a08\u7b97\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lakoff \u548c Johnson \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u5fc3\u667a\u79d1\u5b78\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5c0d\u4eba\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u800c\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u9996\u5148\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u91cd\u65b0\u5be9\u8996\u4e86\u5fc3\u9748\u3001\u6642\u9593\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u7136\u5f8c\u4ed6\u5011\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u5f9e\u53e4\u5178\u5e0c\u81d8\u4eba\u5230 Kant \u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u518d\u5230\u73fe\u4ee3\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6bcf\u7a2e\u601d\u7dad\u65b9\u5f0f\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4e26\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u6bcf\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u5176\u96b1\u55bb\u4e2d\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n George Lakoff \u548c Mark Johnson \u4ee5\u4e09\u53e5\u8a71\u958b\u59cb\u7e3d\u7d50\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u66f8\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u982d\u8166\u672c\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u8eab\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u601d\u60f3\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u96b1\u55bb\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u672c\u958b\u62d3\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c”Philosophy in the Flesh<\/em>\u300a\u8089\u8eab\u54f2\u5b78<\/em>\u300b” \u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u8b8a\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u610f\u6307\u4f55\u7269\uff1f\u77e5\u8b58\u4f55\u4ee5\u7372\u53d6\uff1f\u9053\u5fb7\u6e90\u65bc\u4f55\u8655\uff1f\u5411\u4f86\u70ba\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8ad6\u984c\u3002\u4ee5\u5f80\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5171\u8b58 \u2014\u2014 \u901a\u904e\u5167\u7701\u800c\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u5fc3\u667a\u3001\u7406\u6027\u5177\u6709\u96e2\u8eab\u6027\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3001\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5927\u591a\u70ba\u975e\u96b1\u55bb\u7fa9\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u537b\u906d\u9047\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u8cea\u7591\u3002\u8a8d\u77e5\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u5fc3\u667a\u89aa\u8eab\u6027\u3001\u96b1\u55bb\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u6210\u70ba\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c0d\u5fc3\u667a\u3001\u771f\u5be6\u3001\u6642\u9593\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u9010\u4e00\u6aa2\u8a0e\uff1b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4ee5\u5f80\u54f2\u5b78\u5176\u601d\u7dad\u6a21\u5f0f\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u65e8\u8da3\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\u5efa\u69cb\u8089\u8eab\u54f2\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u6eab\u6696\u6216\u98e2\u9913\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u8eab\u9ad4\u611f\u89ba\u6210\u70ba\u53c3\u8003\u9ede\uff0c\u767c\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u5c07\u5176\u611f\u77e5\u8207\u4e4b\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u5c07\u4e16\u754c\u8207\u8eab\u9ad4\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u96b1\u55bb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8aaa\u6709\u4e00\u500b \u201c\u89aa\u5bc6\u201d \u670b\u53cb\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0a\u7684\u63a5\u8fd1 \u2014\u2014 \u767c\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u4e4b\u4e00 \u2014\u2014 \u8b8a\u5f97\u8207\u89aa\u5bc6\u76f8\u95dc \u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u7528\u7269\u7406\u96b1\u55bb\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\u56f0\u96e3\u662f\u8ca0\u64d4\uff08 \u201c\u6211\u88ab\u7fa9\u52d9\u58d3\u5f97\u5598\u4e0d\u904e\u6c23\u4f86\u201d \uff09\uff0c\u8b8a\u5316\u662f\u904b\u52d5\uff08 \u201c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b63\u5728\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u9000\u201d \uff09\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u907a\u50b3\u5bc6\u78bc\u4e00\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u90a3\u4e9b\u70ba\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u5c0b\u627e\u907a\u50b3\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u793e\u6703\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5011\u6700\u7d42\u5256\u6790\u4e86 Kant\u3001Descartes\u3001\u548c W. V. O. Quine \u7b49\u4eba\u7269\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u672c\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8868\u9762\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u539f\u59cb\u907a\u50b3\u96b1\u55bb\u6750\u6599\u4ea4\u7e54\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u7dda\u7d22\u3002 \u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u662f\u96b1\u55bb\u7a81\u8b8a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b58\u5728\u901a\u904e\u904b\u7528\u975e\u5be6\u9ad4\u7406\u6027\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u975e\u5be6\u9ad4\u771f\u7406\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u907a\u50b3\u96b1\u55bb\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u555f\u767c\u6027\u53c8\u5177\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u96b1\u55bb\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff1a\u5b83\u901a\u904e\u8207\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u4f86\u8ce6\u4e88\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u4ee5\u5f62\u72c0\u3002 \u5b83\u9084\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\uff1a\u5b83\u5275\u9020\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u96b1\u55bb\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u54f2\u5b78\u4e8b\u696d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4f5c\u8005\u5c0d\u539f\u59cb\u96b1\u55bb\u7684\u5805\u5b9a\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5947\u602a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 \u666e\u901a\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5171\u9cf4\uff0c\u4f46\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u537b\u6e1b\u5f31\u4e86\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7269\u7406\u9818\u57df\u7684\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u201d( p 301) \u3002\u96b1\u55bb\u4f7f\u9019\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b98\u65b9\u6703\u8a08\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6709\u50b5\u52d9\u3001\u9084\u6b3e\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u7c3f\u8a18\u54e1\u3002 \u5176\u4ed6\u96b1\u55bb\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad4\u4fc2\u8207\u5bb6\u65cf\u6b0a\u5a01\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u3002 \u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cKant \u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u57fa\u65bc\u201c\u56b4\u7236\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5247\u57fa\u65bc\u201c\u990a\u80b2\u7236\u6bcd\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002( p 317 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u96b1\u55bb\u5206\u6790\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u89e3\u91cb\u502b\u7406\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u3002 \u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5c07\u5176\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002 \u751a\u81f3\u96b1\u55bb\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\u66f4\u8907\u96dc\u3002\u96b1\u55bb\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e1b\u5c11\u89c0\u5ff5 \u2014\u2014 \u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u4e00\u76d2\u5de7\u514b\u529b\u201d\u7576\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5 \u2014\u2014 \u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u64f4\u5927\u89c0\u5ff5 \u2014\u2014 \u5c31\u50cf \u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u7dda\u5708\u201d\u3002\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u5340\u5225\u5728\u65bc\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8207\u6211\u5011\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc Lakoff \u548c Johnson \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u96e2\u958b\u5bb6\uff1b \u96b1\u55bb\u4e0d\u65b7\u88ab\u62c9\u56de\u8eab\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Philosophy in the Flesh<\/em>” \u547c\u7c72\u6216\u5ba3\u7a31\u5b83\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u547c\u7c72\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u9032\u884c\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u90a3\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5177\u9ad4\u5982\u4f55\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff1f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7528\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u9019\u4e9b\u53e5\u5b50 \u201c\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u6027\u662f\u52d5\u7269\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u5927\u8166\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u7406\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u3001\u5927\u8166\u4ee5\u53ca\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 \u6211\u5011\u65e5\u5e38\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u771f\u5be6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u3002\u201d \u7b2c\u4e09\u53e5\u662f\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u65e9\u671f\u96b1\u55bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7e3d\u7d50\uff08Metaphors We Live, 1980\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u5c0d\u57fa\u672c\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6642\u9593\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u5c07\u8a72\u5206\u6790\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u5f9e\u5148\u8607\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Presocratics \u5230 Noam Chomsky \u7b49\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u9ed8\u8a8d\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u8457\u624b\u5f9e\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u7814\u7a76\u54f2\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u5404\u91cd\u8981\u6642\u671f\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u7814\u7a76 \u2014\u2014 \u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5148\u8607\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Presocratics\u3001Plato \u548c Aristotle \u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\uff1bRene Descartes \u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u6642\u671f\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\uff1bKant \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u5b8f\u5049\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6bbf\u5802\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u5d84\u65b0\u7684\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u91cb\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u672c\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u4ee5\u70ba\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5404\u81ea\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6191\u76f4\u89ba\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9084\u6703\u6d89\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u907a\u7559\u7d66\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u548c\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u82f1\u7f8e\u6790\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u3001Chomsky \u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u8005\u6a21\u578b\uff08rational-actor model\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 \u201c\u7d93\u9a57\u8cac\u4efb\u54f2\u5b78 empirically responsible philosophy\u201d \u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u53ca\u5176\u7406\u89e3 \u201c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u8ab0\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u9ad4\u9a57\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u6d3b\u201d \u7684\u6f5b\u529b ( p 551 )\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u9644\u9304\u7e3d\u7d50\u4e86\u53d7\u9019\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u555f\u767c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7d93\u5c0d\u5177\u8eab\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8a08\u7b97\u6a21\u64ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u50cf\u5f88\u591a\u5b8f\u5927\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7121\u6cd5\u540c\u6a23\u6210\u529f\u5730\u6db5\u84cb\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u984c\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u6311\u6230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u8a72\u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5c0d\u624b Chomsky \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u54f2\u5b78\u3002 Lakoff \u7684\u8077\u696d\u751f\u6daf\u59cb\u65bc\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u6210\u70ba Chomsky \u7248\u672c\u7684\u8f49\u63db\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7684\u8001\u5e2b\u3002 \u4f46\u5728 1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u4e00\u8d77\u63a8\u5ee3\u751f\u6210\u8a9e\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3 Chomsky \u7684\u751f\u6210\u8a9e\u6cd5\u3002 \u5176\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u201c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6230\u722d\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u6b77\u53f2\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u88ab\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u91cd\u8ff0\u3002 \u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c 22 \u7ae0 (Chomsky\u2019s Philosophy and Cognitive Linguistics ) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4f86\u53cd\u5c0d Chomsky \u7684 \u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\u53e5\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c07\u53e5\u6cd5\u57fa\u65bc\u8a9e\u7fa9\u548c\u8a9e\u7fa9\u57fa\u65bc\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c 22 \u7ae0\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u8ad6\u9ede\u5728\u9644\u9304\u4e2d\u901a\u904e\u8a9e\u8a00\u795e\u7d93\u7406\u8ad6 (Neural Theory of Language<\/a> , NTL) \u7684\u7e3d\u7d50\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u52a0\u5f37\uff0cNTL \u662f\u7531 Jerome Feldman\u3001George Lakoff\u3001Lokendra Shastri \u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u958b\u767c\u7684\u3002 \u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\uff0cNTL\u7d44\u5728\u8a9e\u8a00\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u9762\u627f\u64d4\u4e86\u4e09\u5927\u4efb\u52d9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n ~ \u5728\u4ed6\u95dc\u65bc\u5b78\u7fd2 “\u7a7a\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2 spatial relations<\/a>” \u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\uff0cTerry Regier (“The Human Semantic Potential: Spatial Language and Constrained Connectionism<\/a><\/em>“\uff0c MIT 1996) \u5f9e Len Talmy ( ‘How Language Structures Space<\/a><\/em>‘\uff0c 1983) \u5c0d\u7a7a\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u958b\u59cb\u3002 Regier \u5728\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5617\u8a66\u8b93\u50b3\u7d71\u7684 PDP\uff08 parallel distributed processing<\/a> \u4e26\u884c\u5206\u4f48\u5f0f\u8655\u7406 \uff09\u7db2\u7d61\u5b78\u7fd2\u7a7a\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 ABOVE \u548c IN\uff09\u6642\u5931\u6557\u4e86\u3002 \u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u958b\u767c\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6df7\u5408\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u6a21\u64ec\u4eba\u985e\u611f\u77e5\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba PDP \u7db2\u7d61\u7684\u524d\u7aef\u9032\u884c\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n ~ \u70ba\u4e86\u5b78\u7fd2\u624b\u90e8\u52d5\u4f5c\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0cDavid Bailey ( ‘A Computational Model of Embodiment in the Acquisition of Action Verbs<\/a><\/em>‘ 1997) \u5f9e Jack \u958b\u59cb\uff0cJack \u662f\u4eba\u9ad4\u808c\u8089\u548c\u95dc\u7bc0\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u6a21\u64ec\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u8868\u793a\u904b\u52d5\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0cBailey \u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u540d\u5b78\u751f Srini Narayanan \u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u63a1\u7528 Petri nets\u00a0<\/a> \u4f86\u8868\u793a\u624b\u90e8\u52d5\u4f5c\u7684\u5be6\u6642\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c Bailey \u4f7f\u7528 PDP \u7db2\u7d61\u4f86\u4e86\u89e3 Jack \u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u52d5\u4f5c\u7d44\u5408\u8207\u82f1\u8a9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u8a9e\u3001\u4fc4\u8a9e\u548c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u8a9e\u4e2d\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\u76f8\u95dc\u806f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n ~ \u5c0d\u65bc\u904b\u52d5\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\u63a8\u7406\uff0cNarayanan ( ‘Knowledge-based Action Representations for Metaphor and Aspect (KARMA)<\/a><\/em>‘\uff0c1997) \u767c\u73fe\u4e86 Petri nets \u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u5236\u9019\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u5927\u591a\u6578\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u8eab\u9ad4\u904b\u52d5\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u5bb6\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\u7684\u9ad4\u7279\u5fb5\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c Narayanan \u5c55\u793a\u77ad\u5982\u4f55\u5c07\u7528\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb\u5091\u514b\u8eab\u9ad4\u52d5\u4f5c\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7528\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u570b\u9677\u5165\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u5fb7\u570b\u64fa\u812b\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u89e3\u9664\u5c0d\u5546\u696d\u7684\u675f\u7e1b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u901a\u904e\u5c55\u793a\u4eba\u985e\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u6a5f\u5236\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e86\u6a19\u8a9e\u5177\u8eab\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u5177\u9ad4\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u201c\u795e\u7d93 \u201cneural\u201d \u6bd4\u55bb\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u652f\u6301\u9019\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u5236\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u3002 Jack \u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u6a21\u64ec\uff1b Petri nets \u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5206\u4f48\u5f0f\u8655\u7406\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u65bc\u6a21\u64ec\u591a\u7dda\u7a0b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7d71\uff1b PDP \u7db2\u7d61\u662f\u7d71\u8a08\u8a08\u7b97\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u8207\u5be6\u969b\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002 \u66f4\u5408\u9069\u7684\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7e2e\u7565\u8a5e\u53ef\u80fd\u662f VRTL\uff0c\u5373\u865b\u64ec\u73fe\u5be6\u8a9e\u8a00\u7406\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5c0d\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7c21\u77ed\u5230\u5371\u96aa\u7684\u904e\u5ea6\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u4f5c\u8005\u7528 44 \u9801\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\u4ecb\u7d39 Chomsky \uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u5728 29 \u9801\u4e2d\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u201c\u82f1\u7f8e\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5c07 Frege\u3001Russell\u3001Carnap \u548c\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5b78\u6d3e\u3001Quine\u3001Goodman\u3001Davidson\u3001Putnam\u3001Kripke\u3001Montague\u3001and Lewis\u3002 \u5728\u540c\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u8a00\u54f2\u5b78\uff08 Strawson\u3001Austin \u548c\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684 Wittgenstein\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u57fa\u65bc\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u9ad4\u73fe\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u548c\u55ac\u59c6\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u53e5\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u901a\u904e\u66f4\u7cbe\u7d30\u7684\u5340\u5206\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u8072\u7a31\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u55ac\u59c6\u65af\u57fa\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u76df\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5c0d\u65bc\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u8853\u8a9e\u548c\u6c11\u9593\u7406\u8ad6\u4f7f\u76f8\u7576\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u986f\u5f97\u65b0\u7a4e\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u8072\u7a31\uff0cPlato \u201c\u6709 Essences As Ideas \u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0cAristotle \u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0cIdeas Are Essences\u201d ( p 374 )\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u5206\u6790\u9019\u4e9b\u96b1\u55bb\u8207 Plato \u548c Aristotle \u5be6\u969b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8a5e\u8a9e\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5e0c\u671b \u201c\u5c0d\u7d93\u9a57\u8ca0\u8cac empirically responsible\u201d \u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u505a\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9673\u8ff0\u3002 \u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6 Aristotle \u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7406\u8ad6\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u672a\u80fd\u5c07 Aristotle \u7684 aitia \u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f causa \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u82f1\u8a9e\u55ae\u8a5e cause \u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5728\u725b\u9813\u529b\u5b78\u3001Hume \u54f2\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u4e2d\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u5c07\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u5f62\u5f0f\u908f\u8f2f\u61c9\u7528\u65bc Aristotle \u7684\u4e09\u6bb5\u8ad6\u548c\u6240\u6709\u73fe\u4ee3\u908f\u8f2f\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u73fe\u4ee3\u908f\u8f2f\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d Aristotle \u548c\u5f7c\u6b64\u8868\u9054\u7684\u610f\u898b\u5927\u76f8\u5f91\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6 Aristotle\u00a0\u7684 “On the Soul, Parva Naturalia, On Breath<\/a><\/em>” \u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u660e\u986f\u7684\u907a\u6f0f\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5c0d\u5177\u8eab\u5fc3\u9748\u6700\u65e9\u548c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 Aristotle\u00a0\u5c07\u5fc3\u9748\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u6a19\u8a8c\u6216\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5b83\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u67d0\u7269\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u751f\u547d\u5be6\u9ad4\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc( p 376 )\u3002 Aristotle\u00a0 \u6c92\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6db5\u84cb\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u7684\u55ae\u4e00\u5fc3\u7406\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e86\u516d\u7a2e\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u529f\u80fd\u90fd\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5f8c\u7e8c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5148\u6c7a\u689d\u4ef6\uff1a\u71df\u990a\u3001\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u617e\u671b\u3001\u904b\u52d5\u3001\u610f\u8c61\u548c\u7406\u6027\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u690d\u7269\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u71df\u990a\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6d77\u7dbf\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u524d\u4e09\u7a2e\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8815\u87f2\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u524d\u56db\u7a2e\uff0c\u800c\u9ad8\u7b49\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u524d\u4e94\u7a2e\u3002 \u5728\u64c1\u6709\u7406\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u9700\u8981\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u5148\u6c7a\u689d\u4ef6\u3002Aristotle\u00a0\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u8207 Lakoff \u548c Johnson \u7684\u5177\u8eab\u5fc3\u667a\u7406\u8ad6\u6a19\u6e96\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u904b\u52d5\u7b49\u8eab\u9ad4\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8b49\u64da\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u7a2e\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u8eab\u9ad4\u80fd\u529b\u4e26\u5f9e\u4e2d\u6210\u9577\u3002\u201d\uff08 p 17 \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n Aristotle\u00a0\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u7d50\u69cb\u8207 Rodney Brooks ( ‘A robust layered control system for a mobile robot. IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation<\/a><\/em>‘\uff0c1986) \u70ba\u79fb\u52d5\u6a5f\u5668\u4eba\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u9a5a\u4eba\u5730\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1a\u8ff4\u907f\u3001\u6f2b\u904a\u3001\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u7e6a\u5716\u3001\u6ce8\u610f\u3001\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u8a08\u5283\u548c\u9810\u671f\u3002 \u7531\u65bc Brooks \u7684\u6240\u6709\u6a5f\u5668\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u904b\u52d5\u80fd\u529b\uff0cAristotle\u00a0\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u9810\u6e2c\u5b83\u5011\u9084\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u71df\u990a\uff08\u7d66\u96fb\u6c60\u5145\u96fb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff09\u3001\u611f\u77e5\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u89f8\u89ba\u5c64\u9762\uff09\u548c\u617e\u671b\uff08\u6c7a\u5b9a\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff09\u3002 \u524d\u56db\u500b\u529f\u80fd\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u6490\u8ff4\u907f\u3001\u5f98\u5f8a\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u3002 \u5716\u50cf\u662f\u652f\u6301\u6620\u5c04\u548c\u6ce8\u610f\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u652f\u6301\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u8a08\u5283\u548c\u9810\u6e2c\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002 Aristotle\u00a0\u5c64\u6b21\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u8f03\u4f4e\u7d1a\u5225\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u4e45\u5750\u4e0d\u52d5\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6046\u6eab\u5668\u548c\u9b27\u9418\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u6709\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u7e3d\u662f\u611b\u81ea\u547d\u4e0d\u51e1\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7b2c 10 \u9801\u7684\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6bb5\u843d\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6982\u5ff5\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5b78\u79d1\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u9580\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u65b0\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u65bc 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u77ed\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5167\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u3002 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\u2014\u2014 \u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u737b\u796d\u821e\u8e48\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u9d09\u7247\u5922\u7684\u6232\u5287\u5316\u3002\u6216\u8005 \uff0c\u66f4\u62bd\u50cf\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u8a72\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u9593\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u8abc\u3001\u7406\u6027\u6216\u6230\u722d\u7684\u9673\u8ff0\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u7121\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4f46 \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u662f\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u3002 \u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u8a66\u5716\u7406\u89e3\u97f3\u6a02\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u548c\u5167\u5fc3\u751f\u6d3b\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u7b54\u9019\u500b\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9019\u4e0d\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u55ce\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u8eab\u9ad4\u9ad4\u9a57\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u66f4\u52a0\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u3002 \u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u6bd4\u55bb\u7d93\u53d7\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8003\u9a57\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u3002 \u5b83\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u201c\u9069\u5408\u201d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u626d\u66f2\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5171\u9cf4\u3002\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8d70\u5f97\u66f4\u9060\uff1a\u5b83\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u901a\u904e\u5c07 Freud \u7684\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7406\u8ad6\u99c1\u65a5\u70ba\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u8b93\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u807d\u8d77\u4f86\u66f4\u201c\u4ee4\u4eba\u5403\u9a5a\u201d\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u73fe\u6709\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5145\u5206\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002 \u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u662f William James \u7684\u5169\u5377 “The Principles of Psychology<\/a><\/em>” \uff0c\u8a72\u66f8\u65bc 1890 \u5e74\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7bc7\u5e45\u4ecb\u7d39\u5728\u8a8d\u77e5\u610f\u8b58\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002 James \u901a\u904e\u660e\u78ba\u5f15\u7528\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u64da\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u53cd\u61c9\u6642\u9593\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u3002 \u5728 1965 \u5e74\u518d\u7248\u7684\u5c01\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u8a55\u8ad6\u5bb6\u8a55\u8ad6\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u91cd\u8b80 James \u7d66\u6211\u5011\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u900f\u8996\u611f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u66f4\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u9ede\u8b19\u905c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7e3d\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5c0d\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u53e5\u6cd5\u3001\u8a9e\u7fa9\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\u5728\u8a9e\u8a00\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u89e3\u91cb\u548c\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u4e92\u52d5\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6027\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8ca2\u737b\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f31\u9ede\u662f\u5b83\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Aristotle \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u9069\u61c9\u5f62\u5f0f\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u5177\u8eab\u5fc3\u9748\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u4f5c\u8005\u7d93\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u795e\u7d93\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5747\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u7d50\u69cb\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 NTL \u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6a23\u5408\u7406\u5730\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u65b0Aristotle \u8a9e\u8a00\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7e2e\u5beb\u8a5e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9644\u5e36\u4e00\u63d0\uff0c\u5c0d\u00a0Chomsky \u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u63d0\u51fa\u53cd\u99c1\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u751f\u52d5\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f Daniel L. Everett\u00a0\u3002\u4ed6\u7684 “Don\u2019t Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle<\/a><\/em>” \u5be6\u969b\u901a\u904e\u7530\u91ce\u8003\u5bdf\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7015\u7d55\u8a9e\u8a00\u5247\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u7a2e\u7015\u7d55\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9019\u4e00\u5957\u7015\u7d55\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u985b\u8986\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5916\u4f86\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1f\u76ae\u62c9\u54c8\u8a9e\u88e1\u53ea\u67093\u500b\u6bcd\u97f3\u82078\u500b\u5b50\u97f3\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u500b\u76ae\u62c9\u54c8\u8a9e\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0c\u537b\u81f3\u5c11\u67096\u842c5\u5343\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u76ae\u62c9\u54c8\u4eba\u6703\u4e0d\u6642\u66f4\u63db\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u53e2\u6797\u8207\u76f8\u9047\u7684\u795e\u9748\u4ea4\u63db\u4e86\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u76ae\u62c9\u54c8\u4eba\u4e0d\u5c07\u5922\u8996\u70ba\u5e7b\u5883\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6e05\u9192\u8207\u6c89\u7761\u6642\u6240\u770b\u898b\u7684\uff0c\u7686\u5c6c\u771f\u5be6\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u76ae\u62c9\u54c8\u4eba\u4e0d\u64d4\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u641e\u61c2\u6216\u5df2\u7d93\u641e\u61c2\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u76ae\u62c9\u54c8\u4eba\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7121\u6240\u754f\u61fc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u3002 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\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u5167\u7701\u4e86\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u601d\u8003\u90fd\u662f\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7406\u6027\u662f\u7121\u5f62\u7684\u548c\u666e\u904d\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u516c\u8a8d\u7d50\u679c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\u3002 \u7d93\u9a57\u8868\u660e\uff1a ~ \u5927\u591a\u6578\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5730\u8a2a\u554f\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u904e\u5f97\u592a\u5feb\uff0c\u592a\u6df1\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89c0\u5bdf\u5b83\u5011\u3002 ~ \u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u5927\u591a\u662f\u683c\u8a00\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6642\u9593\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5f9e\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u96b1\u55bb\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u662f\u8ca7\u4e4f\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u96b1\u55bb\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e92\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u5c07\u6642\u9593\u8868\u793a\u70ba\u5728\u7a7a\u9593\u4e2d\u7684\u904b\u52d5\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u6d41\u904e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6d41\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u6211\u5011\u79fb\u52d5\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u7dad\u5ea6\u3002 ~ \u601d\u60f3\u662f\u5177\u8eab\u7684 embodied\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u8eab\u9ad4 \u2014\u2014 \u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7463\u788e\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u7269\u7406\u5927\u8166\u4f86\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6211\u5011\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u96b1\u55bb\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u9ad4\u9a57\u3002 Aristotle \u5ba3\u7a31 \u201c\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u6700\u5049\u5927\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u662f\u6210\u70ba\u96b1\u55bb\u5927\u5e2b\u201d \uff0c”\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f9e\u5225\u4eba\u90a3\u88cf\u5b78\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1b \u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u5929\u624d\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002” \u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5c07\u96b1\u55bb\u88fd\u4f5c\u8996\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u57fa\u672c\u6d3b\u52d5\u30021980 \u5e74\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u6559\u6388 George Lakoff \u548c\u4fc4\u52d2\u5ca1\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb Mark Johnson \u5728 \u201cMetaphors We Live By\u201d \u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u5e6b\u52a9\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u96b1\u55bb\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u6ef2\u900f\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684 \u3002 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\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5ba2\u89c0\u771f\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5fc5\u7136\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u9ad4\u4fc2\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u201d( \u201cMetaphors We … Continue reading