{"id":8986,"date":"2023-07-06T03:18:05","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T03:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=8986"},"modified":"2023-07-06T03:18:11","modified_gmt":"2023-07-06T03:18:11","slug":"four-views-on-the-axiology-of-theism-what-difference-does-god-make","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/07\/06\/four-views-on-the-axiology-of-theism-what-difference-does-god-make\/","title":{"rendered":"Four Views on the Axiology of Theism: What Difference Does God Make?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd1\u65e5\u4f86\u9ec4\u79cb\u751f\u5148\u751f\u5728\u81c9\u66f8\u4e0a\u8cbc\u4e0a\u95b2\u8b80\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u751a\u89ba\u6709\u8da3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"># \uff08 \u4e00\u5c0f\u6bb5\u6839\u64da\u89e3\u7d93\u66f8\u5605\u8056\u7d93\u89e3\u8b80  \uff09     \u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u5462\u500b\u8d77\u521d\u5514\u4fc2\u4e5c\u90fd\u5187\u5605\u525b\u958b\u59cb\u5481\u89e3\uff0c\u53ea\u4fc2\u8b1b\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u5605\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u8846\u795e\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u524d\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u5605\u5b58\u5728\u3002     \u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u7fa4\u795e\uff08elohim \uff09\u5462\u500b\u5b57\u4fc2\u8846\u6578\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4fc2\u773e\u795e\uff0c\u5514\u4fc2\u4e00\u500b\u795e\uff0c\u5462\u4e00\u73ed\u795e\u7531\u4e00\u500b\u773e\u795e\u4e4b\u795e\u5e36\u9818\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5275\u9020\u842c\u7269\u3002     \u5462\u500b\u5275\u9020\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u7531\u865b\u7121\u958b\u59cb\uff0c \uff08 bara \uff09\u5462\u500b\u5b57\u4fc2\u7ffb\u65b0\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u6539\u9020\u5481\u89e3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u773e\u795e\u4fc2\u6539\u9020\u65e2\u6709\u5605\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5275\u9020\u842c\u7269\u3002    \u7576\u6642\uff0c\u5462\u985e\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\uff08 \u5730 \uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u6df9\u6c92\u55ba\u6c34\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u5605\u5730\u7403\u7576\u6642\u53ea\u4fc2\u4e00\u5718\u6df7\u6c8c\u5605\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u88ab\u6c34\u540c\u9ed1\u6697\u6240\u8986\u84cb\uff0c\u8655\u65bc\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u5be9\u5224\u5f8c\u5605\u7a7a\u865a\u6df7\u6c8c\u72c0\u614b\u3002 \uff08 \u4fc2\u54aa\u597d\u985b\u8986\uff1f\u73a9\u4e0b\u548b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u932f\u5497  \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">#\uff08 \u6df5\u9762\u9ed1\u6697 \uff09 \u6df5\uff0c\u5373\u4fc2\u6df1\u5481\u89e3\uff0c\u5275\u4e16\u524d\u6df9\u6c92\u5168\u5730\u5605\u539f\u521d\u6df1\u6d77\u6975\u70ba\u8352\u856a\u5e7d\u6697\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u6df9\u6c92\u5168\u5730\uff0c\u53ea\u4fc2\u65b9\u4fbf\u6587\u5b57\u5605\u5f62\u5bb9\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u53ea\u6709\u6c34\uff0c\u5187\u5622\u55ba\u5185\u4e2d\u88ab\u6df9\u6c92\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5148\u81f3\u96e3\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u5481\u6df1\u9083\u9ed1\u6697\u3002   \u7576\u6642\uff0c\u795e\u5605\u9748\u904b\u884c\u55ba\u6c34\u9762\u4e0a\u3002\u795e\u5605\u9748\u53ea\u4fc2\u50b3\u7d71\u8b6f\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u8b6f\u4f5c\uff08\u5f9e\u795e\u5ea6\u569f\u5605\u98a8\uff09\uff08\u795e\u98a8\uff09\uff08\u795e\u5605\u6c23\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\u5514\u4fc2\u6c23\u5c31\u4fc2\u98a8\uff0c\u7121\u5f62\u7121\u50cf\u5605\u5622\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8b6f\u4f5c\u9748\u3002\u4f46\u4fc2\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u98a8\u4ef2\u98c4\u6e3a\u5572\u3002\u65bc\u662f\uff0c\u795e\u5605\u98a8\u55ba\u6df1\u5e7d\u5605\u6c34\u9762\u4e0a\u98db\u7fd4\u3002\uff08  \u53c3\u8003\u5df4\u6bd4\u502b\u5275\u4e16\u795e\u8a71\uff1aMarduk \u6bba\u5497\u5973\u795etiamat. \uff08\u9e79\u6c34\u6d77\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u7528\u4f62\u5605\u9aa8\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u3002 \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">#\u795e\u8aaa\uff1a\u8981\u6709\u5149\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u5149\u3002    \u5462\u500b\u8aaa\u5b57\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u8a9e\u8a00\u5481\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4fc2\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u6211\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u610f\u5fd7\u3002     \u55ba\u795e\u201c\u8981\u6709\u5149\u201c\u5605\u610f\u5fd7\u6307\u4ee4\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5497\u5149\u3002\u5462\u500b\u201c\u8981\u6709\u201d  \u201c\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u201d\u4fc2\u5373\u6642\u5605\uff0c\u7121\u6642\u9593\u6027\u5605\uff0c\u5514\u4fc2\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u6210\u5605\u3002  \uff08  \u601d\u8003\uff1a \uff081\uff09\u8a00\u8aaa\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u50cf\u3002\uff082\uff09\u8981\u6709\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u3002\u6642\u9593\u9084\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u3002  \uff08 \u767c\u73fe\u4e00\u500b\u5947\u602a\u5605\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u767c\u8868\u4e00\u4e0b\u7814\u8b80\u8056\u7d93\u5605\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u597d\u4f3c\u5f15\u8d77\u5514\u5c11\u4e0d\u6eff\u5605\u56de\u97ff\u5481\uff0c\u5947\uff01\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">#\uff08\u795e\u770b\u5149\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff09  \u795e\u7d93\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u5f8c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5149\u4fc2\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u5605\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u51e1\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u767c\u5c55\u90fd\u4fc2\u201c\u597d\u201d\u5605\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u5c07\u5149\u540c\u9ed1\u6697\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u795e\u53ea\u4fc2\u5c07\u5149\u6697\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u800c\u5514\u4fc2\u5c07\u9ed1\u6697\u6d88\u6ec5\u3002\u4f62\u4fdd\u7559\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u4f62\u5275\u9020\u5149\uff0c\u5187\u5275\u9020\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u9ed1\u6697\u55ba\u5149\u5275\u9020\u524d\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u908a\u500b\u5275\u9020\u9ed1\u6697\uff1f  \u5462\u6bb5\u4fc2\u8868\u9054\u795e\u5605\u5206\u8fa6\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u5206\u958b\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u53cd\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5584\u60e1\uff0c\u9ed1\u767d\uff0c\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u8056\u4fd7\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">#\uff08  \u795e\u7a31\u5149\u70ba\u665d\uff0c\u7a31\u6697\u70ba\u591c \uff09\u201c\u7a31\u201d   \u610f\u601d\u4fc2\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u547d\u540d\u5982\u540c\u5275\u9020\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4ea6\u4fc2\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5605\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002\u8868\u793a\u795e\u5c0d\u9ed1\u6697\u4ea6\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\u3002   \uff08  \u56de\u61c9\u4e0a\u4e00\u6bb5\uff0c\u82e5\u795e\u5c0d\u9ed1\u6697\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\uff0c\u5481\u9ed1\u6697\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u4fc2\u795e\u5275\u9020\u67b6\u5462\uff1f\u4f46\u8056\u7d93\u5187\u5beb\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">#\u795e\u5275\u9020\u5497\u5149\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c07\u5149\u6697\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u6709\u5497\u665d\u591c\uff0c\u201d\u6709\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u65e9\u6668\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u982d\u4e00\u65e5\u201d  \u6709\u5497\u665d\u591c\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a08\u7b97\u6642\u9593\u3002 \u4e00\u65e5\u5605\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4fc2\u7531\u9ed1\u6697\u958b\u59cb\u5605\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u7d93\u6587\u8a71\uff1a\u6709\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u65e9\u6668\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u982d\u4e00\u65e5\u3002\uff08 \u601d\u8003\uff1a\u9ed1\u6697\u5b55\u80b2\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u7a2e\u5b50\u57cb\u65bc\u571f\u4e2d\u3002\u5b50\u5bab\u3002\u751f\u6210\u548c\u6ec5\u4ea1\u540c\u4e00\u74b0\u5883\uff5e\u9ed1\u6697\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f9e\u5176\u89e3\u8b80\u4e2d\u4e0d\u671f\u7136\u60f3\u8d77\u6709\u95dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u5426\u7a76\u7adf\u5c0d\u4eba\u6709\u751a\u9ebd\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u63a2\u7d22\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6  Axiology \u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u7d93\uff08\u6216\u5c07\u6703\uff09\u7522\u751f\u751a\u9ebc\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u3002&#8221;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Four-Views-Axiology-Theism-Difference\/dp\/1350083534\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=PXVK3A3Q3FID&amp;keywords=Four+Views+on+the+Axiology+of+Theism%3A+What+Difference+Does+God+Make%3F&amp;qid=1688612429&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=four+views+on+the+axiology+of+theism+what+difference+does+god+make+%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C563&amp;sr=1-1\">Four Views on the Axiology of Theism: What Difference Does God Make?<\/a><\/em>&#8221; \u4e00\u66f8\u532f\u96c6\u4e86\u56db\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff1aMichael Almeida\u3001Travis Dumsday\u3001Perry Hendricks \u548c Graham Oppy\uff0c\u5c0d\u6709\u95dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u6703\u5c0d\u6b64\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u61c9\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7d50\u69cb\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5c0d\u95dc\u9375\u554f\u984c\u9032\u884c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u548c\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u4e26\u8868\u660e\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u6bd4\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\u66f4\u52a0\u8907\u96dc\u3002\u5404\u7ae0\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u76f8\u95dc\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7336\u592a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8207\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u3001\u591a\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u842c\u7269\u6709\u9748\u8ad6\/\u6cdb\u5fc3\u8ad6\u7b49\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u5728\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5c0d\u8a71\u4e2d\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u60c5\u611f \uff0c\u4e26\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u8a55\u4f30\u4e86\u4fe1\u5ff5\u652f\u6301\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6 Anti-theism \u7684\u6700\u4f73\u8ad6\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u554f\u984c\u8a62\u554f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53ca\u5176\u5c45\u6c11\u7522\u751f\u751a\u9ebc\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u6709\u5169\u500b\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u78ba\u5be6\uff08\u6216\u5c07\u6703\uff09\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u589e\u52a0\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u78ba\u5be6\uff08\u6216\u5c07\u6703\uff09\u640d\u5bb3\u6211\u5011\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6839\u64da\u5176\u76ee\u6a19\u548c\u7bc4\u570d\u800c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c0d\u795e\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u53c3\u8003\u795e\u5c0d\u67d0\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u8a55\u4f30\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u616e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u548c\u7f3a\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u5c1a\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u666e\u904d\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u96e3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u96e3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c07\u6709\u795e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8207\u6c92\u6709\u795e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u6700\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f \u201c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8ad6 Meaningful Life Argument\u201d \uff0c\u5b83\u8868\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6703\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8a08\u5283\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u652f\u6301\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u6700\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6700\u597d\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u9ede\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u512a\u9ede\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u795e\u7684\u5e72\u9810\uff08\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u5e6b\u52a9\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u5947\u8e5f\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\u5730\u4f5c\u60e1 \u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7121\u9650\u826f\u5584\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u76f8\u8655\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u614b\u4e5f\u662f\u7121\u9650\u826f\u5584\u7684\u3002\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u6587\u737b\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff09\u8207\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u554f\u984c\u3002\u652f\u6301\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u5305\u62ec\u76ee\u7684\u8ad6\u8ad6\u8b49\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u8ad6\u8b49\u548c\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u8ad6\u8b49\u7b49\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u5305\u62ec\u90aa\u60e1\u554f\u984c\u3001\u975e\u6700\u4f73\u4e16\u754c\u554f\u984c\u548c\u795e\u8056\u96b1\u853d\u554f\u984c\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u9ede\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8b8a\u9ad4\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8a18\u8f09 \uff0c\u6709\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u524d\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u71b1\u9580\u8a71\u984c\u5305\u62ec\u795e\u8056\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1990\u5e74\uff0c\u591a\u7522\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Nicholas Rescher \u8ac7\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u770b\u4f3c\u8207\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Rescher \u5340\u5206\u4e86\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f8c\u8005\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u9ede\u662f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u5426\u4f7f\u751f\u6d3b \u201c\u5f97\u5230\u9069\u7576\u7684\u56de\u5831 suitably rewarding\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u672a\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cRescher \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u9084\u662f\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65b0\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff09\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76f4\u5230 Guy Kahane  2011 \u5e74\u767c\u8868\u958b\u5275\u6027\u8ad6\u6587 \u201cShould We Want God to Exist\uff1f\u201d \u4e4b\u524d\uff0cRescher \u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7c21\u77ed\u601d\u8003\u4e26\u672a\u88ab\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u3002\u96d6\u7136 Kahane \u4e86\u89e3 Rescher \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6700\u53d7\u555f\u767c\u7684\u662f Thomas Nagel \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u795e\u79d8\u8a00\u8ad6\uff1a(Kahane, Guy. (2011), \u201cShould We Want God to Exist?\u201d )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u8070\u660e\u3001\u898b\u591a\u8b58\u5ee3\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b93\u6211\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002 \u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u6c92\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff01\u6211\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1b\u6211\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u5b87\u5b99\u8b8a\u6210\u9019\u6a23\u3002 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Last-Word-Thomas-Nagel\/dp\/0195149831\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=O0H56U1WWZLA&amp;keywords=Nagel%2C+Thomas+The+Last+Word&amp;qid=1688612790&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=nagel%2C+thomas+the+last+word%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C389&amp;sr=1-1\">Nagel, Thomas. (1997), The Last Word. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997<\/a>, p 131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kahane \u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u64f4\u5c55\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u8a55\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u958b\u59cb\u601d\u8003\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u5177\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cKahane \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u67d0\u4eba\u5be7\u9858\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e5f\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002 2013 \u5e74\u81f3 2015 \u5e74\uff0cRyerson \u5927\u5b78\u7684 Klaas J. Kraay \u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u9127\u666e\u9813\u57fa\u91d1\u6703 (John Templeton Foundation) \u7684\u4e00\u7b46\u8cc7\u52a9\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5c08\u9580\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8cc7\u52a9\u9805\u76ee\u3002\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\u548c\u96a8\u5f8c\u7de8\u8f2f\u7684\u6587\u96c6\u90fd\u5c08\u9580\u8a0e\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\uff08Kraay, Klaas J. (2018), \u201cInvitation to the Axiology of Theism,\u201d in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Does-God-Matter-Axiological-Consequences\/dp\/0415793513\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2JB81ZQV4I9PW&amp;keywords=Does+God+Matter%3F+Essays+on+the+Axiological+Consequences+of+Theism&amp;qid=1688612823&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=does+god+matter+essays+on+the+axiological+consequences+of+theism%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C389&amp;sr=1-1\">Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism, edited by Klaas J. Kraay<\/a>, pp.\u00a01\u201335. New York: Routledge.\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u73fe\u5728\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u5b50\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6587\u737b\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6 Axiology of Theism\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u7684\u6587\u737b\u901a\u5e38\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u66f4\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7\u5f80\u5f80\u4ecb\u65bc\u7336\u592a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u81f3\u5c11\u88ab\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u5168\u77e5\u3001\u5168\u4ec1\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u5076\u7136\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5275\u9020\u8005\u548c\u7dad\u6301\u8005\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5e38\u5e38\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7cbe\u78ba\u4e14\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u5f88\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u3002 \u4f46\u5728\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6587\u737b\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6307\u7684\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u81f3\u5c11\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.1 \u5c0d\u53cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u64d4\u6182<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5426\u503c\u5f97\u8a8d\u771f\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff08\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff09\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u8acb\u8003\u616e\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u78ba\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u6703\u66f4\u597d\uff08\u6216\u66f4\u7cdf\uff09\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027 Counter-Possibles\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\u771f\u5be6\uff08\u6839\u64da\u6a19\u6e96 <a href=\"https:\/\/philosopherscocoon.typepad.com\/the_campaign_for_better_c\/2015\/03\/the-lewis-stalnaker-analysis-of-counterfactuals-what-about-sprigge.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lewis-Stalnaker<\/a> \u8a9e\u7fa9\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u6211\u5011\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u8de8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c31\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\u800c\u8a00\u3002Guy Kahane \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u60f3\u50cf\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1 \u2014\u2014 \u60f3\u50cf\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u518d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9451\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u5011\u8003\u616e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u5011\u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u500b\u7a7a\u865b\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u3002\u6211\u6703\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u7a2e\u6bd4\u8f03\u6d89\u53ca\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff09\u548c\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff09\u3002\uff08Kahane 2011 \u5e74\uff0c\u201cShould We Want God to Exist?\u201d \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kahane \u548c\u96a8\u5f8c\u63a2\u8a0e\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u8003\u616e\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97 Kahane \u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u8b8a\u5f97\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u89e3\u6c7a\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u64d4\u6182\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u4e00\u64d4\u6182\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u505c\u6b62\u5c07\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002David J. Chalmers \u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa \uff0c\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b \u201c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b p \u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u7576\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u9ad4\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u7684 p \u6642\u3002\u5834\u666f\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6700\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u9b06\u6563\u800c\u76f4\u89c0\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u201d\uff08Chalmers, David. (2011), \u201cThe Nature of Epistemic Space,\u201d in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Epistemic-Modality-Andy-Egan\/dp\/0199591598\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=MX8UUPHV7CZI&amp;keywords=Epistemic+Modality%2C+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&amp;qid=1688612982&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=epistemic+modality%2C+edited+by+andy+egan+and+brian+weatherson%2C+oxford+oxford+university+press%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C452&amp;sr=1-1\">Epistemic Modality, edited by Andy Egan and Brian Weatherson, Oxford: Oxford University Press<\/a>., p 60\uff09\u3002 Chalmers \u7e7c\u7e8c\u8aaa\u9053\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u586b\u5beb\u9019\u5f35\u5716\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u60f3\u50cf\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7684\u5834\u666f\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u60c5\u666f\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u8a8d\u77e5\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u845a\u9ebc\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6240\u6709\u5834\u666f\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a72\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u5728\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u7576\u4e3b\u9ad4\u77e5\u9053\u67d0\u4e8b\u6642\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u5c31\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba \uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684 p\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728 p \u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca p \u4e0d\u70ba\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u7576\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u77e5\u9053 p \u6642\uff0c\u6392\u9664 p \u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u5247\u4fdd\u6301\u958b\u653e\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5834\u666f\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u88ab\u8a72\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u8b58\u6240\u6392\u9664\u7684\u5834\u666f\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u7576\u4e14\u50c5\u7576\u4e0d\u88ab\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6240\u6392\u9664\u6642\uff0c\u5834\u666f\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u7576\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u6642\uff0c\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u70ba\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u4e5f\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u70ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\uff08Chalmers, David. (2011)\uff0cp 60\uff09Chalmers \u7e7c\u7e8c\u8aaa\u9053\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u70ba\u4e86\u586b\u5145\u9019\u5f35\u5716\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7684\u5834\u666f\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u60c5\u666f\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u8a8d\u77e5\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u751a\u9ebc\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6240\u6709\u5834\u666f\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a72\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u5728\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u7576\u4e3b\u9ad4\u77e5\u9053\u67d0\u4e8b\u6642\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u5c31\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684 p\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728 p \u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca p \u4e0d\u70ba\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u7576\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u77e5\u9053 p \u6642\uff0c\u6392\u9664 p \u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u5247\u4fdd\u6301\u958b\u653e\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5834\u666f\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u88ab\u8a72\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u8b58\u6240\u6392\u9664\u7684\u5834\u666f\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u7576\u4e14\u50c5\u7576\u4e0d\u88ab\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6240\u6392\u9664\u6642\uff0c\u5834\u666f\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u7576\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u6642\uff0c\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u70ba\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u4e5f\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u70ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002 \uff08Chalmers, David. (2011)\uff0c61\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">David J. Chalmers \u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u60c5\u666f\uff0c\u5373\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u65e8\u5728\u5340\u5225\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9451\u65bc\u9019\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7121\u95dc\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u6bd4\u8f03\u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5834\u666f\u6216\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff08 \u4e26\u4e14\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4f3c \uff09\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff08 \u4e26\u4e14\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u76f8\u4f3c \uff09\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f8c\u8005\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u524d\u8005\u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u6642 \uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u7e3d\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u9019\u88cf\u8655\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u4e8b\u5be6\u7a7a\u9593\uff1a\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6b63\u5728\u8655\u7406\u8a8d\u77e5\u7a7a\u9593\uff1a\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u201d\uff08Chalmers, David. (2011), p 62\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5c1a\u672a\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u8a34\u8af8\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u5728\u6574\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5011\u6709\u6642\u6703\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002(\u6709\u95dc\u53cd\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1 Kraay, Klaas J. (2018), \u201cInvitation to the Axiology of Theism,\u201d in Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism, edited by Klaas J. Kraay, pp.&nbsp;1\u201335. New York: Routledge.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.2 \u7406\u6027\u504f\u597d\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9084\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u7684\u6587\u737b\u7d93\u5e38\u5c07\u7406\u6027\u504f\u597d\u8996\u70ba\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002\u5373\u662f\u8aaa\u7406\u6027\u504f\u597d\u548c\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u500b\u61f8\u800c\u672a\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5c0d X \u7684\u7406\u6027\u504f\u597d\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u59cb\u7d42\u7b26\u5408\u5979\u5c0d X \u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u504f\u597d\u6b21\u4f73\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002Guy Kahane  2011 \u5e74\u767c\u8868\u7684\u8ad6\u6587 \u201cShould We Want God to Exist\uff1f\u201d \u4f3c\u4e4e\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002( \u6709\u95dc\u7406\u6027\u504f\u597d\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u898b Kraay, Klaas J. (2018), Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism, . New York: Routledge) \u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u6aa2\u67e5\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u91dd\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2 \u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7b54\u6848<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u5c07\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u7b54\u6848\u4e0a \u3002\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6 pro-theism \u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c07\u6703\u6216\u78ba\u5be6\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6 Anti-theism \u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6703\u6216\u78ba\u5be6\u6703\u964d\u4f4e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5426\u8a8d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f9d\u64da Klaas J. Kraay (2018) \u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5169\u500b\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 the neutralist&nbsp;\u8072\u7a31\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65e2\u4e0d\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u6e1b\u5c11\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u5b89\u975c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 The quietist \u8a8d\u70ba\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\u8005 the agnostic&nbsp;\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u7b54\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u76ee\u524d\u61c9\u8a72\u66ab\u505c\u5c0d\u5b83\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u9019\u4e94\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e94\u500b\u4e00\u822c\u7b54\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7d30\u5206\u3002\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u5224\u65b7\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86 &#8216;&#8221;\u6709\/\u7121\u795e\u8ad6&#8221; \u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u95dc\u65bc &#8216;&#8221;\u6709\/\u7121\u795e\u8ad6&#8221;  \u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u500b\u4eba\u548c\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u53ef\u4ee5\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u4e00\u822c\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u7b54\u6848\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u64da\u72f9\u7fa9\u5224\u65b7\u548c\u5ee3\u7fa9\u5224\u65b7\u4f86\u5283\u5206\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6307\u7684\u662f &#8216;&#8221;\u6709\/\u7121\u795e\u8ad6&#8221; \u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5f8c\u679c \uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u6d89\u53ca &#8216;&#8221;\u6709\/\u7121\u795e\u8ad6&#8221; \u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5f8c\u679c\u3002\u500b\u4eba\/\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u72f9\u7fa9\/\u5ee3\u7fa9\u5224\u65b7\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u4e94\u500b\u4e00\u822c\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u5f62\u6210\u5927\u7d04\u516d\u5341\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002( Klaas J. Kraay. (2018), \u201cDoes God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism\u201d , New York: Routledge.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. \u5c0d\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6 pro-theism \u7684\u8faf\u8b77<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u5011\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u4f86\u634d\u885b\u5404\u7a2e\u7248\u672c\u7684\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.1 \u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u795e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u662f\u7121\u9650\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u901a\u5e38\u5047\u8a2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5e38\u5e38\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7121\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7121\u9650\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4efb\u4f55\u5305\u542b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u662f\u7121\u9650\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684 \u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u7121\u9650\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u601d\u8def\u70ba\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u7121\u95dc\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u591a\u95dc\u65bc \u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7121\u9650\u201d \u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002\u628a\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b57\u6b78\u7d66\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u610f\u601d\uff1f \u5b83\u662f\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u9084\u662f\u96b1\u55bb\u610f\u7fa9\uff1f \u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6703\u6297\u8b70\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u9ad8\u5ea6\u9055\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5169\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5305\u542b\u8457\u6578\u91cf\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u537b\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.2 \u9053\u5fb7\u5584\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u70ba\u4e8b\u614b\u589e\u52a0\u50f9\u503c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u652f\u6301\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u597d\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u8655\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u589e\u52a0\u50f9\u503c\uff08Penner, Myron A. (2015), \u201cPersonal Anti-theism and the Meaningful Life Argument,\u201d\uff09\u3002\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f5c\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u81f3\u5584\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u614b\u589e\u52a0\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u9019\u8207\u4e0a\u9762\u95dc\u65bc\u7121\u9650\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6bcf\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u53ea\u662f\u8072\u7a31\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7e3d\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.3 \u6c92\u6709\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\/\u7121\u7aef\u7684\u90aa\u60e1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u597d\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u70ba\u4e8b\u614b\u589e\u52a0\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u597d\u8655\u3002\u8b58\u5225\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584\u610f\u3001\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5584\u610f\uff0c\u4e26\u53cd\u601d\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u662f\u70ba\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8d0f\u5f97\u652f\u6301\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u8655\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u7aef\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a66\u5716\u634d\u885b\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u53cd\u795e\u8ad6\u5c07\u662f\u6975\u5176\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u3002Klaas J. Kraay  \u548c Chris Dragos \u89c0\u5bdf\u5230<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5141\u8a31\u67d0\u4e9b\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u767c\u751f\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5141\u8a31\u4efb\u4f55\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u767c\u751f\uff1a\u6839\u64da\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u767c\u751f\u90fd\u662f\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7372\u5f97\u8db3\u5920\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3001\u5426\u5247\u7121\u6cd5\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8db3\u5920\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3001\u5426\u5247\u7121\u6cd5\u9810\u9632\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f[\u6709\u795e\u8ad6]\u7684\u81e8\u6642\u64f4\u5c55\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u3001\u5168\u77e5\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5584\u826f\u7b49\u795e\u8056\u672c\u8cea\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u7d50\u679c\u3002 ( Klaas J. Kraay and Chris Dragos. (2013), \u201cOn Preferring God\u2019s Non-existence,\u201d&nbsp;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u7aef\u4f5c\u60e1\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5049\u5927\u7684\u597d\u4e8b\u3002\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u660e\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4e0a\u512a\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u7121\u7aef\u90aa\u60e1\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.4 \u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u70ba\u4e86\u634d\u885b\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5584\u5305\u62ec\u5b87\u5b99\u6b63\u7fa9\u3001\u4f86\u4e16\u3001\u5ba2\u89c0\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u6b63\u7fa9\u6d89\u53ca\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b87\u5b99\u6b63\u7fa9\u5c31\u6709\u4fdd\u8b49 \u3002\u795e\u7684\u826f\u5584\u610f\u5473\u8457\u60e1\u884c\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u9069\u7576\u7684\u88dc\u511f\u3002\u652f\u6301\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u7121\u9700\u627f\u8afe\u5982\u4f55\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u7a2e\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8b49\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u4f86\u4e16\uff0c\u4f46\u8a31\u591a\u53e4\u5178\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u5c07\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8996\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u4f86\u4e16\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5049\u5927\u7684\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u589e\u6dfb\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u652f\u6301\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f86\u4e16\u610f\u5473\u8457\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u4e0b\u5730\u7344\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u61f7\u7591\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u5ba2\u89c0\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5ba2\u89c0\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5584\u7684\u597d\u8655\u5c31\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6703\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c07\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4 \u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u8faf\u8b77<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584\u610f\uff0c\u5373\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5584\u610f\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u652f\u6301\u4f86\u6e90\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5584\u901a\u5e38\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u610f\u7fa9\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u89e3\u91cb\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u634d\u885b\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u53cd\u795e\u8ad6\uff0c\u53ca\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u5584\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.1 \u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u8ad6\u8b49 The Meaningful Life Argument<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Guy Kahane \u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u660e\u78ba\u8868\u793a\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u7406\u6027\u5730\u9078\u64c7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201c\u67d0\u4e9b\u9805\u76ee\u53ef\u80fd\u8ce6\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u751f\u6d3b\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u653e\u68c4\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u7406\u7531\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5 \u2014\u2014 \u5305\u62ec\u95dc\u5fc3\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\uff08 Kahane \u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u9748\u611f\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc Bernard Williams \u5c0d\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8457\u540d\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002Bernard Williams \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u653e\u68c4\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\uff09\u3002Kahane \u7e7c\u7e8c\u8aaa\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u7368\u7acb\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u96b1\u79c1\u548c\u5b64\u7368\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u5982\u6b64\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5730\u878d\u5165\u5230\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c0d\u5b83\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e0d\u50c5\u6703\u8b93\u6211\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e5f\u8a31\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u5730\u9078\u64c7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728 \u2014\u2014 \u5408\u7406\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5c07\u5176\u8996\u70ba\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u58de\u4e8b\u6216\u50c5\u50c5\u963b\u7919\u6211\u7684\u592a\u591a\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88cf\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u670d\u5f9e\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8a08\u5283\u3001\u9858\u671b\u548c\u9805\u76ee\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3002 \u6211\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u570d\u7e5e\u9019\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5be6\u969b\u751f\u6d3b\u8a08\u5283\u3001\u9858\u671b\u548c\u9805\u76ee\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3002 ( Kahane, Guy. (2011), \u201cShould We Want God to Exist?\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kahane \u5728\u9019\u88cf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u634d\u885b (\u72f9\u9698)\u500b\u4eba\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u58de\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa \u2014\u2014 \u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6703\u963b\u7919\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\u89c0 \u2014\u2014 \u9078\u64c7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002Kahane \u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u9019\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\uff08\u7368\u7acb\u5730\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u73fe\u5be6\uff09\u9084\u662f\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\uff08\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u504f\u597d\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Myron A. Penner \u5c07 Kahane \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u7a31\u70ba \u201c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8ad6\u9ede meaningful life argument\u201d\u3002 \u4ed6\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86 Kahane \u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u62d2\u7d55\u5b83\u3002Penner \u5c0d\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u64d4\u6182\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1a\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u8b58\u5225\u548c\u6b0a\u8861\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u72af\u932f\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5e38\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u73fe\u67d0\u500b\u76ee\u6a19\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6703\u611f\u5230\u5feb\u6a02\u548c\u6eff\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u9054\u5230\u9019\u500b\u76ee\u6a19\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u611f\u5230\u75db\u82e6\uff08Penner, Myron A. (2015), \u201cPersonal Anti-theism and the Meaningful Life Argument,\u201d&nbsp;\uff09\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6771\u897f\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u504f\u597d\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u7248\u672c\u3002( Lougheed, Kirk. (2017), \u201cAnti-theism and the Objective Meaningful Life Argument\u201d )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.2 \u812b\u96e2\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53e6\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8207\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5584\u4e0d\u5fc5\u70ba\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u800c\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u50cf\u96b1\u79c1\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u8207\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u597d\u8655\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u795e\u7684\u5e72\u9810\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9762\u5c0d\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u52c7\u6c23\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u540c\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u5c0d\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5b97\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff09\u3002\u8a66\u5716\u901a\u904e\u8a34\u8af8\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584\u4f86\u634d\u885b\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5584\u662f\u5426\u6703\u5177\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4f86\u8d85\u8d8a\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584 ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5 \u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u7684\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u548c\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002\u5177\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u8207\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff1a\u60e1\u7684\u554f\u984c\u548c\u795e\u8056\u96b1\u853d Divine Hiddenness \u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.1 \u60e1\u7684\u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u88cf\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u60e1\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5927\u81f4\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u689d\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\/\u7121\u7aef\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u66f4\u5c0f\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6703\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u78ba\u4fdd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\/\u7121\u7aef\u7684\uff09\u60e1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u78ba\u4fdd\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8981\u5c11\u5f97\u591a\u3002Myron A. Penner \u548c Benjamin H. Arbour&nbsp;\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u652f\u6301\u60e1\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4f86\u634d\u885b\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5979\u5fc5\u9808\u540c\u6642\u652f\u6301\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6 \u2014\u2014 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u652f\u6301\u60e1\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5979\u5c31\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5c6c\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u90aa\u60e1\u6216\u7121\u7aef\u90aa\u60e1\uff09\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff08&nbsp;Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism, edited by Klaas J. Kraay, pp. 192\u2013202. New York: Routledge\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c Myron A. Penner \u548c Benjamin H. Arbour&nbsp;\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u50cf William L. Rowe \u9019\u6a23\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u8ad6\u8b49\u800c\u805e\u540d\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u6210\u70ba\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005 ( Rowe, William, L. (1979), \u201cThe Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism.\u201d&nbsp;)\u3002 Myron A. Penner \u548c Benjamin H. Arbour&nbsp;\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5c07\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff08\u5373\u6c92\u6709\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\/\u7121\u7aef\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u8003\u616e\u8db3\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u3002(Kraay, Klaas J. and Chris Dragos. (2013), \u201cOn Preferring God\u2019s Non-existence,\u201d) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Myron A. Penner \u548c Benjamin H. Arbour&nbsp;\u4f3c\u4e4e\u95dc\u6ce8\u60e1\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u6216\u6982\u7387\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u800c Richard B. Davis \u548c W. Paul Franks \u5c07\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u8207\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u554f\u984c\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86 ( W. Paul Franks (2019),  Explaining Evil: Four Views, Bloomsberry Academic )\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c&nbsp;Alvin Plantinga \u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u554f\u984c\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff08\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u8207\u4ed6\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u89aa\u795e\u8ad6\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5141\u8a31\u90aa\u60e1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u539f\u56e0\uff08 Plantinga, Alvin. (1974), God, Freedom, and Evil. New York: Harper and Row \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.2 \u795e\u8056\u7684\u96b1\u853d <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/divine-hiddenness\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Divine Hiddenness<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u548c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/axiology-of-theismi\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u795e\u8056\u96b1\u853d<\/a>\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u9593\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u806f\u7e6b\u3002\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5047\u8a2d\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e0c\u671b\u8207\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5275\u9020\u7269\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u7a2e\u611b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5049\u5927\u7684\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u771f\u6b63\u6e34\u671b\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u7121\u7f6a\u3001\u4e0d\u62b5\u6297\u3001\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/divine-hiddenness-argument-against-gods-existence\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\uff09\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/a>\uff08Schellenberg, J. L. (1993), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Hiddenness-Cornell-Studies-Philosophy-Religion\/dp\/0801473462\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1QJM0P2CQYVAE&amp;keywords=Divine+Hiddenness+and+Human+Reason.&amp;qid=1688613258&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=divine+hiddenness+and+human+reason.%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C396&amp;sr=1-1\">Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.<\/a>\u00a0\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Hiddenness-Argument-Philosophys-Challenge-Belief\/dp\/0198801173\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3GGXDU974ETHY&amp;keywords=The+Hiddenness+Argument%3A+Philosophy%E2%80%99s+New+Challenge+to+Belief+in+God.+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University&amp;qid=1688613295&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=the+hiddenness+argument+philosophy+s+new+challenge+to+belief+in+god.+oxford+oxford+university+%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C561&amp;sr=1-1\">Schellenberg, J. L. (2015), The Hiddenness Argument: Philosophy\u2019s New Challenge to Belief in God. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5f8c\u679c\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u70ba\u795e\u8056\u96b1\u853d\u6027\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8207\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u597d\u8655\u5305\u62ec\u96b1\u79c1\u3001\u7368\u7acb\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u7b49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u96b1\u853d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u4e9b\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u9ad4\u9a57\u5230\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u89ba\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u4eab\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u96b1\u79c1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\u5979\u6c92\u6709\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f8e\u597d\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u96b1\u853d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u67d0\u7a2e\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u5728\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u7372\u5f97 \u3002 \u5c0d\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u9078\u64c7\u660e\u77e5\u662f\u9a19\u5c40\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9ad4\u9a57\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e26\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff08Williams, Bernard. (1981), \u201cPersons, Character and Morality,\u201d in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Moral-Luck-Bernard-Williams\/dp\/0521286913\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1CPIEDPBFT01W&amp;keywords=Moral+Luck&amp;qid=1688613330&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=the+hiddenness+argument+philosophy+s+new+challenge+to+belief+in+god.+oxford+oxford+university%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C487&amp;sr=1-1\">Moral Luck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press<\/a>, pp 1\u201319 \uff09\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u96b1\u853d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u552f \u4e00 \u4e00 \u500b\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7d44\u7269\u54c1\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u7d44\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e00\u8d77\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u96b1\u853d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u96b1\u853d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u4e9b\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u96b1\u853d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u8207\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u96b1\u853d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff09\u7372\u5f97\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u901a\u5e38\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u9ad4\u9a57\u5230\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff08Hendricks, Perry and Kirk Lougheed. (2019), \u201cUndermining the Axiological Solution to Divine Hiddenness,\u201d\uff09\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u9019\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u64c1\u6709\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u96e3\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u66f4\u559c\u6b61\u4e0a\u5e1d\u96b1\u853d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.3 \u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5fc5\u7136\u5c0e\u81f4\u7121\u795e\u8ad6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u548c\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u806f\u7e6b\u662f\uff0c\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u6210\u70ba\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u3002Michael Tooley \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u66f4\u597d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u58de\u7684\u7d50\u679c (Tooley, Michael. (2018), \u201cAxiology: Theism Versus Widely Accepted Montheism,\u201d in Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism, edited by J. Kraay Klaas, pp. 46\u201369. New York: Routledge)\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u6bd4\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5c31\u6bd4\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c Tooley \u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u554f\u984c\u548c\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u5f7c\u6b64\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5c31\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u8207\u6b64\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c&nbsp;John L. Schellenberg \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u8ca0\u9762\u7279\u5fb5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7f3a\u4e4f\u96b1\u79c1\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5f9e\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u8b1b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8ca0\u9762\u7279\u5fb5\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08Schellenberg, J. L. (2018), \u201cTriple Transcendence, the Value of God\u2019s Existence, and a New Route to Atheism,\u201d in Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism, edited by K. J. Kraay, pp. 181\u201391. Routledge.&nbsp;\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6 \u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u5c07\u722d\u8ad6\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u4e4b\u5916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6700\u8fd1\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u73fe\u72c0\u7684\u5f8c\u8a2d\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u7531\u76f8\u5c0d\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u4e0a\uff08Draper, Paul and Ryan Nichols. (2013), \u201cDiagnosing Bias in Philosophy of Religoin,\u201d \uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u82b1\u6642\u9593\u634d\u885b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u7fa9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u514d\u53d7\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u6709\u9451\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8b77\u6559\u5b78\u7684\u5305\u88dd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u7336\u8c6b\u662f\u5426\u5c07\u5b97\u6559\u52d5\u6a5f\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u8a72\u5b78\u8005\u662f\u5426\u505a\u51fa\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8ca2\u737b\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4eba\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u9019\u4e9b\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u78ba\u5be6\u7531\u5169\u7a2e\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u4e3b\u5c0e\uff1a\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6 \u3002\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u901a\u5e38\u4ee3\u8868\u7336\u592a\u6559-\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u8a72\u5b78\u79d1\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u975e\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u9069\u7576\u5730\u6b78\u985e\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u932f\u8aa4\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7576\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6216\u88ab\u8aa4\u5c0e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u78ba\u5be6\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5b83\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u61c9\u8a72\u64f4\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0b\u6c42\u64f4\u5927\u9019\u4e00\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u5ee3\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\uff09\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cJ. L. Schellenberg \u634d\u885b\u4e86\u4ed6\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u7d42\u6975\u4e3b\u7fa9 ultimism \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff08 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Evolutionary-Religion-J-L-Schellenberg\/dp\/0199673764\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3E8IQFO5QME3B&amp;keywords=Schellenberg%2C+J.+L.+Evolutionary+Religion.+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&amp;qid=1688613456&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=schellenberg%2C+j.+l.+evolutionary+religion.+oxford+oxford+university+press%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C409&amp;sr=1-1\">Schellenberg, J. L. (2013), Evolutionary Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u795e\u8056\u73fe\u5be6\u5728\u4e8b\u5be6\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u7d42\u6975\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u592a\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u5c07\u4fb5\u72af\u6211\u5011\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u5b83\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u7d42\u6975\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u53e4\u5178\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u5b83\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u8a31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0cJ. L. Schellenberg \u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5167\u7f6e\u4e86\u6df1\u5ea6\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u4eba\u985e\u9084\u5f88\u5e74\u8f15\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u7d42\u6975\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6211\u5011\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6771\u897f\u6709\u5f85\u767c\u73fe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7d50\u8ad6\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u66ab\u6642\u7684\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u4e2d\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u65b0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u722d\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u4e0a\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u5f9e\u6771\u65b9\u50b3\u7d71\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u985e\u5225\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.1 \u672c\u66f8\u5404\u7ae0\u7bc0\u6982\u7565<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u201cOn Discovering God in the Pluriverse\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cMichael Almeida \u7e7c\u7e8c\u4ed6\u95dc\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6a21\u614b\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6 theistic modal realism \u7684\u8457\u540d\u8457\u4f5c\u3002Almeida \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6a21\u614b\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u5728\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u4e0a\u512a\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6bd4\u7af6\u722d\u5c0d\u624b\u4eab\u6709\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u52e2\u3002\u5177\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6a21\u614b\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u70ba\u5275\u9020\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u201d\uff08 p 20\uff09\u3002Travis Dumsday \u554f\u9053\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6a21\u614b\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5730\u7344\u666f\u8c61\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u5426\u6703\u62b5\u6d88\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u7684\u69ae\u8000\u3002Perry Hendricks \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136 Almeida \u6210\u529f\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6 &nbsp;impersonal pro-theism\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u91cd\u5927\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u90fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5efa\u7acb \u3002Graham Oppy&nbsp;\u5c0d Almeida \u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8cea\u7591 \u201c\u6574\u500b\u591a\u5143\u5b87\u5b99\u5b58\u5728\u55ae\u4e00\u6642\u9593\u5c3a\u5ea6\u201d \u7684\u5047\u8a2d ( p 55 )\u3002Oppy&nbsp;\u9084\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u672c\u61c9\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e92\u52d5\uff08\u5373\u5275\u9020 \uff09 \u3002Almeida \u5728\u7b54\u5fa9\u4e2d\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u6709\u95dc\u4ed6\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u9084\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5730\u7344\u666f\u89c0\u4e16\u754c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u985e\u578b\u7684\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6a21\u614b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4f86\u8aaa\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u6a21\u614b\u554f\u984c\uff09\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u72f9\u7fa9\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u591a\u7a2e\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u201cThe Axiology of Theism Expanding the Contrast Classes\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cTravis Dumsday \u8a66\u5716\u5c07\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5f9e\u4e00\u795e\u8ad6\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u958b\u982d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8b8a\u7a2e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u64f4\u5c55\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u5f88\u8907\u96dc\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\u90fd\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0d\u8ce6\u4e88\u7d55\u5c0d\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u6301\u61f7\u7591\u614b\u5ea6\u3002Dumsday \u6700\u7d42\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0d\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5730\u4f4d\u6301\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002Michael Almeida&nbsp;\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u4e2d\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u4ed6\u5c0d\u80fd\u5426\u6b63\u78ba\u8a55\u4f30\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u3002\u4ed6\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52d5\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u591a\u795e\u6559 polytheistic \u4e16\u754c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u96e3\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0d\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u5229\u3002Perry Hendricks \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u53cd\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u7406\u7531\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u5f9e\u6280\u8853\u4e0a\u8b1b\uff0c\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002Graham Oppy \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u64f4\u5927\u5c0d\u6bd4\u985e\u5225\u61c9\u8a72\u6bd4\u8a62\u554f\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u554f\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u6709\u6cbb\u7406\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8b\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7b54\u5fa9\u4e2d\uff0cDumsday \u540c\u60c5\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u64d4\u6182\uff0c\u4f46\u6307\u51fa\u5206\u6790\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u53ef\u4f9b\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u5229\u7528\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u201cSkeptical Theism, Pro-theism, and Anti-theism\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cPerry Hendricks \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u61f7\u7591\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u53cd\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5c31\u5f88\u96e3\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u800c\u89aa\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\u3002 \u9451\u65bc\u8207\u61f7\u7591\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u985e\u578b\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b58\u5225\u51fa\u8207\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\uff08\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u540c\u5728\u7684\u6c38\u751f\uff09\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u5247\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Oppy \u6279\u8a55 Hendricks \uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u61f7\u7591\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u610f\u5473\u8457\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5feb\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u3002Dumsday \u5efa\u8b70 Hendricks \u61c9\u8a72\u6f84\u6e05\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4f9d\u8cf4 Hendricks \u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u4f86\u4e16\u986f\u7136\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u3002Almeida&nbsp;\u64d4\u5fc3\uff0cHendricks \u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5206\u6790\uff08\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\uff09\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u672c\u4f86\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002Hendricks \u56de\u61c9\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u901a\u5e38\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u61f7\u7591\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u963b\u6b62\u67d0\u4e9b\u6b78\u7d0d\u63a8\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u4ed6\u540c\u610f\u61c9\u8a72\u6f84\u6e05\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u70ba\u66f4\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u6bd4\u8f03\u92ea\u5e73\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0 \u201cNaturalistic Axiology\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cGraham Oppy \u7e7c\u7e8c\u5f9e\u4ed6\u5728\u6574\u500b\u8077\u696d\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6846\u67b6\u51fa\u767c\u9032\u884c\u5beb\u4f5c\u3002Oppy \u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5fc5\u7136\u7121\u795e\u8ad6 necessitarian atheism \u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u554f\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u5c31\u50cf\u554f\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u5e0c\u671b\u8056\u8a95\u8001\u4eba\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6a23\u3002Almeida&nbsp;\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u4f86\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e26\u4e0d\u64c1\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u6cbf\u8457\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u601d\u8def\uff0cDumsday&nbsp;\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\u8005\u6216\u53ea\u662f\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\uff0cHendricks \u8aaa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f Oppy \u7684\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u504f\u597d\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a62\u554f\u4e0d\u540c\u5e7b\u60f3\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8ad6\u5730\u4f4d\u3002Oppy \u56de\u61c9\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6574\u7ae0\u4e2d\u90fd\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7ffc\u7ffc\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5f9e\u672a\u8aaa\u904e\u9019\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u3002Oppy 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\u795e\u7d93\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u5f8c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5149\u4fc2\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u5605\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u51e1\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u767c\u5c55\u90fd\u4fc2\u201c\u597d\u201d\u5605\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u5c07\u5149\u540c\u9ed1\u6697\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u795e\u53ea\u4fc2\u5c07\u5149\u6697\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u800c\u5514\u4fc2\u5c07\u9ed1\u6697\u6d88\u6ec5\u3002\u4f62\u4fdd\u7559\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u4f62\u5275\u9020\u5149\uff0c\u5187\u5275\u9020\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u9ed1\u6697\u55ba\u5149\u5275\u9020\u524d\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u908a\u500b\u5275\u9020\u9ed1\u6697\uff1f \u5462\u6bb5\u4fc2\u8868\u9054\u795e\u5605\u5206\u8fa6\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u5206\u958b\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u53cd\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5584\u60e1\uff0c\u9ed1\u767d\uff0c\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u8056\u4fd7\u7b49\u7b49\u3002 #\uff08 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/07\/06\/four-views-on-the-axiology-of-theism-what-difference-does-god-make\/\">Continue reading <span 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