\u56de\u770b\u7576\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6 … \u6240\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e \u201c\u767d\u75f4 idiocy\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f4e\u80fd imbecility\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u7f3a\u9677 mental deficiency\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f31\u667a fee-ble-mindedness\u201d … \u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u8a9e\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u671f\u7136\u60f3\u8d77\u4e00\u672c\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u5606\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u5b83\u61c9\u8a72\u6bd4\u6b98\u75be\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002 \u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u6b98\u75be\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u95b1\u8b80\u5b83\u3002 \u66f8\u4e2d\u63d2\u5716\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u6027\u50f9\u6bd4\u6975\u9ad8\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u904e\u53bb\u56db\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u4eba\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u8655\u5fc5\u9808\u89e3\u91cb\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u73fe\u5728\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u6feb\u7528\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83 \u2014\u2014 \u800c\u4e14\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5176\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u5b78\u7fd2\u969c\u7919\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u517c\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6b78\u5c6c\u8207\u63a5\u7d0d\u7b49\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Simon Jarrett \u7684 \u201cThose They Called Idiots: The Idea of the Disabled Mind<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5168\u9762\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u5730\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u667a\u529b\u6b98\u75be\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u591a\u6b21\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6b50\u6d32\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u3002\u8a72\u66f8\u4e3b\u8981\u95dc\u6ce8\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u548c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u95dc\u65bc\u667a\u529b\u6b98\u75be\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5b83\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u4f86\u6e90 \u2014\u2014 \u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5ead\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\u3001\u8a5e\u5178\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u6587\u672c\u3001\u4f4e\u4fd7\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8c\u624b\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0cJarrett \u53cd\u99c1\u4e86\u667a\u969c\u4eba\u58eb \u201c\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u6210\u70ba\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u6642\u201d \u624d\u9032\u5165\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff08 p 9\uff09\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c0d\u6b98\u75be\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u53f2\u3001\u82f1\u570b\u570b\u5167\u548c\u5e1d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7b49\u5ee3\u6cdb\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u548c\u5b78\u751f\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u5c07\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u5177\u6709\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\uff08 Jarrett \u6839\u64da\u6240\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u9069\u7576\u7684\u8853\u8a9e \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f4e\u80fd\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u7f3a\u9677 \u201d \u3001\u201c\u5f31\u667a\u201d \u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u6b98\u75be\u8a71\u8a9e\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5e73\u884c\u6558\u8ff0\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c07 \u201c\u767d\u75f4 idiots\u201d \u8207 \u201c\u91ce\u883b\u4eba savages\u201d \u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u8a71\u8a9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u672c\u66f8\u7531\u5f15\u8a00\u548c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u5206\u70ba\u4e09\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\t \u201cIdiocy and Imbecility in the Eighteenth Century, c. 1700-1812\u201d \u958b\u982d\u5e7e\u7ae0\u91cd\u9ede\u95dc\u6ce8\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5c0d\u667a\u529b\u969c\u7919\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u767d\u75f4\u548c\u4f4e\u80fd\u60c5\u6cc1\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6c11\u4e8b\u548c\u6559\u6703\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5c0d\u4e16\u8972\u8ca1\u7522\u3001\u7236\u7cfb\u7e7c\u627f\u548c\u7e7c\u627f\u7522\u751f\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6848\u4ef6\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0a\u5c64\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u3002Jarrett \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0b\u5c64\u968e\u7d1a\u4e2d\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u767d\u75f4\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u5211\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u9130\u5c45\u548c\u793e\u5340\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u6e1b\u5211\u6216\u7121\u7f6a\u91cb\u653e\u3002\u6beb\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u5c0d\u767d\u75f4\u6216\u4f4e\u80fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u89e3\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5927\u773e\u5c0d\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8cc8\u52d2\u7279\u901a\u904e\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8868\u5fb5\u4f86\u8ffd\u8e2a\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 (Poor Foolish Lads and Weak Easy Girls\uff1aLegal Ideas of Idiocy ) \u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u82f1\u570b \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u8207\u7576\u524d\u5c0d\u7cbe\u795e\u7f3a\u9677\u7684 \u201c\u5e38\u8b58\u201d \u7406\u89e3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5f37\u70c8\u5171\u9cf4\u3002\u8207\u7c21\u55ae\u3001\u8106\u5f31\u548c\u53e4\u602a\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0a\u7684 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6709\u95dc\u5176\u907a\u50b3\u8cc7\u7522\u7cfe\u7d1b\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u4eba\u5247\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u70ba\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u88ab\u544a\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u524d\u8005\uff0cJarrett \u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4ee5\u6f5b\u5728\u9a19\u5b50\u70ba\u4e3b\u89d2\u7684\u6709\u8da3\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u85e5\u5291\u5e2b\u5728 1730 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5 Surrey \u7684 John Leigh \u7235\u58eb\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4f4d 58 \u6b72\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u8584\u5f31\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u2026\u2026\u64c1\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u7684\u8ca1\u7522\u201d \u4ee5\u9032\u884c\u7d93\u6fdf\u525d\u524a\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08 p 32\uff09\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9a19\u5b50\u6709\u6642\u6703\u50b7\u5bb3\u667a\u969c\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u4f46 Jarrett \u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u793e\u6703\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u65b9\u9762\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u793e\u6703\u968e\u5c64\u7684 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u90fd\u7d66\u4e88\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u5bec\u5927\u8655\u7406\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 ( Billy-noodles and Bird-wits: Cultural Ideas of Idiocy ) \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u667a\u529b\u969c\u7919\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u5c0d\u4fda\u8a9e\u3001\u4f48\u9053\u548c\u6f2b\u756b\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u8207\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a8d\u70ba\u65e9\u671f\u73fe\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u7684\u7b11\u8a71\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u88ab\u908a\u7de3\u5316\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cJarrett \u65b7\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5e7d\u9ed8\u7684\u64f4\u6563\u8868\u660e\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u667a\u529b\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u201c\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u201d\uff08 p 81\uff09 \u3002Jarrett \u6697\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u201c\u793e\u5340\u95dc\u61f7 care in the community\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u7d93\u5be6\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 ( Idiots Abroad: Racial Ideas of Idiocy ) \u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u89e3\u91cb\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 ( Colonies, Anthropologists and Asylums: Race and Intelligence ) \u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u8207\u667a\u529b\u969c\u7919\u7684\u4e0d\u65b7\u6f14\u8b8a\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u906d\u9047\u3002\u5f9e\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u958b\u59cb\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7e8c\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u95dc\u65bc\u667a\u529b\u7f3a\u9677\u548c \u201c\u539f\u59cb primitive\u201d \u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14 \u201c\u7a2e\u65cf\u667a\u529b racial intelligence\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u70ba \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u5f85\u9047 moral treatment\u201d \u5728\u5e87\u8b77\u6240\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u61c9\u7528\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u8207 Nirmala Erevelles \u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u76f8\u547c\u61c9\uff0c\u5373\u7a2e\u65cf\u548c\u6b98\u75be\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u985e\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u4e14 \u201c\u7a2e\u65cf\u548c\u6b98\u75be\u8b8a\u5f97\u660e\u986f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b98\u75be\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u88ab\u7a2e\u65cf\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u7a2e\u65cf\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u540c\u6642\u88ab\u6b98\u75be\u201d\uff08 Keywords for Disability Studies<\/a>–<\/em>New York University Press (2015)\uff0cNY \uff0c p 416\uff09\u3002Jarrett \u5c0d \u201c\u7406\u6027\u4eba rational man\u201d \u555f\u8499\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u793e\u6703\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c07\u5152\u7ae5\u3001\u201c\u91ce\u883b\u4eba\u201d \u548c \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u6b98\u75be\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d \u6b77\u53f2\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u63d2\u5716\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u501f\u9452\u4e86 William Hogarth\u3001Thomas Rowlandson\u3001Isaac Cruikshank \u548c James Gillray \u7684\u8af7\u523a\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u767d\u75f4\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u7d55\u5c0d\u5728\u793e\u5340\u5167 \u2014\u2014 \u901a\u5e38\u4f5c\u70ba\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u7b11\u8072\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u8af7\u523a\u4e26\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u793e\u5340\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u901a\u904e\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u8b49\u64da\u8b49\u660e\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u767d\u75f4\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u878d\u5165\u4e86 18 \u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5c0d \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u59cb\u7d42\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u5916\uff08\u6216\u8005\u6700\u597d\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5916\u570d\uff09\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7cfe\u6b63\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96a8\u8457 \u201c\u63a2\u7d22\u6642\u4ee3 age of exploration\u201d \u548c\u555f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u767d\u75f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u958b\u59cb\u767c\u751f\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u555f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5c07\u7406\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u8996\u70ba\u6587\u660e\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u800c \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u548c \u201c\u539f\u59cb primitive\u201d \u6c11\u65cf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9019\u7a2e\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u5230\u4e86 1799 \u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\tFran\u00e7ois-Emmanuel Fod\u00e9r\u00e9 \u201c\u5c07\u767d\u75f4\u548c\u4f4e\u80fd\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u8207\u4f5c\u70ba\u91ab\u5b78\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u878d\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u201d( p 118)\uff0c\u5275\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u65bc\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u667a\u529b\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u7b49\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e26\u6b63\u5f0f\u65b7\u8a00\u4e86 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u548c \u201c\u91ce\u883b\u201d \u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Simon Jarrett \u7531\u6b64\u5e36\u6211\u5011\u9032\u5165\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206 \u201cNew Ways of Thinking, c.1812-70\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u201c\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u8b93\u767d\u75f4\u4e00\u65e6\u6210\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u6536\u5bb9\uff1f\u201d \u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5f9e 1840 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5230 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5c0e\u81f4\u5927\u76e3\u7981\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002\u5f9e\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 ( Medical Challenge: New Ideas in the Courtroom ) \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8f49\u8b8a\u59cb\u65bc\u6cd5\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u63a1\u7528\uff0c\u5c07\u667a\u529b\u969c\u7919\u8207\u5371\u96aa\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u6557\u58de\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u9662\u4e2d\u7cbe\u795e\u7f3a\u9677\u8005\u7684\u9694\u96e2\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5728 18 \u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u667a\u529b\u969c\u7919\u7684\u5211\u4e8b\u88ab\u544a\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u540c\u60c5\u548c\u5bec\u5927\u7684\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u4f46\u5728 19 \u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u201c\u516c\u773e\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u660e\u986f\u8b8a\u5f97\u5f37\u786c\u201d ( p 139)\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u65e9\u671f\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u91ab\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u662f \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u5118\u7ba1\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Jarrett \u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u91ab\u5b78\u8b49\u64da\u4f3c\u4e4e\u975e\u5e38\u50cf\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u548c\u5916\u884c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u5e36\u6709\u91ab\u5b78\u8853\u8a9e\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u901a\u904e\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u56b4\u683c\u5206\u985e\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 ( Colonies, Anthropologists and Asylums ) \u4e2d\uff0cJarrett \u5c07\u6b98\u75be\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u985e\u6bd4\u3002\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba \u201c\u4ea4\u53c9\u6027 intersectionality\u201d\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u500b\u8a5e \u3002\u6211\u5df2\u7d93\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u8655\u2014\u2014Downs \u4eba\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba 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\u4e00\u6a23\u6c92\u6709\u5b78\u7fd2\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u5b78\u7fd2\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9000\u56de\u5230\u539f\u59cb\u72c0\u614b\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u8207\u611a\u8822\u548c\u4f4e\u80fd\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u6709\u8457\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002 \u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5728 \u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u4e5f\u662f\u547d\u201d \u6642\u4ee3\u5177\u6709\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u8a71\u984c\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Simon Jarrett \u518d\u6b21\u7528\u8a31\u591a\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u6848\u4f8b\u4ee5\u524d\u5f9e\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u667a\u529b\u969c\u7919\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u9084\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86 William Wordsworth \u548c Charles Dickens 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\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u88ab\u62cb\u68c4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u5bb6\u6b63\u5728\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5c07\u7a2e\u65cf\u548c\u667a\u529b\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u9019\u6beb\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u5730\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u6b50\u6d32\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u65b7\u8a00 \u201c\u91ce\u883b\u201d \u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u611a\u8822\u3002\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u201c\u91ce\u883b\u4eba\u201d \u548c \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u793e\u6703\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u5371\u96aa\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u5f37\u5927\u6b0a\u5a01\uff08\u6b96\u6c11\u6216\u91ab\u5b78\uff09\u7684\u7d04\u675f\uff0c\u800c \u201c\u4f4e\u80fd\u201d \u7684\u8f03\u5c11\u6b98\u75be\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb \u201c\u4e00\u4e9b\u2018\u4f4e\u7b49\u7a2e\u65cf\u2019\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5a01\u8105\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u8f03\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\u201d\uff08 p 188 \uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u904e\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u904e\u6a21\u4eff\u548c\u91cd\u8907\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u91ab\u5b78\u3001\uff08\u507d\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u904b\u52d5\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u5927\u76e3\u7981\u201d (\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 Into the Idiot Asylum: The Great Incarceration ) \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u4e00\u6642\u671f\u59cb\u65bc 1840 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u70ba\u767d\u75f4\u601d\u60f3\u6559\u80b2\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u5e87\u8b77\u6240\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u5e87\u8b77\u6240\u5f88\u5feb\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u9577\u671f\u5c45\u7559\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u56da\u72af\u6210\u70ba \u201c\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u751f\u7269 creatures of the institution\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e0b\u534a\u8449\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u5df2\u7d93\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u767d\u75f4\u6216\u4f4e\u80fd\u8005\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u767d\u75f4\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u53cd\u61c9\u662f\u6190\u61ab\u3001\u6050\u61fc\u548c\u53ad\u60e1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n Jarrett \u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 \u201cFrom Eugenics to Care in the Communi-ty, 1870 to the Present\u201d \u7531\u5169\u90e8\u5206\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u5f9e\u512a\u751f\u5b78\u5230\u793e\u5340\u8b77\u7406\uff0c1870 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\u201d\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u7e3d\u7d50\u4e86\u512a\u751f\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u5f9e 1883 \u5e74 \tFrancis Galton \u5275\u9020\u9019\u500b\u8853\u8a9e\uff0c\u5230\u7d0d\u7cb9\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u70ba\u4e86\u6de8\u5316\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u800c\u6d88\u6ec5\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u4eba\u548c \u201c\u7a2e\u65cf\u201d \u7684\u53ef\u6015\u653f\u7b56\u5f8c\u512a\u751f\u5b78\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u5d29\u6f70\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5bb6\u9577\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5021\u5c0e\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u904b\u52d5\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u793e\u5340\u751f\u6d3b\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u4e26\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u82f1\u570b\u667a\u969c\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u8a31\u591a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8981\u505a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f \u201c\u6c7a\u4e0d\u5141\u8a31\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u6216 [\u7d0d\u7cb9] T4\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u6050\u6016\u518d\u6b21\u8b93\u4eba\u985e\u8499\u7f9e\u201d \u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002( p 307 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u9019\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6703\u5438\u5f15\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u53d7\u773e\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u53ef\u8b80\u6027\u9ad8\u7684\u66f8\u3002Simon Jarrett \u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u624d\u83ef\u6a6b\u6ea2\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u6587\u7b46\u512a\u7f8e\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684 352 \u9801\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u6c89\u8ff7\u65bc\u8b93\u592a\u591a\u5b78\u8005\u9ad8\u8208\u7684\u6666\u6f80\u8853\u8a9e\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u63a2\u8a0e\u524d\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u5831\u5c0e\u3002\u5b83\u91cd\u5851\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u544a\u8a34\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u62ef\u6551\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u611a\u6627\u7684\u524d\u8f29\u62d2\u4e4b\u9580\u5916\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u878d\u5165 \u6216 \u5305\u5bb9\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0cSimon Jarrett \u7279\u5225\u7528\u6545\u4e8b\u548c\u5716\u50cf\u5c07\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8b8a\u5f97\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u5fd8\u7684Fanny Fust \u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u5973\u7e7c\u627f\u4eba\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u5f62\u5bb9\u5979\u8655\u65bc\u5b8c\u5168 \u201c\u982d\u8166\u611a\u8822 imbecility of mind\u201d \u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff08 p 38 \uff09\u30021786 \u5e74\uff0cFanny Fust \u88ab\u7d81\u67b6\uff0c\u88ab\u5077\u5077\u5e36\u5230\u6cd5\u570b\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88cf\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u7267\u5e2b\u88ab\u9152\u7cbe\u704c\u9189\uff0c\u8aaa\u670d\u5979\u5ac1\u7d66\u4e00\u540d\u7d81\u532a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u7d50\u5c40\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8cb7\u672c\u66f8\u5427\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u70ba\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7dda\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5beb\u5f97\u5f88\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\uff0c\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7d55\u5c0d\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c0d\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u6642\u671f\u4e2d\u5851\u9020\u5c0d\u767d\u75f4\u3001\u4f4e\u80fd\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u9032\u884c\u8abf\u67e5\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u767d\u75f4\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6b77\u53f2\u6709\u4e86\uff08\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\uff09\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u4f46Simon Jarrett \u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u5f9e\u672a\u63a2\u7d22\u904e\u7684\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u4ed6\u5c0d\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u5c0d\u767d\u75f4\u7406\u89e3\u4ea4\u53c9\u9ede\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u6d41\u884c\u85dd\u8853\u4e2d\u767d\u75f4\u8996\u89ba\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u5728\u8a72\u9818\u57df\u662f\u5168\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u7121\u7591\u5c07\u523a\u6fc0\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5c0d\u667a\u529b\u3001\u6b98\u75be\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u5fc5\u8b80\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u653e\u9010\u4e26\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u6b78\u793e\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u56de\u770b\u7576\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6 … \u6240\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e \u201c\u767d\u75f4 idiocy\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f4e\u80fd imbecility\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u7f3a\u9677 mental deficiency\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f31\u667a fee-ble-mindedness\u201d … \u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u8a9e\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u671f\u7136\u60f3\u8d77\u4e00\u672c\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u5606\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u5b83\u61c9\u8a72\u6bd4\u6b98\u75be\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002 \u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u6b98\u75be\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u95b1\u8b80\u5b83\u3002 \u66f8\u4e2d\u63d2\u5716\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u6027\u50f9\u6bd4\u6975\u9ad8\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u904e\u53bb\u56db\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u4eba\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u8655\u5fc5\u9808\u89e3\u91cb\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136 \u201c\u767d\u75f4\u201d \u73fe\u5728\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u6feb\u7528\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83 \u2014\u2014 \u800c\u4e14\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5176\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u5b78\u7fd2\u969c\u7919\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u517c\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6b78\u5c6c\u8207\u63a5\u7d0d\u7b49\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Simon Jarrett \u7684 \u201cThose They Called Idiots: The Idea of the Disabled Mind\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5168\u9762\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u5730\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u667a\u529b\u6b98\u75be\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u591a\u6b21\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6b50\u6d32\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u3002\u8a72\u66f8\u4e3b\u8981\u95dc\u6ce8\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u548c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u95dc\u65bc\u667a\u529b\u6b98\u75be\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5b83\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u4f86\u6e90 \u2014\u2014 \u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5ead\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\u3001\u8a5e\u5178\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u6587\u672c\u3001\u4f4e\u4fd7\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8c\u624b\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0cJarrett \u53cd\u99c1\u4e86\u667a\u969c\u4eba\u58eb \u201c\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u6210\u70ba\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u6642\u201d \u624d\u9032\u5165\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff08 p 9\uff09\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5c0d\u6b98\u75be\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u53f2\u3001\u82f1\u570b\u570b\u5167\u548c\u5e1d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7b49\u5ee3\u6cdb\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u548c\u5b78\u751f\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u5c07\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u5177\u6709\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\uff08 Jarrett … Continue reading