{"id":9027,"date":"2023-07-29T16:49:23","date_gmt":"2023-07-29T16:49:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9027"},"modified":"2023-07-29T16:49:29","modified_gmt":"2023-07-29T16:49:29","slug":"against-absolute-goodness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/07\/29\/against-absolute-goodness\/","title":{"rendered":"Against Absolute Goodness"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/telegra.ph\/file\/a6e53a419bee3906031ca.png\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption> <br>\u5317\u91ce\u6b66\u66fe\u8a00\uff1a \u201c\u707d\u96e3\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6b7b\u4e86\u5169\u842c\u4eba\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6b7b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u5169\u842c\u6b21\u3002\u201d<br>\u82b1\u5b63\u7684\u6392\u7403\u5973\u5b69\u5011\uff0cR.I.P  <br>  <br><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/telegra.ph\/file\/5ab84ca4d12476d8dde29.png\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption> <br>\u9f4a\u9f4a\u54c8\u723e\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u4e2d\u5b78\u6821\u5916\u9762\u64fa\u6eff\u9ec3\u6843\u7f50\u982d\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u85c9\u6b64\u60bc\u5ff5\u5728\u8a72\u6821\u9ad4\u80b2\u9928\u574d\u584c\u4e2d\u55aa\u751f\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u3002 <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u3018\u6d1b\u4e4b\u79cb (https:\/\/weibo.com\/u\/1769741763)\u3019\u6709\u4eba\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u64fa\u90a3\u9ebc\u591a\u82b1\u548c\u9ec3\u6843\u7f50\u982d\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u55ce\uff1f\u9084\u958b\u84cb\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u8f9b\u82e6\u74b0\u885b\u5de5\u4eba\u55ce\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u865b\u5047\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u611f\u52d5\u55ce\uff1f\u6b7b\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u559d\u5230\u55ce\uff0c\u80fd\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u80fd\u805e\u5230\u55ce\uff1f\u5225\u88ab\u5e36\u7bc0\u594f\u4e86&#8230;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8a00\u8ad6\u7d14\u5c6c\u60e1\u610f\u8a46\u6bc0\uff1b\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u78ba\u5be6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u96c6\u9ad4\u54c0\u60bc\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIn whatever form it takes, collective mourning can give structure and expression to a sequence of emotions which are often difficult to make sense of. Those that bear witness to our grief can help validate our emotions and create a sense of connectedness. These shared experiences offer memorable, tangible proof we are not alone.\u201d(\u8b6f\u6587\uff1a\u7121\u8ad6\u63a1\u53d6\u4f55\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u96c6\u9ad4\u54c0\u60bc\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u901a\u5e38\u96e3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u8868\u9054\u3002 \u90a3\u4e9b\u898b\u8b49\u6211\u5011\u60b2\u50b7\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u9a57\u8b49\u6211\u5011\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e26\u5275\u9020\u4e00\u7a2e\u806f\u7e6b\u611f\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u5fd8\u3001\u5207\u5be6\u7684\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u8b49\u660e\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b64\u55ae\u3002)\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u3018\u4efb\u6cfd\u5e73\u3019\u5200\u90ce\u7684\u65b0\u6b4c\u300a\u7f57\u5239\u6d77\u5e02\u300b\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u300a\u804a\u658b\u5fd7\u5f02\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6545\u4e8b\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u8be5\u7bc7\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e11\u4e3a\u7f8e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8d8a\u662f\u72f0\u72de\u602a\u5f02\uff0c\u8d8a\u663e\u4f18\u96c5\u7f8e\u4e3d\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u84b2\u677e\u9f84\u5728\u6b64\u7bc7\u6587\u672b\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u82b1\u9762\u9022\u8fce\uff0c\u4e16\u60c5\u5982\u9b3c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5200\u90ce\u65b0\u6b4c\u6b4c\u8bcd\uff1a\u201c\u90a3\u9a6c\u6237\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u5934\u9a74\uff0c\u90a3\u53c8\u9e1f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u9e21\uff0c\u52fe\u680f\u4ece\u6765\u626e\u9ad8\u96c5\uff0c\u81ea\u53e4\u516c\u516c\u597d\u5a01\u540d\u2026\u2026\u201d\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8352\u8bde\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u73b0\u5b9e\u53c8\u4f55\u5c1d\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u5bf9\u6c11\u8425\u7ecf\u6d4e\u558a\u6253\u558a\u6740\u3001\u5021\u5bfc\u79bb\u573a\u8bba\u7684\u8df3\u6881\u5c0f\u4e11\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7eb7\u7eb7\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u6d17\u767d\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u8fd8\u8df3\u51fa\u6765\u89e3\u8bfb\u56fd\u5bb6\u652f\u6301\u6c11\u8425\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u524d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6ca1\u4f24\u5bb3\u8fc7\u6c11\u8425\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6c11\u8425\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u53cd\u590d\u6a2a\u8df3\uff0c\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\u65e0\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4e4b\u627c\u8155\uff0c\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u58eb\u65e0\u4e0d\u6124\u6168\uff0c\u592a\u8352\u8bde\u4e86\uff0c\u592a\u8bbd\u523a\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\u662f\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u73cd\u8996\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae \uff0c\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff1f \u5982\u679c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f \u201c\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u5584 absolute goodness\u201d \u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u6703\u662f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u6216\u53e5\u865f \u2014\u2014 \u5c0d\u67d0\u4eba\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff08\u53e5\u865f\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba \u201c\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u61c9\u8a72\u73cd\u8996\u9019\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u8879\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u662f\u597d\u6771\u897f\u3002\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\uff0cG.E. Moore \u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u5049\u5927\u64c1\u8b77\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u500b\u5047\u5b9a\u9019\u4e00\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 \u3002 &nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Richard Kraut \u634d\u885b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u65e2\u6c92\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u60e1\u3002 \u4ed6\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7d55\u5c0d\u919c\u964b\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u3002Kraut \u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba \u201c\u597d\uff0c(\u6642\u671f) \u6216\u7c21\u76f4\u597d &nbsp;good (period) or valuable (period) \u201d ( p 3 )\u3002\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7957\u80fd\u5c0d\u67d0\u4eba\u6709\u597d\u8655\u6216\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u597d\u8655\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684\u597d\u6216\u58de\uff0c\u5176\u798f\u7949\u662f\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f86\u8aaa\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff1b\u4f46\u6709\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\u3001\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u773e\u751f\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u540c\u985e\u4e4b\u5584\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u597d\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u54e1\u3002\u512a\u79c0\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u54e1\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u64c1\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u54c1\u8cea\u7684\u4eba \u2014\u2014 \u512a\u79c0\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u548c\u6210\u70ba\u904b\u52d5\u54e1\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u8207 Kraut \u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff08\u5982 P. T. Geach \u548c Judith Jarvis Thomson\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cKraut \u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u8aaa\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f \u201c\u597d\uff0c\u6642\u671f\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u597d just plain good\u201d \u662f\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u6feb\u7528 ( p 63 )\u3002\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u50cf\u71c3\u7d20 phlogiston \u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u5584\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c31\u50cf\u71c3\u7d20\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u6307\u51fa\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f86\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5176\u4ed6\u6982\u5ff5\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kraut \u540c\u610f Thomas Michael Scanlon \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u4e00\u500b\u884c\u52d5\u6216\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e8b\u614b\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6709\u7406\u7531\u63a1\u53d6\u8a72\u884c\u52d5\u6216\u5c0e\u81f4\u9019\u7a2e\u4e8b\u614b\uff0c\u4f46\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5403\u96ea\u7cd5\u662f\u6211\u6709\u7406\u7531\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u6211\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u5584\u826f\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\uff1a\u6211\u4e0d\u5403\u96ea\u7cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5bcc\u542b\u4e00\u7a2e\u53eb\u505a \u201c\u5584\u826f goodness\u201d \u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5403\u96ea\u7cd5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5fc5\u9808\u9019\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u3002Kraut \u4e0d\u540c\u610f T M Scanlon \u7684\u89c0\u9ede \u201c\u5c0d\u67d0\u4eba\u6709\u597d\u8655 good for someone\u201d\uff08\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u5c07\u5176\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba \u201c\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u767c\u5c55\u201d p 84 \uff09\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4ee5\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u5378\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u7576 \u201ca good x\u201d \u8868\u793a \u201c \u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u597d good of a kind\u201d \u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u4ee5\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u5378\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5403\u4e00\u676f\u96ea\u7cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5c0d\u6211\u6709\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5efa\u8b70\u4f60\u53bb\u5ea6\u5047 \uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5c0d\u4f60\u6709\u597d\u8655\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4e00\u5834\u6232\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u5834\u597d\u6232 \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u9019\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u68d8\u624b  \u3002\u96e3\u9053\u8aaa\u6211\u770b\u9019\u90e8\u5287\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6709\u591a\u7dad\u5ea6\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\u7b49\u7b49\u5c6c\u6027\u9084\u4e0d\u5920\u55ce\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5f15\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u5c6c\u6027\u4f5c\u70ba\u4f60\u770b\u9019\u90e8\u5287\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0 \u201c\u800c\u4e14\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u597d\u5287\u201d\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5b83\u6703\u5f88\u5947\u602a\u3002( pp&nbsp;55-63 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u67d0\u7a2e\u5584\u6bd4\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u66f4\u53ef\u884c\u5462\uff1fKraut \u8aaa\uff0c\u8af8\u5982 \u201c\u4e00\u5834\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u8868\u6f14\u201d \u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u985e\u5225\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u60f3\u7d66\u4f60\u770b\u9019\u90e8\u5287\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u201c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u597d\u5287 it is a good play\u201d \u5c31\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u975e\u8a55\u50f9\u6027\u5c6c\u6027\u5217\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848 \u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u7d66\u4f60\u53bb\u5ea6\u5047\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6642\uff0c\u201c\u53bb\u5ea6\u5047\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u201d \u662f\u6c92\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002\u9019\u5c0d\u6211\u4f86\u8aaa\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u76f4\u89c0\uff0c\u4f46\u65e2\u7136 Kraut \u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u7576\u4f60\u5c07\u5176\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u512a\u79c0\u529f\u80fd\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u6642\uff0c\u8aaa \u201c\u800c\u4e14\u5287\u672c\u5f88\u597d\u201d \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\u7406\u7531\uff08\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u662f \u201c\u5047\u671f\u6703\u5f88\u597d\u201d \u6703\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u500b\u53bb\u5ea6\u5047\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff09\u6211\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u4ed6\u80fd\u5426\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc \u201c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u5834\u597d\u6232\u201d \u6bd4 \u201c\u9019\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u201d \u66f4\u6709\u7528\u3002\u8acb\u8a18\u4f4f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a34\u8af8\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u8aaa \u201c\u9019\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u201d \u662f\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u958b\u982d\u53ef\u80fd\u8207 \u201c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u597d\u5287\u201d \u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u89c0\u770b\u4e00\u90e8\u5287\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u7f8e\u89c0\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u89c0\u770b\u3002\u201c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u597d\u5287\u201d \u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u5beb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f \u201c\u4f60\u6709\u7406\u7531\u89c0\u770b\u5b83\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u597d\u5287\u201d \u6bd4 \u201c\u4f60\u6709\u7406\u7531\u89c0\u770b\u5b83\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4f60\u6709\u7406\u7531\u89c0\u770b\u5b83\u201d \u66f4\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u9019\u662fKraut \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5 \u201c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u201d \u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u4e09\u5341\u500b\u7c21\u77ed\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e2d\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e94\u500b\u9644\u9304\uff09\uff0cKraut \u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u5be9\u8996\u4e86\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u597d\u7684 \u201c\u6642\u671f\u201d \u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff1a\u5929\u771f\u5feb\u6a02\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u3001 \u7f8e\u8c8c\u3001\u53cb\u8abc\u3001\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3001\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5feb\u6a02\u548c\u75db\u82e6\u6642\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u63d0\u53ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u597d\u8655\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u58de\u8655\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5feb\u6a02\u5c0d\u65bc\u64c1\u6709\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u75db\u82e6\u5c0d\u65bc\u64c1\u6709\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u537b\u662f\u58de\u4e8b\u3002\u9019\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u524d\u8005\u800c\u8ff4\u907f\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u5145\u5206\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u5b83\u5011\u5206\u5225\u662f \u201c\u597d\u201d \u548c \u201c\u58de\u201d\uff0c\u53c8\u6703\u88dc\u5145\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5462\uff1fKraut&nbsp;\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba \u201c\u96d9\u91cd\u50f9\u503c\u554f\u984c the problem of double value\u201d ( \u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0 )\u3002&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u77e5\u8b58\u6642\uff0cKraut&nbsp;\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6a5f\u6703\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u4ed6\u5c0d\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684 \u201c\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d ethical objection\u201d (\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0)\u3002\u4ed6\u8209\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u71b1\u8877\u65bc\u6578\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u597d\u8655\uff1a\u5979\u7957\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u6559\u5979\u624d\u83ef\u6a6b\u6ea2\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u6578\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u9019\u5c0d\u4ed6\u6216\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u9047\u5230\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u6709\u597d\u8655\u3002 \u5979\u53ea\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u61c9\u8a72\u4e86\u89e3\u6578\u5b78\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6578\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u3002Kraut&nbsp;\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u51b7\u6f20\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5979\u5c0d\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5979\u8207\u5152\u5b50\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u8b8a\u5f97 \u201c\u975e\u4eba\u6027\u5316 depersonalizes\u201d\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5152\u7ae5\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u4eba\uff0cKraut&nbsp;\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u91ab\u751f\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u91ab\u751f\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u6d88\u9664\u75bc\u75db\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\u75bc\u75db\u662f\u5426\u5c0d\u75c5\u4eba\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6703 \u201c\u51b7\u6f20 chilly\u201d ( p 94 )\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u7236\u6bcd\u6216\u91ab\u751f\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u88ab\u671f\u671b\u7279\u5225\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002 \u7576\u6578\u5b78\u6bcd\u89aa\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u8b49\u660e\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcd\u89aa\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5979\u4e26\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u51b7\u6de1\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u9805\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u4e26\u53d7\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u6fc0\u52f5\u3002\u4f46\u5c0d\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u8a71\u984c\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u5f8c\u9762\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u73fe\u3002Kraut&nbsp;\u8aaa\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u7684\u91ab\u751f\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\u8a66\u5716\u5c07\u4fdd\u8b77\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u554f\u81ea\u5df1\u9019\u5c0d\u8ab0\u6709\u597d\u8655\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7b54\u6848\u662f \u201c\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5982\u679c Kraut&nbsp;\u95dc\u65bc\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4e0a\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8a0e\u8ad6\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7522\u751f\u5f71\u97ff\u3002&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kraut&nbsp;\u8207 GE Moore \u8a0e\u8ad6\u7f8e\u3002\u4ed6\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4eab\u53d7\u7f8e\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u6709\u597d\u8655\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u51fa\u53bb\u5728\u535a\u7269\u9928\u5ea6\u904e\u4e00\u5929\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u597d\u6771\u897f\u7684\u6578\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002Kraut&nbsp;\u8a66\u5716\u9069\u61c9\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u62d2\u7d55 GE Moore \u7684\u76f4\u89ba\uff0c\u5373\u7f8e\u9e97\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6bd4\u919c\u964b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5468\u570d\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u9019\u5169\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6bd4\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u53eb\u505a\u5584 goodness \u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6bd4\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u64c1\u6709\u66f4\u591a \u3002 \u201c\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u66f4\u597d\u201d \u4e26\u4e0d\u7b49\u65bc \u201c\u9019\u68f5\u8349\u66f4\u7da0\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u88e1\u6709\u7da0\u8272\u7684\u5c6c\u6027 ( pp 101\uff0c171 )\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9019\u68f5\u8349\u6bd4\u90a3\u68f5\u8349\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7da0\u8272 \u2014\u2014 \u800c\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u65bc \u201c\u9019\u500b\u76d2\u5b50\u66f4\u5927\u201d \u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728 \u4e00\u500b\u76d2\u5b50\u6bd4\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u76d2\u5b50\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7279\u6027 ( pp 102\uff0c106 )\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6216\u540c\u985e\u66f4\u597d\u4f46\u4e0d\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0cKraut&nbsp;\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u5426\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u4e0d\u50cf\u4e4d\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u90a3\u9ebc\u5177\u6709\u6311\u91c1\u6027\uff1f\u5584\u662f\u6309\u7167\u66f2\u7dda\u5206\u7d1a\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5927\u5c0f\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u8207 GE Moore \u7684\u5584\u89c0\u5ff5\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u6fc0\u9032\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kraut&nbsp;\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u7d55\u5c0d\u597d\u7684\u6771\u897f\u662f\u5584\u610f good will \u2014\u2014Kant \u95dc\u65bc\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u6771\u897f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f Kant \u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005 \uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1\u52d5\u6a5f\u3001\u610f\u5716\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7b49\u4e00\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\u662f\u5584\u662f\u60e1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e0d\u6703\u5e6b\u52a9\u6216\u50b7\u5bb3\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba \u2014\u2014 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u904b\u6c23\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u4e0d\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u5f8c\u679c \u2014\u2014 \u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6216\u932f\u8aa4\u8207\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u985e\u578b\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u6b98\u5fcd\u5c31\u7d55\u5c0d\u662f\u58de\u4e8b\u55ce\uff1fKraut&nbsp;\u554f\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u56de\u7b54\u8aaa\u4e0d\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f( \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u7ae0 ) \u3002\u6b98\u5fcd\u7684\u58de\u8655\u6e90\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1a\u6b98\u5fcd\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5c0d\u5225\u4eba\u505a\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5979\u610f\u5716\u6216\u6e34\u671b\u50b7\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8aaa\u5979\u58de\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002Kraut&nbsp;\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5c0d\u767c\u751f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u58de\u4e8b\u505a\u51fa\u540c\u60c5\u548c\u826f\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba \u201c\u597d\uff0c\u6642\u671f\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u591a\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u58de\u4e8b\u7684\u767c\u751f\u5c31\u503c\u5f97\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kraut&nbsp;\u5728\u9019\u88cf\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5947\u602a\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u5c31\u50cf\u5e0c\u671b\u767c\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u6230\u722d\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u82f1\u96c4\u4e8b\u8e5f\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u662f\u5426\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5426\u8a8d\u82f1\u96c4\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u4e8b\u696d\u670d\u52d9\uff09\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff1fKraut&nbsp;\u6703\u8aaa\uff0c\u82f1\u96c4\u7684\u5584\u826f\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4ed6\u70ba\u4eba\u6c11\u5e36\u4f86\u597d\u8655\u7684\u610f\u5716\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6216\u8005\u5c0d\u8ab0\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7372\u5f97\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6771\u897f\u6216\u8005\u4eba\u5011\u6253\u7b97\u7d66\u4e88\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6771\u897f\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c \u201c\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u5229\u201d \u610f\u5473\u8457 \u201c\u70ba\u5979\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u767c\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8ca2\u737b\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u751a\u9ebc\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u767c\u5c55\u662f\u597d\u7684\u5462\uff1fKraut&nbsp;\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u7b54\u8aaa\uff0c\u6253\u7b97\u505a\u5c0d\u4eba\u5011\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6703\u8b93\u4f60\u5728\u540c\u985e\u4e2d\u8b8a\u5f97\u512a\u79c0 \u2014\u2014 \u4e00\u500b\u597d\u4eba\uff08\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a55\u8ad6\u8aaa\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u58de\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46 \u201c\u4eba\u201d \u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5728\u9019\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u597d morally good\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u6703\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\uff1f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff08\u6216 \u201c\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684 valuable\u201d \uff09\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u5584\u6216\u67d0\u7a2e\u5584\u7684\u6771\u897f\u662f\u4eba\u3002\u64da\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002\u5426\u5247\uff0c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5f85\u5b83\u5011\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u4e0d\u540c\u5462\uff1f\u773e\u751f\u6bd4\u7121\u773e\u751f\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u5426\u5247\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u554f\uff0c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5f85\u5b83\u5011\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u540c\uff1fKraut&nbsp;\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6bba\u4eba\u6bd4\u6bba\u8001\u9f20\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u904e\u65e9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6642\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u6bd4\u5c0d\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u66f4\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u58de\u8655\u6bd4\u5c0d\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u58de\u8655\u66f4\u5927 \u3002\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5c0d\u8001\u9f20\u4f86\u8aaa\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u58de\u4e8b\uff0c\u5f9e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u50b7\u5bb3\u8001\u9f20\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u3002&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5f85\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u61c9\u8a72\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5920\u8f15\u6613\u907f\u514d\u50b7\u5bb3\u5b83\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u50b7\u5bb3\u5b83\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u597d\u8655\u662f\u5426\u8d85\u904e\u5c0d\u5b83\u9020\u6210\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cKraut&nbsp;\u8aaa\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u62ef\u6551\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u547d\u800c\u5c0d\u5c0f\u9f20\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u7167\u5be6\u9a57\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff09\u3002Kraut&nbsp;\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u6839\u64da\u72d7\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u72d7\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f03\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u72d7\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u72ac\u985e\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u8981\u597d\u3002\u4ed6\u53cd\u99c1\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u5168\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u4e00\u96bb\u5b8c\u5168\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u72d7\u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u6bba\u6b7b\u4ed6\u5011\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9084\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c07\u4eba\u5011\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u4e3b\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba \u2014\u2014 \u56e0\u70ba\uff0cKraut&nbsp;\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u901a\u5e38\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u597d\u8655\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u201c\u5931\u53bb\u66f4\u591a\u201d \u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u662f\u5426\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6bba\u622e\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0cRichard Kraut \u5728\u9019\u88cf\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5728 \u201c<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Against-Absolute-Goodness-Oxford-Theory\/dp\/0199844461\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=38R62A95U2V8W&amp;keywords=Against+Absolute+Goodness&amp;qid=1690649345&amp;sprefix=against+absolute+goodness%2Caps%2C715&amp;sr=8-1\">Against Absolute Goodness<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u8b49\u660e\u5584 Good \u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d66\u51fa\u7406\u7531\u7684\u8ca1\u7522 \u2014\u2014 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9670\u96aa\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u601d\u60f3\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u70ba\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u8faf\u8b77\u4e26\u8b74\u8cac\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u50f9\u503c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u9060\u96e2\u5c0d\u4eba\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u7d55\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u5c0b\u627e\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ed6\u5be9\u8996\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u8c61 \uff1a\u5feb\u6a02\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u611b\u3001\u6b98\u5fcd\u3001\u81ea\u6bba \u3001\u5b50\u5b6b\u5f8c\u4ee3\u3001\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u885b\u6bba\u622e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u5011\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u6ec5\u7d55 \u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u751f\u547d\u901a\u5e38\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u512a\u52e2\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Russ Shafer-Landau \u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u7576\u4eba\u5011\u8b80\u5230\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6703\u770b\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u54f2\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c Kraut \u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u8aaa\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u5c31\u932f\u4e86\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5049\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u8981\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u672c\u54f2\u5b78\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u8b80\u904e\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u78ba\u5be6\u975e\u5e38\u51fa\u8272\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201c\u3018\u6d1b\u4e4b\u79cb (https:\/\/weibo.com\/u\/1769741763)\u3019\u6709\u4eba\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u64fa\u90a3\u9ebc\u591a\u82b1\u548c\u9ec3\u6843\u7f50\u982d\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u55ce\uff1f\u9084\u958b\u84cb\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u8f9b\u82e6\u74b0\u885b\u5de5\u4eba\u55ce\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u865b\u5047\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u611f\u52d5\u55ce\uff1f\u6b7b\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u559d\u5230\u55ce\uff0c\u80fd\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u80fd\u805e\u5230\u55ce\uff1f\u5225\u88ab\u5e36\u7bc0\u594f\u4e86&#8230;. \u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8a00\u8ad6\u7d14\u5c6c\u60e1\u610f\u8a46\u6bc0\uff1b\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u78ba\u5be6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u96c6\u9ad4\u54c0\u60bc\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff1a \u201cIn whatever form it takes, collective mourning can give structure and expression to a sequence of emotions which are often difficult to make sense of. Those that bear witness to our grief can help validate our emotions &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/07\/29\/against-absolute-goodness\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2lB","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9027","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9027"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9028,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9027\/revisions\/9028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}