{"id":9029,"date":"2023-08-01T07:32:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-01T07:32:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9029"},"modified":"2023-08-01T07:32:15","modified_gmt":"2023-08-01T07:32:15","slug":"the-quality-of-life-aristotle-revised","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/08\/01\/the-quality-of-life-aristotle-revised\/","title":{"rendered":"The Quality of Life: Aristotle Revised"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b78\u6d3e Stoics \u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u662f\u597d\u9084\u662f\u58de\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6eff\u610f\u9084\u662f\u53ad\u60e1\uff0c\u90fd\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u7121\u95dc\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u64da Richard Kraut \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u9ad4\u9a57\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u88ab\u4ed6\u7a31\u70ba \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9 experientialism\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8207\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u7684\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8072\u7a31\u5e78\u798f\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6109\u5feb\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\uff0c\u4f46 \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u627f\u8a8d\u6709\u591a\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3002Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u4f5c\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u90fd\u6e90\u65bc\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u904b\u7528\u4e2d\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5feb\u6a02\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e \u201c\u4f4e\u968e\u7684\u7f8e\u597d lower-order good\u201d\u3002 ( p 70, note 29) \u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u6bd4\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u66f4\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u5e78\u798f\uff1b\u81f3\u591a\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u6709\u9593\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5f9e Aristotle \u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8a71\u984c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u958b\u59cb\uff0cKraut \u9010\u6f38\u4fee\u6539\uff08\u6709\u6642\u751a\u81f3\u62d2\u7d55\uff09\u9019\u4e00\u7acb\u5834\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5167\u5fc3\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5305\u62ec\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5011\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u9ad4\u9a57\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u8c50\u5bcc\u3001\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\u3002\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u53ea\u4eab\u53d7\u71df\u990a\u4e4b\u6a02\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u751f\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8981\u597d\u5f97\u591a \u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u6578\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e5f\u6703\u66f4\u52a0\u512a\u8d8a\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5e38\u5e38\u8a34\u8af8 Robert Nozick \u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u8207\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cKraut \u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7d93\u6b77\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u751f\u6d3b\u5728 \u201c\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c real world\u201d \u4e2d\u624d\u80fd\u904e\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5167\u5fc3\u751f\u6d3b\u672c\u8eab\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u6216\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4f46 Kraut \u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f88\u96e3\u60f3\u50cf\u9084\u6709\u6bd4 Kraut \u5728\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u3001\u66f4\u5bcc\u6709\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u3001\u66f4\u535a\u5b78\u3001\u66f4\u7d30\u7dfb\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684 \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u8faf\u8b77\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u9762\u64b0\u5beb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u671f\u671b\u7684\u90a3\u6a23 \uff0cKraut \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u7d93\u5e38\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8ad6\u9ede\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f Aristotle \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u9084\u6709 J. M. E. McTaggart \u3001G.E. Moore\u3001W. D. Ross\u3001Henry Sidgwick \uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0cTom Hurka \u3001Thomas Nagel\u3001Derek Parfit\u3001Larry Temkin\u3001David Velleman \u7b49\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e26\u4e0d\u7b97\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u6027\u7684\u3002Kraut \u53ea\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u5730\u634d\u885b\u4ed6\u7368\u7279\u7684 \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u7248\u672c\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u66f8\u662f\u5be6\u8e10\u667a\u6167\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5beb\u5f97\u65e2\u751f\u52d5\u53c8\u838a\u56b4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Quality of Life: Aristotle Revised<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u7531\u56db\u500b\u5197\u9577\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u7e3d\u5171 69 \u500b\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u77ed\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u7e3d\u7d50\u4e86 Kraut \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u8207 Aristotle \u89c0\u9ede\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u95dc\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u77ed\u6587\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u901a\u904e\u5c0d Kraut \u70ba \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u6240\u505a\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u800c\u7d71\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5176\u6a19\u984c\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\uff0cKraut \u662f\u5c0d\u6700\u8fd1\u95dc\u65bc\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6587\u737b\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff1b\u5b83\u9084\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4e86 Kraut \u5c0d\u53e4\u4ee3\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002Kraut \u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u6027\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u7684\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u201d \u4ed6\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u9ad4\u9a57\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u7acb\u5834\uff08\u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u767c\u5c55\u4e3b\u7fa9 experiential developmentalism\u201d \uff0c\u6216 \u201c\u7d93\u9a57\u5e78\u798f\u4e3b\u7fa9 experiential eudaimonism\u201d \uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 Kraut \u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a66\u5716\u7cfe\u6b63\u5169\u500b\u6709\u95dc\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u8457\u540d\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u662f Robert Nozick \u7684 \u2018\u9ad4\u9a57\u6a5f experience machine\u2019\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8868\u660e\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u9ad4\u9a57\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\uff0cKraut \u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba \u2018McTaggart\u2019s oyster\u2019 \uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8868\u660e\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u8db3\u5920\u9577\u7684\u58fd\u547d\uff0c\u00a0\u201c\u5982\u8814\u822c\u201d \u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u9ad8\u65bc\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kraut \u7684 \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u767c\u5c55\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u878d\u5408\u4e86 Aristotle \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u4e94\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b Aristotle \u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u9748\u9b42\u7684\u5584\uff08\u201c\u5167\u5728\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u201d\uff09\u5177\u6709\u6700\u5927\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5e78\u798f\u611f Well-being \u201c\u5177\u6709\u6578\u91cf\u548c\u6642\u9593\u7dad\u5ea6\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u5e78\u798f\u611f\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u6703\u8017\u76e1\u5e78\u798f\u611f\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5feb\u6a02\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u7684\u773e\u591a\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08 p 1 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u70ba\u4e86\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8207\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff0cKraut \u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u7a2e\u9ad4\u9a57\u6027\u7684\u5584\uff08 p 45 \uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u7576\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u751f\u7269\u529b\u91cf\u5f97\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b …… \u5c31\u6703\u9806\u5229\u9032\u884c\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14 \u201c\u5982\u679c\u7531\u65bc\u64c1\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u6771\u897f\u800c …… \u8a72\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u751f\u6d3b\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4e0a\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a72\u6771\u897f\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u597d\u7684\u201d\uff08 p 61 \uff09\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9032\u5c55\u9806\u5229\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u6bd4\u8814\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u512a\u8d8a\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u975e\u5e38\u8c50\u5bcc\uff08 p 24 \uff09\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u6975\u5927\u5730\u8c50\u5bcc\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46 Kraut \u8207 Stoics \u548c Aristotle \u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5426\u8a8d\u5145\u5206\u6027\uff08 p 67 \uff09\u548c\u70ba\u4eab\u53d7\u798f\u7949\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u884c\u5584\uff08 p 76 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u66f8\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\/\u90e8\u5206 (The Oyster and the Experience Machine: Two Puzzles in Value Theory) \u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531 J. M. E. McTaggart \u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u8814\u7684\u751f\u547d\u53ea\u5305\u542b \u201c\u8814\u822c\u7684\u5feb\u6a02 oyster-like pleasures \u201d \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ef6\u9577\u5f97\u8db3\u5920\u9577\uff0c\u5247\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6642\u9593\u5167\u53ef\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u751f\u6d3b\u3002Kraut \u99c1\u65a5\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u770b\u4f3c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u4e5f\u6bd4\u7121\u9650\u5ef6\u9577\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u8814\u822c\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u751f\u547d\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8814\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\uff08 \u610f\u601d\u662f\u81f3\u5c11\u5177\u6709\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8b58\u3001\u7406\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u500b\u4eba \uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u6027\u3002\u7528 W. D. Ross \u7684\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u6bd4\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u8814\u822c\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u5177\u6709 \u201c\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u50f9\u503c a higher order of value\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8db3\u5920\u591a\u7684\u9ad8\u968e\u9ad4\u9a57\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u8814\u5f0f\u5feb\u6a02\u90fd\u8981\u597d\u3002\uff08 \u8207\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u6027\u4e3b\u5f35\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u4e26\u5f37\u5316\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8814\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u5fc3\u7406\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8814\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u6703\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c07\u4f86\u3002\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c \u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u96bb\u8814\u7684\u7121\u9650\u9577\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8207\u4e0d\u540c\u8814\u7684\u7121\u9650\u9577\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u751f\u547d\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u8814\u53ea\u6301\u7e8c\u5e7e\u500b\u5c0f\u6642\u6216\u5e7e\u5929\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kraut \u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86 J. M. E. McTaggart \u7684\u8814\u548c Robert Nozick \u7684 \u2018\u9ad4\u9a57\u6a5f\u5668\u2019\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a Nozick \u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0cKraut \u9996\u5148\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u5f37\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Kraut \u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff09\u548c\u5f31\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08 p 79 \uff09\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u5f37\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5f31\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u201c\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u9ad4\u9a57\u6027\u7684\u201d\uff08 p 81 \uff09 \u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u865b\u5e7b\u6216\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f37\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u7a2e\u9ad4\u9a57\u662f\u865b\u5e7b\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u964d\u4f4e\u5b83\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5f31\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5247\u62d2\u7d55\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff08 p 81 \uff09\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f31\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u50f9\u503c\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\uff1b \u6216\u8005\u5b83\u5011\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u201d\uff08 p 81 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\/\u90e8\u5206 (Well-Being and Ethical Virtue) \u8003\u5bdf\u5e78\u798f\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\/\u90e8\u5206 (Experientialism and the Experience Machine) \u662f\u5c0d Robert Nozick \u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u6a5f\u5668\u5c0d \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u6311\u6230\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\/\u90e8\u5206 (Well-Being and Time) \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u95dc\u5e78\u798f\u8207\u6642\u9593\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8207 Nozick \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8868\u660e\u975e\u771f\u5be6\u9ad4\u9a57\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u771f\u5be6\u9ad4\u9a57\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0cKraut \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u548c\u6211\u5011\u5c0b\u6c42\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u8207\u6211\u5011\u8eab\u9ad4\u6d3b\u52d5\u548c\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u662f\u5206\u958b\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u79fb\u52d5\u6211\u5011\u7684\u56db\u80a2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7372\u5f97\u722c\u5c71\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\uff08 p 100 \uff09\u3002\u800c \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u6a5f\u201d\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u6a5f\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7279\u5fb5\u662f\u7121\u5f62\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u865b\u5e7b\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cKraut \u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u201c\u6210\u70ba\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u5f8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u8eab\u9ad4\u5e6b\u52a9\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5ea6\u904e\u9918\u751f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u906d\u53d7\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u7684\u640d\u5931\u201d\uff08 p 127 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7ae0\/\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0cKraut \u56de\u5230\u4e86 J. M. E. McTaggart \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff1a\u8db3\u5920\u9577\u7684\u50cf\u8814\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5728\u50f9\u503c\u4e0a\u512a\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u51fa\u7684 McTaggart \u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u6bd4\u8814\u6240\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u8981\u512a\u8d8a\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4eba\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u9577\u5ea6\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u5c31\u6bd4\u8814\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u512a\u8d8a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u826f\u597d\u7d93\u6b77\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u6642\u9593\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5f71\u97ff\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\uff1b\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u5584\u985e\u578b \u2014\u2014 \u90a3\u4e9b\u7531\u4eba\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u3001\u904a\u6232\u7b49\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5584 \u2014\u2014 \u6bd4\u8814\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u5584\u8981\u512a\u8d8a\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0cKraut \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u662f\u826f\u597d\u7d93\u6b77\uff08\u6301\u7e8c\u6642\u9593\uff09\u6e1b\u53bb\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7d93\u6b77\uff08\u6301\u7e8c\u6642\u9593\uff09\u7684\u7e3d\u548c\uff08 p 188 \uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba \u201c\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u5728\u5b69\u5b50\u4e00\u6b72\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5b83\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u6709\u591a\u9577\uff0c\u5c07\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u8814\u597d\u5f97\u591a\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u7d93\u9a57\u5177\u6709\u7368\u7279\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u6027\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\uff08 p 211 \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u7684\u5404\u500b\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u908a\u969b\u50f9\u503c\u662f\u5426\u6703\u905e\u6e1b\uff08Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff09\uff1f \u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u7684\u7e3d\u91cf\u662f\u5426\u662f\u78ba\u5b9a\u5be9\u614e\u50f9\u503c\u6700\u4f73\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6a19\u6e96\uff08Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff09\uff1f \u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6642\u9593\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff08\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u5982\u6b64\uff09\uff1f \u7e3d\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u800c\u4e14\u78ba\u5be6\u9ad4\u9a57\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6975\u5176\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5584<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Quality of Life<\/em>\u201d \u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 Aristotle \u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c \u3002Aristotle \u8a8d\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b \u201c\u8eab\u5916\u4e4b\u7269\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u8ca1\u5bcc\u3001\u8072\u8b7d\u3001\u6b0a\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u81f3\u591a\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u6709\u9593\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5f9e Aristotle \u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8a71\u984c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u958b\u59cb\uff0cKraut \u9010\u6f38\u4fee\u6539\uff08\u6709\u6642\u751a\u81f3\u62d2\u7d55\uff09\u9019\u4e00\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u5167\u5728\u3002\u5feb\u6a02\u53ea\u662f\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5167\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u66f4\u5bf6\u8cb4\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u9ad4\u9a57\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u66f4\u8c50\u5bcc\u3001\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u53ea\u4eab\u53d7\u71df\u990a\u4e4b\u6a02\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u751f\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8981\u597d\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5feb\u6a02\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4e86\u767e\u842c\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u4e5f\u6bd4\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u53ea\u4eab\u53d7\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u8981\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u591a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c64\u6b21\u66f4\u9ad8\u7d1a\u66f4\u591a\u5f69\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5e38\u5e38\u8a34\u8af8\u65bc Robert Nozick \u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u89c0\u9ede\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u751f\u6d3b\u5728 \u201c\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c real world\u201d \u4e2d\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5167\u5fc3\u751f\u6d3b\u672c\u8eab\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u3002Kraut \u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u537b\u652f\u63f4\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1\u8cea\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7d93\u6b77\u548c\u9ad4\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b78\u6d3e Stoics \u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u662f\u597d\u9084\u662f\u58de\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6eff\u610f\u9084\u662f\u53ad\u60e1\uff0c\u90fd\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u7121\u95dc\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u64da Richard Kraut \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u9ad4\u9a57\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u88ab\u4ed6\u7a31\u70ba \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9 experientialism\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8207\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u7684\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8072\u7a31\u5e78\u798f\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6109\u5feb\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\uff0c\u4f46 \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u627f\u8a8d\u6709\u591a\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3002Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u4f5c\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u90fd\u6e90\u65bc\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u904b\u7528\u4e2d\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5feb\u6a02\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e \u201c\u4f4e\u968e\u7684\u7f8e\u597d lower-order good\u201d\u3002 ( p 70, note 29) \u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u6bd4\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u66f4\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u5e78\u798f\uff1b\u81f3\u591a\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u6709\u9593\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5f9e Aristotle \u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8a71\u984c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u958b\u59cb\uff0cKraut \u9010\u6f38\u4fee\u6539\uff08\u6709\u6642\u751a\u81f3\u62d2\u7d55\uff09\u9019\u4e00\u7acb\u5834\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5167\u5fc3\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5305\u62ec\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5011\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u9ad4\u9a57\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u8c50\u5bcc\u3001\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\u3002\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u53ea\u4eab\u53d7\u71df\u990a\u4e4b\u6a02\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u751f\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8981\u597d\u5f97\u591a \u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u6578\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e5f\u6703\u66f4\u52a0\u512a\u8d8a\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5e38\u5e38\u8a34\u8af8 Robert Nozick \u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u8207\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cKraut \u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8cea\u91cf\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7d93\u6b77\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u751f\u6d3b\u5728 \u201c\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c real world\u201d \u4e2d\u624d\u80fd\u904e\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5167\u5fc3\u751f\u6d3b\u672c\u8eab\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u6216\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4f46 Kraut \u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002 \u5f88\u96e3\u60f3\u50cf\u9084\u6709\u6bd4 Kraut \u5728\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u3001\u66f4\u5bcc\u6709\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u3001\u66f4\u535a\u5b78\u3001\u66f4\u7d30\u7dfb\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684 \u201c\u9ad4\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d … Continue reading 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