{"id":9032,"date":"2023-08-03T03:25:17","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T03:25:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9032"},"modified":"2023-08-03T03:25:21","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T03:25:21","slug":"socrates-and-the-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/08\/03\/socrates-and-the-state\/","title":{"rendered":"Socrates and the State"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Richard Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba Plato \u65e9\u671f\u5c0d\u8a71\u9304\u4e2d\u5c0d Socrates \u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6bd4\u4eba\u5011\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u66f4\u5fae\u5999 \uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5c11\u5c08\u5236\u3002Richard Kraut \u4ee5 \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u70ba\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u8868\u660e Plato \u89e3\u91cb\u4e86 Socrates \u62d2\u7d55\u8d8a\u7344\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6e90\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u8981\u6c42\u76f2\u76ee\u670d\u5f9e\u6bcf\u9805\u6cd5\u5f8b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e90\u65bc\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u516c\u6c11\u4e4b\u9593\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u59a5\u5354\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cKraut \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u9019\u6b21\u5c0d\u8a71\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Kraut \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8207 Plato \u7684 \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u6709\u95dc\u7684\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0cSocrates \u88ab\u96c5\u5178\u57ce\u5224\u8655\u6b7b\u5211\u5f8c\u62d2\u7d55\u8d8a\u7344\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u751a\u9ebc \u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u201d\uff1f \u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5305\u62ec Socrates \u5728\u00a0\u201cCrito<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5426\u8207\u4ed6\u5728 \u201cApology of Socrates<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u9858\u610f\u70ba\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u800c\u9055\u80cc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u610f\u9858\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002Kraut \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\u78ba\u5be6\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ed6\u767c\u73fe\uff0cSocrates \u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5177\u5099\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5b9a\u7fa9\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u7de9\u548c\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0cSocrates \u5728 \u201c\u65e9\u671f\u5c0d\u8a71\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u7e3d\u9ad4\u653f\u6cbb\u50be\u5411\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cSocrates \u6700\u7d42\u53cd\u5c0d\u96c5\u5178\u6c11\u4e3b\u55ce\uff1f\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5c08\u5bb6\u55ce\uff1f\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f8c\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0cKraut \u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002Socrates \u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u76f8\u7576\u77db\u76fe\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u91cd\u8996\u5bb6\u9109\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u7d71\u6cbb\u201d\uff08 p 231 \uff09\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e Socrates \u4e0d\u9003\u8dd1\u7684 \u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u201d \uff0cKraut \u5f9e \u201cLaws<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u60f3\u50cf\u4e2d\u7684 Socrates \u9577\u7bc7\u5927\u8ad6\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u6311\u9078\u4e86\u5169\u689d\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u4f46\u4e92\u88dc\u7684\u7dda\u7d22\uff08 \u00a0\u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d 5oa8-54 d 1\uff09\uff1aSocrates \u5fc5\u9808\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4f5c\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff08 5odl-5~c3\uff09\uff0cSocrates \u5df2\u7d93\u9ed8\u793a\u540c\u610f\u9019\u6a23\u505a\uff085ocl-6\uff09\u3002\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\uff08143ff.\uff0ct9off.\uff09\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1 Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u5728\u76f4\u89ba\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5c07\u57ce\u5e02\u6bd4\u4f5c\u7236\u6bcd \uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u7236\u6bcd\u66f4\u6709\u6b0a\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u90fd\u670d\u5f9e \u2014\u2014 \u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u679c\u516c\u6c11\u5df2\u7d93\u540c\u610f\u670d\u5f9e\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u7f3a\u9ede\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5354\u8b70\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u516c\u6c11\u8aaa\u670d\u57ce\u5e02\u67d0\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e \u2014\u2014 \u56e0\u6b64\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9700\u8981\u984d\u5916\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u64a4\u92b7\u7684\u670d\u5f9e\u4fdd\u8b49 \uff0c\u9019\u88cf\u7531\u6bcd\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u985e\u6bd4\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002\u65e2\u7136 Kraut \u7684\u69cb\u9020\u7121\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u751a\u9ebc\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u63a8\u5b9a\u5462\uff1f\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u662f Plato \u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\u9304\uff1aKraut \u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u00a0\u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u95dc\u65bc\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u6232\u5287\u4e4b\u9593\u806f\u7e6b\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6700\u65b0\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u9a5a\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e Persuade or Obey\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e Try to Persuade or Obey\u201d\u3002 Socrates \u5728\u00a0\u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u96e3\u9053\u4f60\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u4f60\u6bd4\u4f60\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u61a4\u6012\u66f4\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u5b89\u64ab\u4f60\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u61a4\u6012\u55ce\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u4f60\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u53bb\u505a\uff0c\u4e26\u8010\u5fc3\u5730\u670d\u5f9e \u3002\u201d \u201c\u5b83\u6240\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u97ad\u6253\u9084\u662f\u76e3\u7981\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5c0e\u81f4\u4f60\u53c3\u52a0\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u53d7\u50b7\u6216\u6b7b\u4ea1 \uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u9808\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u201d (51b)\u3002\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u610f\u601d\uff1f\u751a\u9ebc\u6642\u5019\u7d66\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u53bb\u8aaa\u670d\u5462\uff1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u518d\u8aaa\u670d\u55ce\uff1f\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u9019\u9805\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u5c31\u8db3\u5920\u4e86\u55ce\uff1f\u201cSocrates and the State<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u8ad6\u8b49\u5145\u5206\uff08\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\uff09\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9019\u6d89\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u9055\u6cd5\u6216\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9808\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8aaa\u670d\u8207\u4e0d\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9808\u5be9\u67e5 Kraut \u95dc\u65bc\u63a5\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u8a0e\u8ad6 Socrates \u4e0d\u52f8\u4e0d\u9806\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Kraut \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u53c8\u5177\u6709\u6311\u91c1\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Kraut \u5c0d \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u95dc\u65bc\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u89e3\u91cb\u5f97\u51fa\u5e7e\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u7576 Kraut \u767c\u73fe\u500b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u9075\u5b88\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u6545\u610f\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Kraut \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u5169\u6b21\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9812\u5e03\u524d\u8aaa\u670d\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u72af\u6709\u4e0d\u7576\u884c\u70ba\u6642\u8aaa\u670d\u96c5\u5178\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u53d7\u5230\u5be9\u5224\u3002\u5982\u679c\u500b\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u8655\u7f70\u3002\u8207 Kraut \u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u88ab\u544a \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9812\u5e03\u524d\u8aaa\u670d\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u5be9\u5224\u671f\u9593\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u966a\u5be9\u5718\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u975e\u81ea\u9858\u5730\u9055\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5c07\u53d7\u5230\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u662f Socrates \u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u6b21\u8a0e\u8ad6\u500b\u4eba\u70ba\u4f55\u5fc5\u9808\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u5728 \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cSocrates \u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u662f\u975e\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u6467\u6bc0\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u9055\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u570b\u5bb6\u5c31\u6703\u88ab\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3002\u5982\u679c Socrates \u9055\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u570b\u5bb6\u5c31\u6703\u88ab\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cSocrates \u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u9055\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002Socrates \u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u9055\u80cc\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u6703\u7d66\u570b\u5bb6\u5e36\u4f86\u6065\u8fb1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7121\u8996\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8b93\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u8996\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u5728\u65bc Socrates \u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u7576\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u5f9e\u53cd\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u8df3\u5230\u53cd\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002Socrates \u6c92\u6709\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u7a2e\u8df3\u8e8d\u3002 \u986f\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u901a\u904e\u9003\u8dd1\u4f86\u53cd\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4ee5\u7368\u88c1\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4e8b\u3002Socrates \u5fc5\u9808\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u9075\u5b88\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u652f\u6301\u8d8a\u7344\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5224\u8655\u6b7b\u5211\u3002Richard Kraut \u6240\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Kraut \u901a\u904e\u7236\u6bcd\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u985e\u6bd4\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u9055\u6cd5\u548c\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Kraut \u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86\u9700\u8981\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u5169\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u5fc5\u9808\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u4ed6\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5f9e\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5f8c\u4ee3\u5f9e\u7236\u6bcd\u90a3\u88e1\u53d7\u76ca\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u201d \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u2026\u2026\u8207\u6240\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u9054\u6210\u5354\u8b70\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u3002\u201d Kraut \u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u500b\u4eba\u7d55\u5c0d\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e86 George Grote \u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373 \u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5141\u8a31\u6bcf\u500b\u516c\u6c11\u5145\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u516c\u773e\uff1a\u4f46\u8aaa\u670d\u5931\u6557\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u516c\u773e\u9812\u5e03\u8207\u5176\u89c0\u9ede\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6642\u5fc5\u9808\u670d\u5f9e\u516c\u773e\u3002\u201d\uff08 p 55 \uff09 George Grote \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u516c\u6c11\u90fd\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u5c0d\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5b9a\u7522\u751f\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5982\u679c\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u6c92\u6709\u901a\u904e\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u67d0\u4eba\u4ecd\u7136\u5fc5\u9808\u9075\u5b88\u8a72\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8a72\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88ab\u5ee2\u9664\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u3002\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\uff0cGrote \u4e3b\u5f35\u500b\u4eba\u7d55\u5c0d\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002Kraut \u6311\u6230 Grote \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70baGrote \u89e3\u8b80\u4e86\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u672a\u9673\u8ff0\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002Kraut \u767c\u73fe\uff0c \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u660e\u8981\u8aaa\u670d\u8ab0\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u660e\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u963b\u6b62\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u9812\u5e03\u6216\u5c0e\u81f4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88ab\u5ee2\u9664\uff08 p 56 \uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cGrote \u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u500b\u5805\u6301\u8aaa\u670d\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u65e8\u5728\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9812\u5e03\u4e4b\u524d\u767c\u751f\uff08 p 178 \uff09\u3002Kraut \u9084\u5f15\u7528\u4e86 W.K.C. Guthrie \u88cf A. D. Woozley \u548c R. E. Allen \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d0a\u540c Grote \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0cKraut \u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u5c0d\u6587\u672c\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u904e\u591a\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\uff0cKraut \u4e5f\u72af\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u932f\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u8868\u660e\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u6587\u672c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u6839\u64da\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5169\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u5617\u8a66\u8aaa\u670d\uff1a\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u8003\u616e\u9812\u5e03\u6216\u5ee2\u9664\u67d0\u9805\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6642\uff1b\u6216\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u548c\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u9762\u524d\u3002\u7576 Grote \u8a8d\u70ba\u61c9\u8a72\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u4e4b\u524d\u9032\u884c\u8aaa\u670d\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u6587\u672c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u904e\u591a\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 \u201cApology of Socrates<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u5c0d Socrates \u7684\u5be9\u5224\u6240\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u61c9\u8a72\u52f8\u8aaa\u6216\u8005\u670d\u5f9e\uff0c\u52f8\u8aaa\u4e0d\u6210\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70\u3002\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u5b8c\u5168\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u9019\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u793e\u6703\u4f3c\u4e4e\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u96c5\u5178\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u9084\u9700\u8981\u6cd5\u9662\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u500b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u9858\u548c\u975e\u81ea\u9858\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0cKraut \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e2d\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u6545\u610f\u9055\u80cc\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u9069\u7576\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6839\u64da\u6211\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4eba\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u5730\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u3002\u4ed6[\u683c\u7f85\u7279]\u5efa\u8b70\u8b70\u6703\u662f\u9069\u7576\u7684\u8aaa\u670d\u8ad6\u58c7\uff0c\u800c\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u8b8a\u9769 \uff1b\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u9069\u7576\u7684\u8ad6\u58c7\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u88ab\u50b3\u559a\u6642\u51fa\u5ead\uff0c\u8aaa\u670d\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u80de\uff0c\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684 \u2026\u2026 \u4e0d\u807d\u8a71\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u9700\u8981\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6b20\u8207\u4ed6\u9054\u6210\u5354\u8b70\u7684\u6bcd\u57ce\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u201d\uff08 p 60 \uff09\u3002\u5373\u4f7f Kraut \u4e5f\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f86\u6539\u8b8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u516c\u6c11\u51fa\u5ead\u7957\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u91cb\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5c31\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u4e86\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u5be9\u5224\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8a72\u4eba\u72af\u4e0b\u4e86\u5371\u5bb3\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u53c8\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u89e3\u91cb\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u8981\u63a1\u53d6\u67d0\u7a2e\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u8b93\u6cd5\u5ead\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u80cc\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u570b\u5bb6\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u975e\u81ea\u9858\u7684\u3002\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u89e3\u91cb\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002Kraut \u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5c07 \u201c\u8aaa\u670d\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u670d\u5f9e\u201d \u7406\u89e3\u70ba \u201c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4eba\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u201d\uff08 p 60 \uff09 \u3002Kraut \u72af\u4e86\u6b6a\u66f2\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6839\u64da\u6211\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u544a\u8a34 Socrates \uff0c\u7576\u57ce\u5e02\u5728\u6b63\u7fa9\u65b9\u9762\u72af\u4e86\u932f\u8aa4\u4e26\u4e14\u516c\u6c11\u56e0\u6b64\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\u6642\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c07\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u3002\u201d\uff08 p 66 \uff09\u3002\u4f46\u76f8\u4fe1\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u5f97\u5230\u9075\u5b88\u55ce\uff1fKraut \u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u96c5\u5178\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5c08\u5236\u6027\u8cea\u3002\u5982\u679c\u500b\u4eba\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u9075\u5b88\u9019\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a72\u500b\u4eba\u5c07\u88ab\u5e36\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e26\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u8faf\u8b77 \u3002\u500b\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\u4ed6\u5011\u9075\u5b88\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8acb\u6c42\u6cd5\u5ead\u5bec\u6055\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u975e\u81ea\u9858\u7684\u3002\u7562\u7adf\uff0cSocrates \u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u2026\u2026\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6c7a\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u9858\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u60c5\u6cc1\uff1f\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u524d\u7d93\u5e38\u540c\u610f\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u597d\u7684\u6216\u5149\u69ae\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u771f\u7684\u55ce\uff1f \u201d ( 49a ) \u4ed6\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8aaa\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\u201d ( 49b )\u3002\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c Socrates \u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u505a\u5584\u4e8b\u548c\u5149\u69ae\u7684\u4e8b\u5916\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc Kraut \u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u53ef\u4ee5\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kraut \u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9ede\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u8aaa\u670d\u548c\u511f\u9084\u50b5\u52d9\u65b9\u9762\u3002Kraut \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u511f\u9084\u50b5\u52d9\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff08 p 60 \uff09Kraut \u6c92\u6709\u6293\u4f4f\u91cd\u9ede\u3002\u8aaa\u670d\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u72af\u4e86\u7f6a\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u89e3\u91cb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u8655\u7f70\u662f\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u6839\u64da\u8faf\u65b9\u548c\u63a7\u65b9\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u9019\u662f\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8667\u6b20\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56de\u5230\u8aaa\u670d\u548c\u8aaa\u670d\u5931\u6557\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u96c5\u5178\u516c\u6c11\u8aaa\u670d\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u76f8\u4fe1\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u6216\u8aaa\u670d\u96c5\u5178\u6cd5\u9662\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u672c\u7bc0\u57fa\u65bcKraut \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u53cd\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u8aaa\u670d\u570b\u5bb6\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u3002\u8a72\u4eba\u5c07\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u6190\u61ab\u3002\u5982\u679c\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u6210\u54e1\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a72\u4eba\u5c07\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\u3002Kraut \u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u500b\u4eba\u505a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u9053\u5fb7\u5f8b\u3002Kraut \u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5247\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6df7\u70ba\u4e00\u8ac7\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5169\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e3d\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u3002Kraut \u4f3c\u4e4e\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u9055\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u3002Kraut \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u6240\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u88ab\u50b3\u559a\u6642\u8aaa\u670d\u966a\u5be9\u5718\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u52aa\u529b\u5411\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u8b49\u660e\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u505a\u932f\u201d \u201d\uff08 p 69 \uff09\u4e5f\u8a31\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u201d \u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u773c\u88e1\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u505a\u932f\u4e86\uff0c\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u3002Kraut \u4f3c\u4e4e\u518d\u6b21\u8a8d\u70ba \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u201d \u932f\u8aa4\u548c\u793e\u6703\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u53c8\u932f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kraut \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u95dc\u65bc \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u670d\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u5931\u6557\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u7684\u3002\u8aa0\u7136\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u8b70\u6703\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46 Kraut \u4e0d\u540c\u610f Grote \u95dc\u65bc\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u4e2d\u767c\u751f\u7684\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cKraut \u8a8d\u70ba\u8aaa\u670d\u662f\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u6cd5\u9662\u9032\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8aaa\u670d\u5931\u6557\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u7684\u3002\u5f88\u96e3\u76f8\u4fe1\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u6cd5\u5ead\u6703\u5224\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7121\u7f6a\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5f9e Socrates \u7684\u547d\u904b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\u8b1b\u8a71\uff0c\u4f46\u6839\u64da\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u4e48\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u966a\u5be9\u5718\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5617\u8a66\u8aaa\u670d\u3002\u7d50\u679c\uff0cSocrates \u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u61f2\u7f70\u3002Socrates \u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u53cd\u99c1\u4e86 Kraut \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u6cd5\u5ead\u6703\u5bb9\u5fcd\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u4e0d\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u9084\u53cd\u99c1\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u6642\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a72\u4eba\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u505a\u932f \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ed6\u95dc\u65bc \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0cKraut \u6c42\u52a9\u65bc\u8a9e\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684 \u201c\u8aaa\u670d\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u670d\u5f9e\u201d \u548c \u201c\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u670d\u5f9e\u201d \u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u8457\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5177\u9ad4\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u5e0c\u81d8\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u2018\u610f\u52d5 conative\u2019 \u529b\u91cf\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa \uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u8868\u793a \u2018\u505a X\u2019 \u7684\u8a5e\u5728\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a \u2018\u5617\u8a66\u505a X\u2019\u201d\uff08 p 72 \uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1Kraut \u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5373\u6587\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4e00\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc Kraut \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u61c9\u8a72\u9078\u64c7\u4f7f \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u8207 \u201cApology of Socrates<\/em>\u201d \u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u89e3\u91cb\u201d\uff08 p 72 \uff09\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0cKraut \uff0c\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u800c Grote \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ee5\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u542b\u7fa9\u3002Kraut \u6307\u8cac Grote \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u89e3\u8b80\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u3002\u901a\u904e\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u95b1\u8b80 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a66\u5716\u627e\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u9055\u80cc\u570b\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Kraut \u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u8b80\u5165 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u548c \u201cApology of Socrates<\/em>\u201d \u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u8aa0\u7136\uff0c\u8abf\u548c \u201cApology of Socrates<\/em>\u201d \u548c \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e26\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5982\u679c \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6b63\u7fa9\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408 \u201cApology of Socrates<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u9748\u9b42\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u548c \u201cApology of Socrates<\/em>\u201d \u4e26\u4e0d\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9075\u5b88\u570b\u5bb6\u88fd\u5b9a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c0d\u65bc\u9748\u9b42\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e26\u7121\u5bb3\u8655\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u8003\u616e Socrates \u6c92\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u516c\u6b63\u653f\u5e9c\u91dd\u5c0d Leon of Salamis \u9812\u5e03\u7684\u516c\u6b63\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 John Burnet \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8abf\u548c\u9019\u5169\u500b\u5c0d\u8a71\u5c31\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4e86\uff08 p 18 \uff09\u3002\u78ba\u5be6\uff0c \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u76f8\u7576\u5168\u9762 \uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457 \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u548c \u201cApology of Socrates<\/em>\u201d \u53ea\u80fd\u57fa\u65bc Kraut \u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u8b80\u5165 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u624d\u80fd\u8abf\u548c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Kraut \u9084\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u8aaa\u670d\u5931\u6557\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Kraut \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u516c\u6c11\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u4f46\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u8b49\u660e\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u544a\u8a34\u4ed6\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u2026\u2026\u5b83\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u516c\u6c11\u9055\u53cd\u4e86\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5931\u6557\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u61c9\u8a72\u505a\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u201d \u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u7121\u6cd5\u8aaa\u670d\u800c\u53bb\u8aaa\u670d\u966a\u5be9\u5718\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u505a\u5f97\u8db3\u5920\u4e86\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8f49\u5411\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4e26\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b \u3002\u201d \uff08 p 74 \uff09\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c07\u5c0b\u6c42\u61f2\u7f70\u9055\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u3002\u570b\u5bb6\u4e26\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u966a\u5be9\u5718 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u4e0d\u88ab\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u500b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u9053\u5fb7 \u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d \u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e26\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u5c07\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\u3002Kraut \u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u670d\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u505a\u5f97\u8db3\u5920\u4e86\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u5fc5\u9808\u6839\u64da\u793e\u6703\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u5e36\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4e26\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u5224\u8655\u66f4\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u5211\u7f70\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u9055\u53cd\u793e\u6703\u6cd5\u5f8b\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Kraut \u9084\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 A. D. Woozley \u548c Gerasimos Santas \u6301\u6709\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5169\u4eba\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\u3002\u6839\u64da A. D. Woozley \u548c Gerasimos Santas \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5 \uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u6210\u529f\u8aaa\u670d\u4ed6\u5011\u6216\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u5141\u8a31\u4eba\u5011 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u975e\u5e38\u5bec\u9b06\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u6536\u6548\u751a\u5fae\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u6240\u8981\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9055\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Kraut \u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u6210\u529f\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u9662\u4e26\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u9019\u8868\u660e Kraut \u5c07 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u8b80\u5165\u6587\u672c\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4ee5\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u5617\u8a66\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u505a\u5f97\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u90fd\u662f\u8b2c\u8aa4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5be9\u67e5 Kraut \u652f\u6301\u63a5\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002Kraut \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 Socrates \u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u5ead\u547d\u4ee4\u4ed6\u505c\u6b62\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u6703\u9055\u80cc\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u63a5\u53d7\u6cd5\u5ead\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f \uff0c\u5982\u679c Socrates \u9858\u610f\u6545\u610f\u9055\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4eba\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9055\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Socrates \u53ea\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4f46 Kraut \u89ba\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\u7684\u3002Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u5fc5\u63a5\u53d7\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u3002\u4f46 Socrates \u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u901a\u77e5\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u6700\u7d42\uff0cSocrates \u5728\u88ab\u8655\u6b7b\u6642\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u56e0\u70ba\u9055\u80cc\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u72af\u4e0b\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u8655\u6b7b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5c31\u662f\u9055\u80cc\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc Socrates \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u88ab\u8655\u6b7b\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u548c\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u9055\u6297\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cSocrates \u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u9075\u5b88\u96c5\u5178\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u96c5\u5178\u6cd5\u9662\u3002Kraut \u8faf\u7a31\uff0cSocrates \u5728\u5be9\u5224\u4e2d\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u63d0\u4f9b\u8faf\u8b77\u3002Kraut \u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u5728\u5be9\u5224\u6642\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ed6\u73fe\u5728\u5fc5\u9808\u63a5\u53d7\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff1a\u670d\u5f9e\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u78ba\u5be6\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u662f\u7121\u8f9c\u7684\u3002\u201d \uff0c\u4ed6\u534a\u5fc3\u534a\u610f\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u53cd\u5211\u7f70\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u7a2e\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u539f\u5247\u7684\u52f8\u8aaa\u6216\u52f8\u8aaa\u5617\u8a66\u201d\uff08 p 90 \uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc Socrates \u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u9055\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u73fe\u5728\u5fc5\u9808\u5617\u8a66\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002\u8207 Kraut \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c Socrates \u5728\u5be9\u5224\u4e2d\u78ba\u5be6\u5617\u8a66\u904e\u8aaa\u670d\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u65b7\u5b9a Socrates \u8a66\u5716\u5f37\u884c\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u6642\u5fc5\u9808\u5177\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u8981\u4e48\u6210\u529f\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u670d\u5f9e\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u672a\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e09\u5341\u7968\u8aaa\u670d\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u7684\u591a\u6578\u7968\uff0cSocrates \u73fe\u5728\u5fc5\u9808\u670d\u5f9e\u966a\u5be9\u5718\u7684\u5224\u6c7a\u3002\u901a\u904e\u88ab\u8655\u6b7b\uff0c Socrates \u670d\u5f9e\u4e86\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002Socrates \u7684\u8aaa\u670d\u5617\u8a66\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u4e4b\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95dc\u65bc Kraut \u5c0d \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u548c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31 Kraut \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e2d\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u9055\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u8207 Socrates \u5728 \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u751a\u81f3 Socrates \u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u4ed6\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9053\u5fb7 \u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u6545\u610f\u9055\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u5c31\u662f\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\u3002\u7121\u77e5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c Kraut \u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5617\u8a66\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u8db3\u5920\u4e86\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5931\u6557\u4e86\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5149\u662f\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u9084\u4e0d\u5920\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u73fe\u5728\u9084\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cGeorge Grote \u5c0d\u65bc\u8aaa\u670d\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u9075\u5b88\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u8b70\u6703\u662f\u9032\u884c\u9019\u7a2e\u52f8\u8aaa\u7684\u5408\u9069\u5834\u6240\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u72af\u4e86\u932f\uff0c\u6709\u6b0a\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u5617\u8a66\u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u4f46\u8aaa\u670d\u5931\u6557\u5c07\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u3002Kraut \u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e0d\u50c5\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u95b1\u8b80\u4e86\u984d\u5916\u7684\u55ae\u8a5e\uff0c\u9084\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u8a9e\u6cd5\u9806\u5e8f\u3002\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6c92\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8a66\u5716\u6539\u8b8a\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8b80\u6210 \u201c\u670d\u5f9e\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u3002Kraut \u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u8a5e\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u689d\u4ef6\u8a5e \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d\uff0c\u70ba \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u5275\u9020\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ed6\u6839\u64da\u5177\u9ad4\u60c5\u6cc1\u505a\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u8aa4\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Kraut \u7684\u66f8 \u201cSocrates and the State<\/em>\u201d \u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u662f Plato \u65e9\u671f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u63cf\u7e6a\u7684 Socrates \u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u7d04\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u662f\u5c0d \u201cCrito<\/em>\u201d \u7684\u4ed4\u7d30\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7406\u89e3 Socrates \u62d2\u7d55\u8d8a\u7344\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5176\u9918\u90e8\u5206\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u904e\u65e9\u671f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4f86\u6f84\u6e05\u548c\u89e3\u91cb Socrates \u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Kraut \u7684\u66f8\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u8b80 \u3002\u5b83\u8feb\u4f7f\u8b80\u8005\u901a\u904e\u7ffb\u8f49\u8a5e\u8a9e\u4e26\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u6709\u689d\u4ef6\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u9075\u5b88\u793e\u6703\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Kraut \u7684\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u722d\u8ad6\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u4e26 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u670d\u5f9e\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Kraut \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u524d\u5f8c\u4e00\u81f4\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u537b\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u3002 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6216 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5fc5\u9808\u5f97\u5230\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u500b\u4eba\u5c31\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\u3002Socrates \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u670d\u5f9e\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u5224\u6c7a\u3002Socrates \u88ab\u5224\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e26\u56e0\u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\u3002 \u8207 Kraut \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cSocrates \u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730 \u201c\u5617\u8a66\u201d \u8aaa\u670d\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e26\u900d\u9059\u6cd5\u5916\u3002Socrates \u4e4b\u6b7b\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6709\u597d\u8655\u3002\u5426\u5247\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\u3002\u5426\u5247\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8207\u6587\u672c\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Richard Kraut \u8a8d\u70ba Plato \u65e9\u671f\u5c0d\u8a71\u9304\u4e2d\u5c0d Socrates \u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6bd4\u4eba\u5011\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u66f4\u5fae\u5999 \uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5c11\u5c08\u5236\u3002Richard Kraut \u4ee5 \u201cCrito\u201d \u70ba\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u8868\u660e Plato \u89e3\u91cb\u4e86 Socrates \u62d2\u7d55\u8d8a\u7344\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6e90\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u8981\u6c42\u76f2\u76ee\u670d\u5f9e\u6bcf\u9805\u6cd5\u5f8b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e90\u65bc\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u516c\u6c11\u4e4b\u9593\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u59a5\u5354\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cKraut \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u670d\u5f9e\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u9019\u6b21\u5c0d\u8a71\u4e2d\u3002 Richard Kraut \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8207 Plato \u7684 \u201cCrito\u201d \u6709\u95dc\u7684\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0cSocrates \u88ab\u96c5\u5178\u57ce\u5224\u8655\u6b7b\u5211\u5f8c\u62d2\u7d55\u8d8a\u7344\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u751a\u9ebc \u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u201d\uff1f \u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5305\u62ec Socrates \u5728\u00a0\u201cCrito\u201d \u4e2d\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5426\u8207\u4ed6\u5728 \u201cApology of Socrates\u201d \u4e2d\u9858\u610f\u70ba\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u800c\u9055\u80cc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u610f\u9858\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002Kraut \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\u78ba\u5be6\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ed6\u767c\u73fe\uff0cSocrates \u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5177\u5099\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5b9a\u7fa9\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u7de9\u548c\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0cSocrates \u5728 \u201c\u65e9\u671f\u5c0d\u8a71\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u7e3d\u9ad4\u653f\u6cbb\u50be\u5411\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cSocrates \u6700\u7d42\u53cd\u5c0d\u96c5\u5178\u6c11\u4e3b\u55ce\uff1f\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5c08\u5bb6\u55ce\uff1f\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f8c\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0cKraut … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9032","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2lG","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9032"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9032\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9033,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9032\/revisions\/9033"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9032"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9032"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}