{"id":9083,"date":"2023-09-17T17:01:43","date_gmt":"2023-09-17T17:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9083"},"modified":"2023-09-17T17:01:47","modified_gmt":"2023-09-17T17:01:47","slug":"fictionalism-in-metaphysics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/09\/17\/fictionalism-in-metaphysics\/","title":{"rendered":"Fictionalism in Metaphysics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/fictionalism\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 Fictionalism<\/a> \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u667a\u529b\u63a2\u7a76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4ee5\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u81ea 1980 \u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6558\u8ff0\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u73fe\u5728\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u8a8d\u771f\u8003\u616e\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u201c<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Fictionalism-Metaphysics-Mark-Eli-Kalderon-ebook\/dp\/B0033PRWHS\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2AX645NE2UU86&amp;keywords=Fictionalism+in+Metaphysics&amp;qid=1694969883&amp;sprefix=fictionalism+in+metaphysics%2Caps%2C285&amp;sr=8-1\">Fictionalism in Metaphysics<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u6e96\uff1a\u5b83\u532f\u96c6\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u570b\u969b\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u5718\u968a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff08 \u9664\u4e86 Kendall Walton \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff08\u7b2c 2 \u7ae0\uff09\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6b64\u8655 \uff09\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u722d\u8ad6\u5404\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u3001\u771f\u7406\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u865b\u69cb\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u8907\u5408\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u73fe\u4ee3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1980 \u5e74\uff0c\u96a8\u8457 Hartry Field \u7684 Science Without Numbers  (1980) \u548c Bas van Fraassen  \u7684 The ScientiWc Image  (1980) \u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 Fictionalism \u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002 Field \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u800c van Fraassen \u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6027\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u6578\u5b78\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u5176\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hartry Field\uff081980\uff0cRealism, Mathematics, and Modality\uff0c1989\uff09\u8072\u7a31\u6578\u5b78\u5177\u6709\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u6578\u5b57\u3001\u51fd\u6578\u7b49\u62bd\u50cf\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08 \u5373\u4e0d\u53c3\u8207\u56e0\u679c\u5c01\u9589\u7684\u6642\u7a7a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61 \uff09\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u62bd\u50cf\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f9e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u9580\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u667a\u529b\u5b78\u79d1\u4e0d\u5fc5\u88ab\u653e\u68c4 \u2014\u2014 \u5118\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u5728\u8abf\u89e3\u7d14\u7cb9\u95dc\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u6f14\u7e79\u6548\u7528\u4e26\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u771f\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bas van Fraassen (1980) \u8072\u7a31\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u8868\u5fb5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u767c\u73fe\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u79d1\u5b78\u4e8b\u696d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u62b1\u8ca0\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u771f\u7406\u7684 \u201c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7d93\u9a57\u5145\u5206\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u898f\u5f8b\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cField \u548c Fraassen \u5404\u81ea\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u518d\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u63a5\u53d7\u7406\u8ad6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u5176\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u63a5\u53d7\u6700\u597d\u5f9e\u5176\u5728\u63a2\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u6216\u5929\u6587\u5b78\uff0c\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u8a71\u8a9e\u9818\u57df\u76f8\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u8a72\u8a71\u8a9e\u9818\u57df\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u985e\u4ee5\u8a72\u5b78\u79d1\u7368\u7279\u8a5e\u5f59\u8868\u9054\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8a9e\u8a00\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u8b93 \u201c\u63a5\u53d7 acceptance\u201d \u6210\u70ba\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u72c0\u614b\uff1a\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u4f86\u81ea\u8a71\u8a9e\u5340\u57df\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e8b\u60c5\u5df2\u7d93\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8a62\u554f\u3002\uff08 \u201c\u63a5\u53d7\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6280\u8853\u8853\u8a9e\uff0c\u660e\u78ba\u898f\u5b9a\u5c0d\u65bc\u63a5\u53d7\u662f\u5c0d\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u76f8\u4fe1\u9084\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u5176\u4ed6\u614b\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3002\uff09\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6307\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5f9e\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u5340\u57df\u63a5\u53d7\u53e5\u5b50\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u5176\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5169\u7a2e\u63a5\u53d7  acceptance\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u63a5\u53d7\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u66ab\u6642\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5426\u8a8d\u9078\u64c7\u516c\u7406\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u8a72\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u5c07\u5176\u8207\u6a19\u6e96\u96c6\u5408\u8ad6\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u7531\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u9078\u64c7\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4ed6\u6709\u7406\u7531\u63a2\u7a76\u5b83\u5c0d\u6a19\u6e96\u96c6\u5408\u8ad6\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\uff1a\u4e00\u65e6\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u500b\u516c\u7406\u3002\u8207\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u7d50\u675f\u63a2\u554f\u3002\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u6642\uff0c\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u554f\u3002\u66ab\u6642\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u65bc\u5047\u8a2d\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u5c0d\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u6709\u7406\u7531\u63a5\u53d7\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u986f\u66f4\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u8207\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6e96\u5099\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u8a72\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u7bc4\u570d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5728\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u5145\u5206\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5c0d\u8a72\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u8a72\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u66ab\u6642\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\u6700\u597d\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u63a5\u8fd1\u6975\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7368\u7279\u627f\u8afe \u2014\u2014 \u5728\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u53e5\u5b50\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0 \u2014\u2014 \u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u95dc\u65bc\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u67d0\u4eba\u5c0d\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u9019\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u8b49\u660e\u79d1\u5b78\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u516c\u8a8d\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u8207\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u76f8\u95dc\uff08\u53c3\u898b\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 Gideon Rosen\uff0cProblems in the History of Fictionalism \uff09\u3002\u5f9e\u4eca\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u201c\u63a5\u53d7\u201d \u5c07\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8072\u7a31\u67d0\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u5be6\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u53e5\u5b50\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u8a8d\u77e5\u7acb\u5834\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \uff1f\u9019\u8207\u5c0f\u8aaa\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u985e\u6bd4 \u2014\u2014 \u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5c0d\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002Herman Melville \u5728 \u201c<em>Moby Dick<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u5beb\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7576\u9019\u6b21\u78b0\u649e\u8feb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u8f49\u5411\u5bb6\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u6578\u6708\u3001\u65e5\u5fa9\u4e00\u65e5\u3001\u6578\u9031\u7684\u6642\u9593\u88e1\uff0c Ahab \u548c\u75db\u82e6\u4e00\u8d77\u8eba\u5728\u4e00\u5f35\u540a\u5e8a\u4e0a\uff0c\u7e5e\u8457\u9686\u51ac\u90a3\u7247\u6c89\u60b6\u3001\u568e\u53eb\u7684 Patagonian \u6d77\u89d2\uff1b\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u6495\u88c2\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u5272\u88c2\u7684\u9748\u9b42\u5f7c\u6b64\u6d41\u8840\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u878d\u5408\u8b93\u4ed6\u767c\u760b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86 Ahab \u5728\u521d\u6b21\u906d\u9047\u767d\u9be8\u5f8c\u7684\u760b\u72c2\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u5beb\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff0cMelville \u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5831\u5c0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u751f \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u81f3\u5c11\u88ab Melville \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u9ed8\u8a8d\u4e86\u3002Melville \u78ba\u5be6\u6c92\u6709\u65b7\u8a00 Ahab \u7684\u760b\u72c2\uff0c\u800c\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1 Ahab \u3002\u5728\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u8aaa\u51fa\u6216\u984c\u8a5e\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u6240\u8868\u9054\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u65b7\u8a00\uff0c\u5c0d\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u8a72\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u9019\u500b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c0d\u4f86\u81ea\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u8a9e\u7528\u8207\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u8a9e\u7528\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9084\u539f\u8ad6 Reductionism \u548c\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6 Nonfactualism \u7684\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u901a\u904e\u5c07\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u9084\u539f\u8ad6\u548c\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u95e1\u660e\u4e86\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8207\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u8005\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cField \u4e26\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u7528\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u6578\u5b78\u3002\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5efa\u8b70\u5c07\u6578\u5b78\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u95dc\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u6216\u6f5b\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u9818\u57df\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5f9e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u62bd\u8c61\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u91cf\u5316\u3002\u901a\u904e\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0cField \u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u8005\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u8a9e\u7fa9\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u8207\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cFraassen \u4e26\u4e0d\u5efa\u8b70\u7528\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5efa\u8b70\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u6709\u95dc\u6e2c\u91cf\u8a2d\u5099\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5efa\u8a2d\u6027\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5f9e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u5be6\u9ad4\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u91cf\u5316\u3002\u901a\u904e\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0cFraassen \u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u8a9e\u7fa9\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u67d0\u7a2e\u9084\u539f\u8ad6\u76f8\u5c0d\u7acb\u3002\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u800c\u9084\u539f\u8ad6\u8005\u5247\u5426\u8a8d\uff0c\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u5340\u57df\u662f\u6309\u8868\u9762\u50f9\u503c\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u50c5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u9084\u539f\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5c0d\u6bd4\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6\uff0c\u76ee\u6a19\u8a71\u8a9e\u5340\u57df\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u771f\u5be6\u8a55\u50f9\u7684\u5167\u5bb9 \u2014\u2014 \u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u5047\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5be6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u8868\u5fb5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u64da A.J. Ayer\uff08 \u201c<em>Language, Truth and Logic<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1946\uff09\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u53e5\u5b50\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u9053\u5fb7\u4e8b\u5be6 \u2014\u2014 \u95dc\u65bc\u7368\u7279\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08 \u4f8b\u5982\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6216\u6b0a\u5229 \uff09\u548c\u5c6c\u6027\uff08 \u4f8b\u5982\u5584\u826f\u6216\u516c\u6b63 \uff09\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u53e5\u5b50\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u9053\u5fb7\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u800c\u5b83\u5011\u7368\u7279\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5167\u5bb9\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u65bc\u8868\u9054\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u614b\u5ea6\u3002A.J. Ayer \u7684\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6\u8868\u73fe\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u3002 \u5176\u969c\u7919\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684 Frege-Geach \u554f\u984c\uff08 \u53c3\u898b David W Ross\uff0c\u201c<em>Foundations of Ethics<\/em>\u201d 1939\uff1a33-4\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca Searle\uff0c\u201c<em>Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language<\/em>\u201d\u30011969\uff09\u3002\u554f\u984c\u662f\u53e5\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u5730\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u672a\u65b7\u8a00\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff08 \u4f8b\u5982\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u5426\u5b9a\u904b\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u7d50\u69cb\u4e2d \uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u8868\u9054\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u7576\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u8aaa\u51fa \u201c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e26\u975e\u8aaa\u8b0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u201d \u6642\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u8d0a\u6210\u8aaa\u8b0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c \u201c \u932f\u8aa4\u201d \u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u901a\u904e\u4f7f\u7528\u5305\u542b\u5b83\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u53cd\u5c0d\u800c\u8017\u76e1\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c31\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a72\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u64da A.J. Ayer \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5728\u672a\u65b7\u8a00\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4efb\u4f55\u9053\u5fb7\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u662f\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8072\u7a31\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u5340\u57df\u5177\u6709\u975e\u8868\u5fb5\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8207\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a9e\u7fa9\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8a71\u8a9e\u5340\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u662f\u5047\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5be6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u8868\u5fb5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cField \u8a8d\u70ba\u6578\u5b78\u53e5\u5b50\u662f\u62bd\u50cf\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u771f\u5be6\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u800c van Fraassen \u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u7406\u8ad6\u53e5\u5b50\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u771f\u5be6\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u9673\u8ff0\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7576\u9019\u4e9b\u9673\u8ff0\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u8868\u5fb5\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u8a8d\u77e5\u7528\u9014\u662f\u5c07\u8a72\u8868\u5fb5\u8996\u70ba\u771f\u5be6\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u7528\u5b83\u4f86\u8072\u7a31\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u662f\u8868\u5fb5\u6240\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u6a23\u5b50\uff0c\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u662f Wittgenstein\uff08  \u201c<em>Philosophical Investigations<\/em>\u201d 1958\uff1a\u7b2c 23 \u7bc0\uff09\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u898b\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u53e5\u5b50\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u7a2e\u5462\uff1f \u8aaa\u51fa\u65b7\u8a00\u3001\u554f\u984c\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\uff1f\u6709\u7121\u6578\u7a2e\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8aaa\u7684 \u201c\u7b26\u865f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u55ae\u8a5e \u201d \u3001\u201c\u53e5\u5b50\u201d \u6709\u7121\u6578\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7528\u9014\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u56de\u9867\u4ee5\u4e0b\u793a\u4f8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\u8a9e\u8a00\u904a\u6232\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0b\u9054\u547d\u4ee4\u4e26\u670d\u5f9e\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u5916\u89c0\u6216\u7d66\u51fa\u5176\u5c3a\u5bf8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6839\u64da\u63cf\u8ff0\u69cb\u5efa\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08\u5716\u8c61\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5831\u544a\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c0d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u63a8\u6e2c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f62\u6210\u4e26\u6aa2\u9a57\u5047\u8a2d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7528\u8868\u683c\u548c\u5716\u8868\u5c55\u793a\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7de8\u4e00\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\uff1b \u4e26\u95b1\u8b80\u5b83<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6f14\u6232 \u5531\u6b4c \u731c\u8b0e\u8a9e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u958b\u500b\u73a9\u7b11\uff1b\u4e26\u544a\u8a34\u5b83<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u89e3\u6c7a\u5be6\u969b\u7b97\u8853\u4e2d\u7684\u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f9e\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a62\u554f\u3001\u611f\u8b1d\u3001\u5492\u7f75\u3001\u554f\u5019\u3001\u7948\u79b1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u8207\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u6539\u9769\u8a72\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u8655\u65b9\u3002\u9075\u5faa John P. Burgess\uff08 \u201c<em>Why I am not a nominalist<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1983 \uff09\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\uff0c\u8b93\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6210\u70ba\u5c0d\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8b93\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6210\u70ba\u6539\u9769\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u8655\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Van Fraassen \u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5be6\u969b\u9032\u884c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u62b1\u8ca0\uff0c\u5c0d\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u64da\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u7d50\u69cb\u4f86\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u652f\u914d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684 \uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u771f\u7406\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7d93\u9a57\u5145\u5206\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u63a5\u53d7\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u7576\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u63a5\u53d7\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u65b7\u8a00\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u5efa\u69cb\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8207 Field \u7684\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u6bd4\u3002\u6839\u64da Field \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7576\u4eba\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u4e26\u8aaa\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b78\u53e5\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u76f8\u4fe1\u6240\u8868\u9054\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e26\u65b7\u8a00\u8a72\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6578\u5b78\u8a71\u8a9e\u662f\u6309\u8868\u9762\u50f9\u503c\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7531\u65bc\u5982\u6b64\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u62bd\u50cf\u5c0d\u8c61\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u800c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u9677\u5165\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u7576 Field \u5ba3\u7a31\u6578\u5b78\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u624d\u7b97\u597d\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5ba3\u7a31\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u898f\u7bc4\uff1b \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u8b70\u5c0d\u6578\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u9032\u884c\u6539\u9769\u3002\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u6539\u8b8a\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u8aaa\u51fa\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u614b\u5ea6 \u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b78\u53e5\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u53ea\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u5728\u8abf\u89e3\u7d14\u7cb9\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u6642\u5177\u6709\u6f14\u7e79\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6839\u64da\u6a19\u6e96\u6578\u5b78\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1\u8a72\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002 Field \u7684\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\uff08 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0cField \u7684\u6578\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207 Stephen Yablo\u7b2c3\u7ae0 \u201cThe Myth of the Seven\u201d \u4e2d\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Field \u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u800c Yablo \u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u6bd4\u5f88\u80fd\u8aaa\u660e\u554f\u984c\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7279\u7684\u975e\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6\u548c\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u6839\u64da\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &nbsp;John Mackie\uff08 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/9109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong<\/em><\/a>\u201d\uff0c1977\uff09\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f86\u81ea\u76f8\u95dc\u8a71\u8a9e\u5340\u57df\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u662f\u5047\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5be6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u9032\u884c\u771f\u7406\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7372\u5f97\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u76ee\u6a19\u53e5\u5b50\u662f\u7cfb\u7d71\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u5145\u6eff\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u5169\u7a2e\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c07\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u8996\u70ba\u653e\u68c4\u63a2\u7a76\u8a72\u9818\u57df\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5973\u5deb\u6216\u71c3\u7d20\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6c7a\u5b9a\u505c\u6b62\u63a2\u7a76\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4fdd\u7559\u63a2\u7a76\u8a72\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3001\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6216\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4fee\u6b63\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u8aaa\u51fa\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u5118\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u9078\u64c7\u4fdd\u7559\u63a2\u7a76\u8a72\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7279\u7684\u975e\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7279\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7ae0\u7bc0\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea 1980 \u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u60c5\u614b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6558\u8ff0\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u3002 \u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u73fe\u5728\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u8a8d\u771f\u8003\u616e\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002 \u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u672c\u66f8\u80fd\u5920\u70ba\u9019\u4e00\u8da8\u52e2\u505a\u51fa\u8ca2\u737b\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u8ca2\u737b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u722d\u8b70\u4e0d\u540c\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u6280\u8853\u6c34\u5e73\u3002 \u9664\u4e86 Kendall Walton \uff08\u7b2c 2 \u7ae0\uff09\u7684\u201c\u96b1\u55bb\u548c\u9053\u5177\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u201d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8ca2\u737b\u767c\u8868\u904e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gideon Rosen\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff09\u7684 Problems in the History of Fictionalism \u662f\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b77\u53f2\u5148\u4f8b\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u96d6\u7136\u57281980\u5e74\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5148\u4f8b\uff0cRosen \u8457\u773c\u65bc\u4e09\u500b\u6848\u4f8b \u2014\u2014&nbsp;Pyrrho&nbsp;\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u3001\u53e4\u4ee3\u548c\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u671f\u7684\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca&nbsp;Bentham \u7684\u865b\u69cb\u7406\u8ad6 \u2014\u2014 \u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u73fe\u4ee3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5148\u9a45\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207 \u201c\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ee4\u4eba\u8208\u596e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u201d \u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86 ( p 15 )\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5206\u985e\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u9ede\u9032\u884c\u5206\u985e\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u5c07\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8207\u60b2\u89c0\u6216\u6cae\u55aa\u7684\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Rosen \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u7368\u7279\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u5728\u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u201d ( p 16 )\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kendall Walton\uff08\u7b2c 2 \u7ae0\uff09\u7684 \u201c Metaphor and Prop Oriented Make-Believe\u201d\u662f\u5c0d\u4e00\u985e\u96b1\u55bb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u96b1\u55bb\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5728\u5404\u500b\u9818\u57df\u767c\u5c55\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u3002Walton \u89c0\u5bdf\u5230 \uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u904a\u6232\u6709\u6642\u6703\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5177\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u5b69\u5b50\u73a9\u6d0b\u5a03\u5a03\u4e26\u5047\u88dd\u9019\u662f\u5979\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u6d0b\u5a03\u5a03\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u9053\u5177\u3002\u6709\u6642\uff0c\u5c0d\u9053\u5177\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u7d14\u7cb9\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u865b\u69cb\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u4ed6\u5011\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u5728\u65bc\u7406\u89e3\u9053\u5177\u672c\u8eab\u3002Walton \u5c07\u524d\u4e00\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u7a31\u70ba\u9762\u5411\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u865b\u69cb\uff0c\u5c07\u5f8c\u8005\u7a31\u70ba\u9762\u5411\u9053\u5177\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e00\u985e\u96b1\u55bb\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u6d89\u53ca\u4ee5\u9053\u5177\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u3002\u5167\u5bb9\u548c\u4ee5\u9053\u5177\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u73fe\u4ee3\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u53cd\u5fa9\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0cYablo\uff08\u7b2c3 \u7ae0:  The Myth of the Seven \uff09\u4f9d\u9760\u5b83\u5c0d\u6578\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0cJames A. Woodbridge\uff08\u7b2c 5 \u7ae0: Truth as a Pretense\uff09\u4f9d\u9760\u5b83\u4ee5\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u771f\u7406\u8ac7\u8a71\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u5e4c\u5b50\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7dca\u7e2e\u8ad6\uff0c Frederick Kroon\uff08\u7b2c 6 \u7ae0: Belief about Nothing in Particular\uff09\u4f9d\u9760\u5b83\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u6211\u5011\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u201cthat\u201d\u5f9e\u53e5\u4e2d\u7528\u7a7a\u540d\u7a31\u9032\u884c\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u6b78\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stephen Yablo\uff08\u7b2c 3 \u7ae0:  The Myth of the Seven \uff09\u5c0d\u6578\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 \u3002\u8207 Field \u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cYablo \u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u800c\u975e\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u6839\u64da Yablo \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6578\u5b57\u3001\u51fd\u6578\u7b49\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u8868\u9054\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e00\u968e\u908f\u8f2f\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8868\u5fb5\u8f14\u52a9\u5de5\u5177\u800c\u8a95\u751f\u7684\u3002Yablo \u5c07\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e Kant \u908f\u8f2f\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u662f\u6839\u64da\u5176\u8868\u5fb5\u4f5c\u7528\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff1b\u908f\u8f2f\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u662f\u908f\u8f2f\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u65e2\u5145\u7576\u9053\u5177\uff0c\u4e5f\u5145\u7576\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u63cf\u8ff0\u9053\u5177\u7684\u8868\u5fb5\u8f14\u52a9\u5de5\u5177\uff08 Walton \u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u4e2d\u9810\u898b\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u53c3\u898b\u4ed6\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5c0d\u96b1\u55bb\u53ef\u80fd \u201c\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u201d \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seahwa Kim\uff08\u7b2c 4 \u7ae0:  Modal Fictionalism and Analysis\uff09\u662f\u5c0d\u6a21\u614b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u6a21\u614b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7531 Rosen\uff08 \u201c<em>Modal Fictionalism<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1990\uff09\u767c\u8d77\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e \uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5728\u95e1\u660e\u5404\u7a2e\u6a21\u614b\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6709\u7528\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u555f\u767c\u6027\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u5373\u4f7f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d David Lewis\uff08  \u201c<em>On the Plurality of World<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1986\uff09\u7684\u6a21\u614b\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u53ca\u5176\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002Rosen \u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u63a1\u53d6\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7684\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u505a\u51fa\u627f\u8afe\u3002\u501f\u9452Lewis\uff08  \u201c<em>Truth in Fiction<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1978\uff09\u5c0d\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0cRosen \u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u63a5\u53d7 \u201c\u9a62\u5b50\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u201d \u6642\uff0c\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6\u53ea\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u591a\u5143\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u9a62\u5b50\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u9a62\u5b50\u8aaa\u8a71 \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5c0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u505a\u51fa\u627f\u8afe\u3002Kim \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6a21\u614b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6a21\u614b\u548c\u6642\u9593\u56f0\u96e3\uff08Daniel P. Nolan\uff0c\u201c<em>Topics in the Philosophy of Possible Worlds<\/em>\u201d\uff0c2002\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">James A. Woodbridge \uff08\u7b2c 5 \u7ae0:  Truth as a Pretense\uff09\u904b\u7528\u4e86 Walton \u7684\u4ee5\u9053\u5177\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/truth-deflationary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u771f\u7406\u7684\u7dca\u7e2e\u8ad6 deflationism about truth<\/a> \u7684\u65b0\u7a4e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u7dca\u7e2e\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5c07\u660e\u986f\u7684\u8b02\u8a5e \u201c\u771f true\u201d \u4f5c\u70ba\u7121\u9650\u9023\u63a5\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u67d0\u7a2e\u975e\u8b02\u8a5e\u908f\u8f2f\u529f\u80fd\u6642\u5b58\u5728\u8a9e\u6cd5\u66b4\u529b \u3002\u6839\u64da Woodbridge \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u201ctrue\u201d \u5728\u8a9e\u6cd5\u548c\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u90fd\u8d77\u5230\u8b02\u8a5e\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u4e00\u6a23\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u7a2e\u5047\u88dd\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u5047\u88dd\uff0c\u53e5\u5b50\u548c\u5b83\u5011\u8868\u9054\u7684\u547d\u984c\u5be6\u4f8b\u5316\u4e86\uff08\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff09\u771f\u5be6\u5c6c\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cWoodbridge \u5c0d\u771f\u7406\u8ac7\u8a71\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u8207 Gareth Evans\uff08 \u201c<em>The Varieties of Reference<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1982\uff09\u5c0d\u5b58\u5728\u8ac7\u8a71\u7684\u8655\u7406\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c \uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u53d7\u5230 Walton \u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u555f\u767c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frederick Kroon\uff08\u7b2c 6 \u7ae0:  Belief about Nothing in Particular \uff09\u90e8\u7f72\u4e86 Walton \u7684\u9762\u5411\u9053\u5177\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u89e3\u91cb \u201cthat\u201d \u5f9e\u53e5\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u7a7a\u540d\u7a31\u7684\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u6b78\u5c6c\u6642\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6839\u64da\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u7a31\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u540d\u7a31\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5b83\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u540d\u7a31\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u9664\u4e86\u5b83\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b\u5916\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7a7a\u540d\u7a31\uff08 \u7f3a\u4e4f\u6307\u7a31\u7684\u540d\u7a31 \uff09\u5fc5\u7136\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u9019\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u660e\u986f\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u540d\u7a31\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4e92\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5c07\u7a7a\u540d\u7a31\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u50c5\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002Kroon \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7a7a\u540d\u5728\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u69cb\u9020\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u5c0d Meinongian\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daniel Nolan\uff08\u7b2c 7 \u7ae0: Fictionalist Attitudes about Fictional Matters \uff09\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u8207Kroon \u7684\u76f8\u8f14\u76f8\u6210\u3002Kroon \u501f\u9452\u4e86 Walton \u5c0d\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u800c Nolan \u5247\u85c9\u9451\u4e86 Lewis \u5c0d\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002 \uff08\u53c3\u898b Walton\uff0c \u201c<em>Mimesis as Make-believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1990\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\uff09\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7af6\u722d\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u512a\u52e2\u662f\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u5efa\u69cb\u6642\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Nolan \u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u56f0\u96e3 \u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7 \u201c\u58ae\u80ce\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u201d \u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u6240\u8868\u9054\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u8072\u7a31\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u58ae\u80ce\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5831\u5c0e\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u3002Nolan \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u904e\u64f4\u5c55\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u95dc\u65bc\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u7a2e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u5831\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cian Dorr\uff08\u7b2c 8 \u7ae0: What we Disagree about when we Disagree about Ontology \uff09\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u4ee5<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/9139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5206\u9ad4\u5b78 mereology&nbsp;<\/a>\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6e2c\u8a66\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Dorr \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5c0d\u5206\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7d66\u51fa\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u78ba\u5be6\u5229\u7528\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e3b\u984c\u70ba\u7af6\u722d\u5c0d\u624b\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7d44\u5408\u8a9e\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f35\u7d66\u51fa\u8abf\u548c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u8abf\u548c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u89e3\u6700\u7d42\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6703\u5931\u6557 \uff1a\u5c31\u5206\u9ad4\u8ad6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8abf\u548c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u89e3\u6700\u7d42\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u865b\u7121\u4e3b\u7fa9 \u2014\u2014 \u5373\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5fa9\u5408\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Richard Joyce \uff08\u7b2c 9 \u7ae0: Moral Fictionalism \uff09\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u662f\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f35\u53d7\u5230\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff08\u53c3\u898b Mackie\uff0c1977\uff09\u3002 \u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\uff08\u8b39\u614e\u7684\uff09\u7406\u7531\u6210\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5047\u88dd\u76f8\u4fe1\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u793e\u6703\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u56de\u5831\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5be6\u8b49\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5047\u88dd\u9053\u5fb7\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u4e9b\u56de\u5831\u3002\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u77ac\u9593\u60f3\u5230\u4f60\u7684\u540d\u8b7d\u88ab\u6bc0\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u4f60\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u660e\u667a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5047\u88dd\u4f60\u9053\u5fb7\u6557\u58de\u4ee5\u53ca\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u5f37\u70c8\u8ca0\u7f6a\u611f\u53ef\u80fd\u8db3\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u4f60\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ee4\u4eba\u8208\u596e\u7684\u8996\u89ba\u5716\u50cf\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u78ba\u947f\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u92b7\u552e\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u8208\u596e\u7684\u5047\u88dd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5947\u602a\u4f46\u8b39\u614e\u4e14\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4f86\u63d0\u9ad8\u81ea\u6211\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u9810\u8a08\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u706b\u8207\u786b\u78fa\u7684\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u76f8\u7576\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u8ca0\u7f6a\u611f\u3002\u6216\u8005\u4e5f\u8a31\u5b58\u5728\u66f4\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6b3a\u9a19\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f86\u9054\u5230\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4f9d\u9760\u734e\u52f5\u548c\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5167\u759a\u3002Joyce \u78ba\u5be6\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u5225\u6709\u6548\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\uff08\u6211\u5011\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\uff09\u5f9e\u5c0f\u5c31\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u751f\u751a\u9ebc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">David Lewis\uff08\u7b2c 10 \u7ae0: Quasi-Realism is Fictionalism\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d Simon Blackburn \u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6e96\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u7db1\u9818\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002Blackburn \u516c\u958b\u5ba3\u7a31\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u8d0f\u5f97 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u201d \u7684\u767c\u8a00\u6b0a\uff1a\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8981\u4e48\u6210\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5047\u88dd\u6210\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u8ad6\u3002\u4ed6\u516c\u958b\u5ba3\u7a31\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u907f\u514d\u73fe\u5be6\u8ad6\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\uff1a\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e0d\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\u8ad6\u8005\u3002Lewis \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u76ee\u6a19\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0cBlackburn \u5fc5\u9808\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u8ad6\u8005\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u9732\u9aa8\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4ed6\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6e96\u73fe\u5be6\u8ad6\u5c31\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\uff08\u7b2c 11 \u7ae0: Quasi-Realism no Fictionalism\uff09\u4e2d\uff0cSimon Blackburn \u8003\u616e\u4e86 Lewis \u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u4e26\u606d\u656c\u5730\u8868\u793a\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002\u8207 Joyce\uff08\u7b2c 9 \u7ae0\uff09\u4e00\u6a23\uff0cLewis \u95dc\u6ce8\u9053\u5fb7\u6240\u72af\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u932f\u8aa4\u3002Blackburn \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u50cf\u6e96\u73fe\u5be6\u8ad6\u90a3\u6a23\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u524d\u8005\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u5f8c\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\u6279\u8a55\u6240\u6709\u7248\u672c\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u666e\u904d\u53ad\u60e1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u65bc\u62b1\u6028\u5b83\u5011\u9f13\u5439\u53e3\u662f\u5fc3\u975e\u6216\u865b\u507d\u3002\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f Blackburn \u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa \uff0c\u201c\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u865b\u507d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u9ad8\u8208\u201d ( p 329 )\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6307\u63a7\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u3001\u5351\u9119\u7684\u6216\u7d14\u7cb9\u662f\u8352\u8b2c\u7684\uff1f\uff08 \u5982\u679c\u6307\u63a7\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u4f5c\u8070\u660e\u7684\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6\u53ea\u6703\u5047\u88dd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u932f\u3002\uff09\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0cJoyce \u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u770b\u5f85\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u8ff0\uff09\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6311\u6230\u4e00\u500b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u975e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6703\u9858\u610f\u64a4\u56de\u4ed6\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u542b\u6709\u6b3a\u9a19\u4ed6\u4eba\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u5716 \u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u7fa3\u90fd\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u9032\u884c\u6b3a\u9a19\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 Fictionalism \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u667a\u529b\u63a2\u7a76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4ee5\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u81ea 1980 \u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u63a2\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6558\u8ff0\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u73fe\u5728\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u8a8d\u771f\u8003\u616e\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u201cFictionalism in Metaphysics\u201d \u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u6e96\uff1a\u5b83\u532f\u96c6\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u570b\u969b\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u5718\u968a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff08 \u9664\u4e86 Kendall Walton \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff08\u7b2c 2 \u7ae0\uff09\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6b64\u8655 \uff09\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u722d\u8ad6\u5404\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u3001\u771f\u7406\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u865b\u69cb\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u8907\u5408\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002 \u73fe\u4ee3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 1980 \u5e74\uff0c\u96a8\u8457 Hartry Field \u7684 Science Without Numbers (1980) \u548c Bas van Fraassen \u7684 The ScientiWc Image (1980) \u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 Fictionalism \u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002 Field \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u800c van &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/09\/17\/fictionalism-in-metaphysics\/\">Continue reading <span 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