{"id":9092,"date":"2023-09-26T15:24:54","date_gmt":"2023-09-26T15:24:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9092"},"modified":"2023-09-26T15:24:59","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T15:24:59","slug":"from-fictionalism-to-realism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/09\/26\/from-fictionalism-to-realism\/","title":{"rendered":"From Fictionalism to Realism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7b49\u5404\u7814\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7d93\u5e38\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e09\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f37\u8abf\u4f7f\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u7372\u53d6\u95dc\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u7d93\u9a57\u89c0\u5bdf\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u5fc5\u9808\u57fa\u65bc\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u53ef\u6e2c\u91cf\u7684\u6578\u64da\u3002\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u662fAuguste Comte\uff0c\u4f46\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5305\u62ec Ernst Mach \u548c Rudolf Carnap\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u67d0\u4e9b\u9673\u8ff0\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u65bc\u96e3\u4ee5\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u78ba\u5b9a\u9673\u8ff0\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u771f\u5047\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f Nelson Goodman\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 \u201c\u5275\u9020\u4e16\u754c worldmaking\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5916\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u5be6\u9a57\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e8b\u5be6\u548c\u771f\u7406\u3002\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u8207\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5305\u62ec Aristotle\u3001Thomas Aquinas \u548c Immanuel Kant\u3002\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u8005\u5305\u62ec Hilary Putnam \u548c David Lewis\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u5999\u548c\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u6bcf\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u90fd\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u8b8a\u9ad4\u548c\u5b50\u985e\u578b\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u8d0a\u540c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u85c9\u9452\u591a\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5404\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5047\u8a2d\u4e00\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6 X \u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8981\u4e48\u9673\u8ff0\u8981\u4e48\uff08\u8207\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u548c\u8a9e\u7fa9\u7cfb\u7d71\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff09\u610f\u5473\u8457 \u201c\u985e\u5b58\u5728 classes exist\u201d \u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u9673\u8ff0\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8a72\u9673\u8ff0\u4e0d\u662f\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u800c\u662f\u6697\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u5247\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u88ab R \u548c F \u5169\u500b\u4eba\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u300d\u70ba\u300c\u6700\u4f73\u53ef\u7528\u300d\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d R \u548c F \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c1a\u672a\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u300d\u4e26\u4f7f\u7528\u7406\u8ad6 X \u4f86\u8abf\u7bc0\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u975e\u5e38\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc Hilary Putnam \u548c Bas van Fraassen \u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5340\u5206\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684 F \u548c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u7684 R \u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8b0e\u5718\u3002Putnam \u548c van Fraassen \u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005 Putnam \u7a31\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u5e38\u8b58\u8a71\u8a9e\u6240\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5be6\u9ad4\u90fd\u53ea\u662f \u201c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u865b\u69cb useful fictions\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f \u201c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u201d\uff08 \u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u59a8\u8aaa\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5011 \uff09\u3002\u5728\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u548c\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u5be6\u9ad4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u65bc\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5be6\u9ad4\u5247\u662f\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u8005\u3002\u5728\u672c\u66f8 \u201cFrom Fictionalism to Realism<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u91cd\u9ede\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\u548c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u73fe\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002\u66f4\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff08 \u90a3\u4e9b\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u5047\u88dd\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u4eba \uff09\u548c\u795e\u5275\u8ad6\u8005 creationism\uff08 \u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u67d0\u7a2e\u5be6\u9ad4\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7522\u7269\u7684\u4eba \uff09\u5206\u5225\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u8996\u70ba\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u548c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u64c1\u8b77\u8005\u3002 \u900f\u904e\u8a55\u4f30\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u5229\u5f0a\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u65e8\u5728\u70ba\u9577\u671f\u722d\u8ad6\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u722d\u8b70\u7684\u73fe\u72c0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8faf\u8ad6\u901a\u5e38\u95dc\u6ce8\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u985e\u578b \u2014\u2014 \u6578\u5b57\u548c\u5171\u76f8\u7b49\u62bd\u8c61\u5be6\u9ad4\u3001\u611f\u53d7\u6027\u548c\u611f\u89ba\u6578\u64da\u7b49\u73fe\u8c61\u5be6\u9ad4\u3001\u7f8e\u5b78\u548c\u502b\u7406\u50f9\u503c\u7b49\u9053\u7fa9\u5be6\u9ad4\u7b49 \u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u5426\u5728\u4e8b\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u201d \u8a8d\u70ba\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u95dc\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff1b \u201c\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u201d\u6216\u53d6\u6d88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5247\u6301\u76f8\u53cd\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002 \u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u4e2d\u9577\u671f\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7e3d\u9ad4\u6e05\u55ae\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u50cf \u300a\u5305\u6cd5\u5229\u592b\u4eba Madame Bovary<\/em>\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5b89\u5a1c\u5361\u5217\u5c3c\u5a1c Anna Karenina<\/em>\u300b \u7b49\u5c0f\u8aaa\u548c\u6232\u5287\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5805\u6301\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u9663\u71df\u7684\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u8b1b\u6545\u4e8b\u751a\u81f3\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u6642\u6240\u6307\u7a31\u548c\u601d\u8003\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c6c\u65bc\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u9663\u71df\u7684\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u50c5\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8aa4\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u5206\u5225\u6709\uff0cAlexius \u00a0Meinong\uff08 \u201cRealism and the Background of Phenomenology<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c pp. 76-117\uff0c1904\uff09\u548c Bertrand Russell\uff08 \u201cOn Denoting<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1905\uff09\uff08 \u201cReburial of nonexistents : reconsidering the Meinong-Russell debate<\/a><\/em>\u201d 2011 \u3002 \u201cRussell vs. Meinong: The Legacy of ‘On Denoting’<\/a><\/em> \u201d\uff0c2008\uff09 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\uff0c\u5728\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u9663\u71df\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e00\u7a2e\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u6982\u5ff5\u6d41\u50b3\u958b\u4f86\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6 artefactualist\u201d \u6216\u795e\u5275\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u6839\u64da\u6700\u521d\u7531 Roman Ingarden ( \u201cThe Literary Work of Art<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c1931) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e26\u9996\u5148\u7531 Amie L. Thomasson ( \u201cFiction and Metaphysics<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c1999) \u634d\u885b\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8af8\u5982\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u662f\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u5011\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u601d\u8003\uff08 \u7bc4\u4f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6216\u5275\u9020\u8005 \uff09\u624d\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6216\u5275\u9020\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u200b\u200b\u60f3\u5230\u5b83\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u6771\u897f\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4f5c\u54c1\u9700\u8981\u8af8\u5982\u7269\u7406\u6216\u8a18\u61b6\u75d5\u8de1\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ee5\u5b83\u5011\u70ba\u4e3b\u89d2\u7684\u5c0f\u8aaa\u526f\u672c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5b83\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5373\u4fdd\u6301\u5b58\u5728 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u75d5\u8de1\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\u865b\u69cb\u4f5c\u54c1\u5df2\u7d93\u6b7b\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\u5df2\u7d93\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u8a66\u5716\u5f31\u5316\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6027\u50c5\u8207\u4f5c\u8005\u6700\u521d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede Stephen Schiffer\uff08 \u201cLanguage-Created Language-Independent Entities<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1996\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u4eba\u5de5\u4e8b\u5be6\u8ad6\u8207\u865b\u69cb\u771f\u6b63\u64c1\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u76f8\u517c\u5bb9\uff1a\u5728\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u4e2d\u90fd\u4ee5\u5b83\u70ba\u524d\u63d0 Carola Barbero\u00a0\uff08 Chatper 2: Against the Irrationality Argument for Fictional Emotions\u00a0\uff1bAlberto Voltolini\uff0c \u201cHow Ficta Follow Fiction: A Syncretistic Account of Fictional Entities<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c2006 \uff09 \u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u9663\u71df\u4e2d\u7684 Kendall L. Walton\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u7406\u8ad6\u66f4\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u6211\u5011\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5370\u8c61 \u2014\u2014 \u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u507d\u88dd\u7406\u8ad6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08 \u201cMimesis as Make-believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c 1990 \uff09\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u537b\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u626e\u6f14\u4e00\u6a23 \u2014\u2014 \u6211\u5011\u53ea\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u65bc\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5047\u88dd\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u300a\u5305\u6cd5\u5229\u592b\u4eba Madame Bovary<\/em>\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5b89\u5a1c\u5361\u5217\u5c3c\u5a1c Anna Karenina<\/em>\u300b\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\uff0c\u5305\u6cd5\u5229\u592b\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u819a\u6dfa\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u5979\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5979\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7406\u60f3\u8207\u5e73\u5eb8\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u5c0e\u81f4\u5979\u548c\u5979\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u8d70\u5411\u707d\u96e3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u5d4c\u5165\u5230 \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e2d in the fiction\u201d \u904b\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u5167\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\uff08 Stuart Brock\uff0c \u201cFictionalism about Fictional Characters<\/em>\u201d\uff0c2002 \uff09\uff0c\u6216\u50c5\u50c5\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u8f49\u63db\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u5047\u88dd\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u9032\u884c\u8a9e\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\uff08Fran\u00e7ois Recanati\uff0c\u201cOratio Obliqua, Oratio Recta: An Essay on Metarepresentation<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c2000\uff09\u3002Walton \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5373\u507d\u88dd\u7406\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5ee3\u5230\u6240\u6709\u518d\u73fe\u85dd\u8853\u3002\u4e0d\u53ea\u5beb\u5c0f\u8aaa\u3001\u6232\u5287\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u756b\u756b\u3001\u96d5\u5851\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5f8c\u4e00\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u4e5f\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u7684\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u865b\u69cb\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u91dd\u5c0d\u611f\u77e5\u8005\u771f\u6b63\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u756b\u5e03\u3001\u96d5\u50cf\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7acb\u5834\u6700\u8fd1\u5df2\u88ab\u63a8\u5ee3\u5230\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u985e\u578b\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u88fd\u54c1\u8ad6\u5df2\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6240\u6709\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u6a5f\u69cb\u548c\u793e\u6703\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u9ad4\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7269\u7406\u9298\u6587\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\u3002Thomasson \u672c\u4eba\uff08 \u201cFoundations for a Social Ontology<\/em>\u201d\uff0c 2003\uff0c\u201cAnswerable and unanswerable questions<\/em>\u201d in \u201cMetametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology<\/a><\/em>\u201d. pp 444 – 471\uff0c2009\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c Maurizio Ferraris\uff08 \u201c Documentality, or Europe<\/em>\u201d\uff0c2009\uff09\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u5176\u6700\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u614b\u5ea6\u5df2\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u5176\u4ed6\u5be6\u9ad4\u985e\u578b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u9ad4\u985e\u578b\u4e26\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5f15\u5165\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\uff08\u6dfa\u5c64\uff09\u5047\u88dd\u5b58\u5728\u6b64\u985e\u5be6\u9ad4\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u6d89\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u6216\u9069\u7576\u7684 \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e2d\u201d \u64cd\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u5047\u88dd\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u3002\u5728\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\/\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\/\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\u5982\u4e0b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u795e\u5275\u8ad6\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5920\u8655\u7406\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u4e0d\u50c5\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u865b\u69cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7121\u53ef\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\uff1f \u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\u90fd\u662f\u300c\u88ab\u5275\u9020\u300d\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u771f\u7684\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\u55ce\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\uff08 \u771f\u7684\u6c92\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u5728\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u4e0a\u662f\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u55ce \uff1f \uff09\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff1f\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u70ba\u4e86\u555f\u52d5\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u9808\u81f3\u5c11\u9810\u8a2d\u67d0\u7a2e\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8aaa\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u5730\u767c\u5c55\u4e00\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8b80\u5fc3\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u9810\u8a2d\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7cbe\u795e\u5be6\u9ad4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u800c\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5728\u722d\u8b70\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u66f8\u70ba\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u548c\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u616e\u5047\u88dd\u672c\u8eab\u3002 Walton ( \u201cMimesis as Make-Believe<\/em>\u201d\uff0c1990) \u5728\u5c31\u898f\u5b9a\u60f3\u50cf p \u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8a2d\u60f3\u865b\u69cb\u70ba p \u3002\u6b63\u5982 Kendall Walton \u73fe\u5728\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u69cb\u60f3\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u6848\u4f8b\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5206\u6790\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u70ba\u865b\u69cb\u63d0\u4f9b\u5145\u5206\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u5fc5\u9808\u6307\u5b9a\u9069\u7576\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u5f88\u96e3\u5c07\u865b\u69cb\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u89e3\u4efb\u4f55\u6d89\u53ca\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Carola Barbero \u5728\u53cd\u5c0d  Colin Radford \u95dc\u65bc\u865b\u69cb\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\u8ad6\u8b49\u6642\u6240\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f15\u767c\u771f\u5be6\u548c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u60c5\u611f\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5305\u542b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u72c0\u614b (Chapter 2: Against the Irrationality Argument for Fictional Emotions)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cWalton \u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u6027\u8209\u52d5\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u865b\u69cb\u4e2d\u6211\u5011\u624d\u6703\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7269\u7522\u751f\u60c5\u611f\u4f86\u9003\u907f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u60c5\u6cc1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u5fb5\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u975e\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u5fb5\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6d89\u53ca\u5047\u88dd\u5b58\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u548c\u4e8b\u614b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cAlberto Voltolini \u5f37\u8abf\uff0cWalton \u6b65\u4f10 \uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u5c0d\u5f85\u4f7f\u5716\u50cf\u8868\u73fe\u5177\u6709\u5716\u50cf\u6027\u7684\u6771\u897f\u7684\u597d\u7406\u7531\u3002\u6839\u64da Walton \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u67d0\u7269\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4e00\u5e45 \u201c\u5716\u7247 picture\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u6642\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u5047\u88dd\u5730\u770b\u5230\u5716\u7247\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8b93\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u5230\u5c31\u662f\u770b\u5230\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u7d93\u9a57\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u7531\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u7d93\u9a57\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5728\u5b78\u6703\u7406\u89e3\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u5b78\u6703\u7406\u89e3\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u624d\u6703\u53c3\u8207\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5047\u88dd\u67d0\u7a2e\u9ad4\u9a57\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8996\u89ba\u5316\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e2d\u9069\u7576\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u7528\u5047\u88dd\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u5716\u50cf\u9ad4\u9a57\u7684\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Walton \u90a3\u6a23\u9858\u671b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fred Kroon \u6279\u8a55\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u512a\u9ede\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5275\u9020\u8ad6\u8005\u60f3\u8981\u652f\u6301\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u4f9d\u8cf4\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u7a2e\u8a9e\u7fa9\u507d\u88dd\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u795e\u5275\u8ad6\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u5011\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5be6\u8e10\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u69cb\u6210\u6027\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7372\u5f97\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u7372\u5f97\u5236\u5ea6\u5be6\u9ad4\uff08 \u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u3001\u5a5a\u79ae \uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6a5f\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u662f\u5176\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Paolo di Lucia ( Chaoter 6: Figmentum: An Essay in Legal Ontology ) \u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u4e2d\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u7269  figmenta \u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7531\u69cb\u6210\u6027\u898f\u5247\u652f\u6490\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u5be6\u9ad4\uff1a\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u5c07\u67d0\u7269\u300c\u7b97\u300d\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u7269\u800c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u679c ( p 5 )\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u69cb\u6210\u6027\u898f\u5247\u5c31\u5920\u4e86\u55ce\uff1f \u6700\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u9ad4\u634d\u885b\u8005 John R. Searle ( \u201cThe Construction of Social Reality<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff0c1995) \u5982\u4eca\u6703\u8aaa\uff0c\u69cb\u6210\u6027\u898f\u5247\u5177\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u529b\u91cf\u2014\u2014 \u6b63\u5982\u4e00\u822c\u898f\u5247\u6240\u8868\u9054\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u5be6\u9ad4 X \u5728\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587 C \u4e2d\u7b97\u4f5c Y \u2014\u2014 \u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5b83\u5011\u7d2e\u6839\u65bc\u96c6\u9ad4\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0cMaurizio Ferraris ( Chapter 7: Perspectives of Documentality ) \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96c6\u9ad4\u610f\u5411\u6027\u53ea\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u795e\u8a71\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u7269\u7406\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u9019\u986f\u7136\u662f\u591a\u9918\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u70ba\u4e86\u4f7f\u6a5f\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u4e26\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u6982\u62ec Thomasson\u00a0 \u5c0d\u865b\u69cb\u5be6\u9ad4\u6240\u5805\u6301\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u8a34\u8af8\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u4e3b\u9ad4\u548c\u7269\u7406\u75d5\u8e5f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u5c31\u8db3\u5920\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u5834\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u722d\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\u8ab0\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u4e5f\u8a31\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u5e38\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u4ecb\u65bc\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Achille Varzi ( Chapter 8: Achille Varzi ) \u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb \uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u70ba\u5929\u771f\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c31\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5e38\u8b58\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u5047\u8a2d\u5b58\u5728\u5b83\u6240\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u5047\u88dd\u662f\u6709\u7528\u4e14\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u3002\uff08 \u8b80\u5fc3\u5be6\u8e10\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5fc3\u7406\u72c0\u614b\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u89e3\u91cb\u4ed6\u5011\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u3001\u6700\u512a\u96c5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\uff09\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8a66\u5716\u900f\u904e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u9069\u7576\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u4f86\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\u9019\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528 \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e2d\u201d \u9019\u500b\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b93\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u96e3\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u5047\u88dd\u5be6\u9ad4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5c0d Varzi \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5176\u5bd3\u610f\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u9000\u56de\u5230\u4e00\u7a2e\u8f03\u5f31\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5426\u8a8d\u5b58\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f46\u62d2\u7d55\u5b83\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662fDavid Hume \u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u9084\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u795e\u5275\u8ad6\u8005\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9760\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u51fa\u8def\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u8feb\u653e\u68c4\u8a31\u591a\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2 \u2014\u2014 \u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u62d2\u7d55\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u80fd\u8a34\u8af8\u4f9d\u8cf4\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u300c\u5916\u5728\u300d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u4fc2\u55ce\uff1f\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u7121\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7b49\u5404\u7814\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u7d93\u5e38\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e09\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f37\u8abf\u4f7f\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u7372\u53d6\u95dc\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u7d93\u9a57\u89c0\u5bdf\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u5fc5\u9808\u57fa\u65bc\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u53ef\u6e2c\u91cf\u7684\u6578\u64da\u3002\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u662fAuguste Comte\uff0c\u4f46\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5305\u62ec Ernst Mach \u548c Rudolf Carnap\u3002 \u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u67d0\u4e9b\u9673\u8ff0\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u65bc\u96e3\u4ee5\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u78ba\u5b9a\u9673\u8ff0\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u771f\u5047\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f Nelson Goodman\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 \u201c\u5275\u9020\u4e16\u754c worldmaking\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5916\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u5be6\u9a57\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e8b\u5be6\u548c\u771f\u7406\u3002\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u8207\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5305\u62ec Aristotle\u3001Thomas Aquinas \u548c Immanuel Kant\u3002\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u8005\u5305\u62ec Hilary Putnam \u548c David Lewis\u3002 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u5999\u548c\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u6bcf\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u90fd\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u8b8a\u9ad4\u548c\u5b50\u985e\u578b\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u8d0a\u540c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u85c9\u9452\u591a\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5404\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u5047\u8a2d\u4e00\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6 X \u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8981\u4e48\u9673\u8ff0\u8981\u4e48\uff08\u8207\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u548c\u8a9e\u7fa9\u7cfb\u7d71\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff09\u610f\u5473\u8457 \u201c\u985e\u5b58\u5728 classes exist\u201d \u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u9673\u8ff0\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8a72\u9673\u8ff0\u4e0d\u662f\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u800c\u662f\u6697\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u5247\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u88ab R \u548c F \u5169\u500b\u4eba\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u300d\u70ba\u300c\u6700\u4f73\u53ef\u7528\u300d\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d R \u548c … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2mE","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9092","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9092"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9092\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9093,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9092\/revisions\/9093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9092"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9092"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9092"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}