{"id":9114,"date":"2023-10-23T16:14:07","date_gmt":"2023-10-23T16:14:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9114"},"modified":"2023-10-23T16:14:13","modified_gmt":"2023-10-23T16:14:13","slug":"habits-in-mind-integrating-theology-philosophy-and-the-cognitive-science-of-virtue-emotion-and-character-formation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/10\/23\/habits-in-mind-integrating-theology-philosophy-and-the-cognitive-science-of-virtue-emotion-and-character-formation\/","title":{"rendered":"Habits in Mind: Integrating Theology, Philosophy, and the Cognitive Science of Virtue, Emotion, and Character Formation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7fd2\u6163\u8a9e\u8a00\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5b78\u8005\u4e2d\u53ea\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7fd2\u6163 mere habits\u300d\u548c \u300c\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7fd2\u6027 sophisticated habitus\u300d\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4ee5 Stanley Hauerwas \u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u7531 Gregory R. Peterson \u3001James A. Van Slyke  \u3001Michael L. Spezio \u548c Kevin S. Reimer \u7de8\u8f2f\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u7fd2\u6163\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6027\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u614b\u5ea6\u5c0d\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u5c0d\u54c1\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c0d\u6027\u683c\u5851\u9020\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u7531\u4f86\u5df2\u4e45\u3002\u65e9\u5728 1900 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5148\u9a45\u4e4b\u4e00 Edwin Diller Starbuck\uff081866-1947) \u5c31\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u4ee5\u95b1\u8b80\u6587\u5b78\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u5851\u9020\u8a08\u756b\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u57f9\u990a\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u54c1\u683c\u53ca\u5176\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u65b0\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 Alistair MacIntyre \u7684 &#8220;<em>After Virtue<\/em>\uff0c1981<em>&#8221; <\/em>\u4ee5\u53ca Pierre Hadot\u3001Pierre Bourdieu \u548c Craig Dykstra \u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e3b\u5f35\u7d00\u5f8b\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u5be6\u8e10\u5c0d\u65bc\u5851\u9020\u548c\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u3002 \u672c\u66f8\u900f\u904e\u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u6210\u70ba\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u986f\u8457\u589e\u9032\u4e86\u5c0d\u54c1\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u7406\u89e3 \u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5341\u4e94\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u63a2\u7d22 \u3002 \u8cab\u7a7f\u59cb\u7d42\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u662f\u900f\u904e\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5c07\u795e\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u95dc\u65bc\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u9032\u884c\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c\u4f86\u5f4c\u5408\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5177\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u6642\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9d3b\u6e9d\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u89f8\u53ca Aristotle \u548c Aquinas \u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u683c\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u9053\u5fb7\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002\u6a19\u984c &#8220;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Habits-Mind-Integrating-Philosophy-Philosophical\/dp\/900434294X\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=OMBXU8D5C0AV&amp;keywords=Habits+in+Mind%3A+Integrating+Theology%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+the+Cognitive+Science+of+Virtue%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Character+Formation&amp;qid=1698075888&amp;sprefix=habits+in+mind+integrating+theology%2C+philosophy%2C+and+the+cognitive+science+of+virtue%2C+emotion%2C+and+character+formation%2Caps%2C400&amp;sr=8-1\">Habits in Mind: Integrating Theology, Philosophy, and the Cognitive Science of Virtue, Emotion, and Character Formation<\/a><\/em>&#8221; \u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u591a\u500b\u5b78\u79d1\u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u9577\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u7b2c 1 \u90e8\u5206\uff1aHabits &amp; Virtues: Resources in History and Religion\u3002\u501f\u9452\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\uff0c\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86 Aristotle \u548c Aquinas \u5c0d\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u8ca2\u737b\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u7ae0\u5145\u5be6\u4e86\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6b23\u8cde\u4e86\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\u6c99\u6f20\u4fee\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5091\u51fa\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba Evagrius Ponticus \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u671f\u9593\u7531 Luther \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u5728 &#8220;<em>Habits in Mind&#8221; <\/em>\u7684\u7b2c 2 \u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u95e1\u660e\u9053\u5fb7\u6c7a\u7b56\u904e\u7a0b \uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5c55\u793a\u66f4\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u52aa\u529b\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u3002\u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6311\u6230\u662f &#8220;<em>Habits in Mind&#8221; <\/em>\u7b2c 3 \u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f5c\u8005\u5011\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6bd4\u54c1\u683c\u7279\u5fb5\u6216\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7fd2\u6163\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u4e26\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002Adam Martin \u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0 (Paying Attention to the Will: On the Neuroscience and&nbsp;Psychology of Self, Volition, and Character) \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u5fc3\u5f62\u6210\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528 \uff0c\u4e26\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5982\u4f55\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u6558\u4e8b\u5728\u5851\u9020\u9053\u5fb7\u54c1\u8cea\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u6148\u5584\u3001\u8b19\u905c\u548c\u611f\u6069\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u63a8\u9032\u4e86\u8a8d\u77e5\u8207\u60c5\u611f \u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u795e\u5b78\u8207\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002\u9019\u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u70ba\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u54c1\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u501f\u7528\u7576\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8853\u8a9e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u6027\u683c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u660e\u78ba\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff1a\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u548c\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u54c1\u683c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\u9f4a\u5fc3\u5354\u529b\u3001\u5c08\u6ce8\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u7e3d\u548c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa x \u5f88\u6177\u6168\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba x \u6c7a\u5b9a\uff08 x \u4eba\u751f\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u5929\uff09\u8b8a\u5f97\u6177\u6168\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u3001\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u901a\u5e38\u6b78\u529f\u65bc Immanuel Kant\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u6574\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u672c\u8cea\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7531\u6211\u5011\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u96b1\u6027\u904e\u7a0b\u6240\u5851\u9020\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cx \u7684\u6177\u6168\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5851\u9020\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u5f9e\u907a\u50b3\u5230\u793e\u6703\u548c\u7269\u7406\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a5f\u5236\u6700\u7d42\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86 x \u7684\u601d\u7dad\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6027\u683c\u65e2\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5f88\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u652f\u6301\u9019\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u8207 David Hume \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u6fc0\u60c5\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u7980\u8ce6\uff0c\u9a45\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u53bb\u505a\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u6709\u6642\uff0cB.F. Skinner \u7b49\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6703\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u6b78\u6839\u7d50\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u900f\u904e\u8abf\u7bc0\u548c\u5f37\u5316\u7684\u96b1\u542b\u904e\u7a0b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\uff08 \u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u6240\u6709 \uff09\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u5169\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5b83\u5011\u3002x \u7684\u6177\u6168\u4e0d\u50c5\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u96b1\u542b\u548c\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u4e14\u7b26\u5408 x \u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u751a\u81f3 x \u7684\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6d89\u53ca\u5169\u8005\u3002\u5728 Aristotle \u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5c0d\u6027\u683c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6027\u683c\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u9084\u662f\u6027\u683c\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5f9e\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u7fd2\u6163 habit\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u8a9e\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u8207\u96b1\u5f0f\u52a0\u5de5\u89c0\u9ede\u76f8\u95dc\uff1a\u7fd2\u6163\u53ea\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u7d93\u8b8a\u5f97\u6b7b\u8a18\u786c\u80cc\u548c\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u7279\u5fb5 \uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7fd2\u6163 mere habits\u300d\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u90a3\u7a2e\u8f15\u7387\u3001\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u8a66\u5716\u907f\u514d\u9677\u5165\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u7d93\u5e38\u8ac7\u8ad6\u826f\u597d\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4eba\u5011\u6bcf\u5929\u65e9\u4e0a\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u7528\u6cd5\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u5f88\u5e38\u898b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002\u201c\u7fd2\u6163 habit \u201d \u4e00\u8a5e\u6e90\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u8a9e \u201chabitus\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5e0c\u81d8\u8a9e hexis \u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8853\u8a9e\uff0cAristotle \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u8a72\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u8ac7\u8ad6\u69cb\u6210\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u50be\u5411\u3002\u8207 Aristotle \u76f8\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7528\u6cd5\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u8a5e\u70ba\u4ee3\u8868 \u3002\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u6027\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5805\u6301\u5728\u96b1\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\u548c\u986f\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e4b\u9593\u9032\u884c\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c07\u5169\u8005\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u7fd2\u6163\u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u9084\u662f\u7fd2\u6027\uff0c\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u9060\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u9700\u7a0d\u5fae\u89f8\u53ca\u8868\u9762\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5f9e\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u548c\u6027\u683c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u6240\u990a\u6210\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c0d\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u6301\u6a02\u89c0\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u500b\u58de\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u554f\u984c\u6d89\u53ca\u54c1\u683c\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u57f9\u990a\u3001\u7fd2\u6163\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3001\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u5728\u5176\u5f62\u6210\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d77\u751a\u9ebc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5148\u524d\u95dc\u65bc\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u53e4\u4ee3\/\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u7fd2\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5247\u6d89\u53ca\u73fe\u4ee3\u554f\u984c\u8207\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u898b\u8b49\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u795e\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8f49\u8b8a\u5df2\u7d93\u8da8\u540c\u4ee5\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u548c\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u4f5c\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u6279\u5224\u548c\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u8f49\u5411\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u8003\u616e\uff0c\u70ba\u8207\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u88fd\u5b9a\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u6558\u8ff0\u200b\u200b\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u8a71\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u984c\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u521d\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u53ea\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6975\u5c11\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f4c\u5408\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d70\u51fa\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u5783\u573e\u7bb1\uff1a\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u4e2d\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u5fa9\u8208<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f9e\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u4eba\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f Aristotle \u90a3\u88e1\u7e7c\u627f\u4e86\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u6700\u521d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5df2\u7d93\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5728Aristotle \u502b\u7406\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u7684 \u201cNicomachean Ethics\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u7fd2\u6163 habit\u201d \u4e00\u8a5e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u5169\u500b\u5e0c\u81d8\u8853\u8a9e\u5728\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002Aristotle \u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u8853\u8a9e \u201chexis\u201d \u4f86\u8ac7\u8ad6\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c6c\u65bc\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u7fd2\u6163\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u7fd2\u6163\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4e0d\u5047\u601d\u7d22\u7684\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u6216\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u72c0\u614b\u986f\u7136\u662f\u60c5\u7dd2\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cAristotle \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u813e\u6c23\u5e73\u548c\uff0c\u660e\u78ba\u6d89\u53ca\u61a4\u6012\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u8868\u9054\u3002\u4f46 heexeis \u4e5f\u662f\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u6297\u6027\u7684 \uff1a\u6839\u64da Aristotle \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u6620\u61a4\u6012\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u7b26\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u9858\u548c\u6700\u6df1\u5207\u7684\u9858\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9055\u80cc\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5be6\u8e10\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u5373 phronesis\uff0c\u5728 Aristotle \u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\u4f54\u64da\u4e86\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8207\u7d14\u7cb9\u7fd2\u6163\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u91cd\u8907\u78ba\u5be6\u5728\u5982\u4f55\u7372\u5f97 hexis \u65b9\u9762\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\uff0cAristotle \u5f15\u7528\u91cd\u8907\u884c\u70ba\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7372\u5f97\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u900f\u904e\u505a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u6709\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u53cd\u8986\u5730\u505a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u683c\u7279\u5fb5\u200b\u200b\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc Aristotle \u4f86\u8aaa \uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7372\u5f97\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u7372\u5f97\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5c07\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8996\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u5408\u7406\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u7fd2\u6163\u5316\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u4ed4\u7d30\u95b1\u8b80\u4e26\u628a Aristotle \u7684\u6163\u7fd2\u8996\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46 Aristotle \u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u8981\u5fae\u5999\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u4eba\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u7f85\u99ac Stoic \u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u8655\u7406\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u6839\u64da Stoic \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u60c5\u7dd2\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5920\u800c\u4e14\u78ba\u5be6\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u5e36\u4f86\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u60b2\u50b7\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u60c5\u7dd2\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5c0d\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002Stoic \u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u65e8\u5728\u900f\u904e\u6d88\u9664\u9019\u7a2e\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4f86\u7372\u5f97\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u5373\u5fc3\u9748\u5e73\u975c\u5b89\u5be7\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0cStoic \u5c0d\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u8655\u7406\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u9700\u8981\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u601d\u8003\u7fd2\u6163\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cSeneca \u7684 \u201c<em>Anger, Mercy, Revenge<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e86\u61a4\u6012\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u5f0a\u75c5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u61a4\u6012\u672c\u8eab\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u7834\u58de\u6027\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u6211\u5011\u9677\u5165\u81ea\u52d5\u548c\u7834\u58de\u6027\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u61a4\u6012\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u7531\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u52aa\u529b\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u7fd2\u6163\u7522\u751f\u7684\u3002Epictetus \u751f\u6d3b\u5728 Seneca \u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u5beb\u9053 \uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u300c\u5c07\u4e00\u7a2e\u7fd2\u6163\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u7fd2\u6163\u76f8\u5c0d\u7acb\u300d\uff1a\u89e3\u6c7a\u58de\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u57f9\u990a\u597d\u7fd2\u6163\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9451\u65bc Stoic \u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe Aristotle \u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5df2\u7d93\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\u4e86\u3002\u5c0d\u8a31\u591a\u65e9\u671f\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cAristotle \u4e3b\u7fa9\u5e36\u6709\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u6b50\u6d32\u300c\u9ed1\u6697\u6642\u4ee3\u300d\u7684\u5473\u9053\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u548c\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e86 Stoic \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u5728\u8207\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u5c0d\u6bd4\u4e2d\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u95b1\u8b80 Jeremy Bentham \u548c J.S. Mill \u8981\u95b1\u8b80\u4e00\u672c\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u4efb\u4f55\u7a4d\u6975\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\uff0cHenry Sidgwick \u5728\u62d2\u7d55\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u516c\u958b\u6a19\u6e96\u6642\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u7fd2\u6163\uff08 \u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u7fd2\u6027 \uff09\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7a4d\u6975\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5c0d Sidgwick \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6642\u9593\u6216\u667a\u6167\u4f86\u4ed4\u7d30\u8a08\u7b97\u5982\u4f55\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6578\u83c1\u82f1\u9019\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u5176\u9918\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u9075\u5b88\u793e\u6703\u898f\u5247\uff08 \u5927\u6982\u662f\u7fd2\u6163\u6027\u7684 \uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u898f\u5247\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u66f4\u8070\u660e\u3001\u53d7\u904e\u66f4\u597d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u540c\u9f61\u4eba\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76f4\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u672b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u767c\u73fe\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u89e3\u91cb\u91cd\u65b0\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u9019\u65e2\u662f\u5c0d\u7fa9\u52d9\u8ad6\u548c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6a19\u6e96\u898f\u7bc4\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u660e\u986f\u5931\u6557\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728 20\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u7684\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u68c4\u898f\u7bc4\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6d89\u53ca\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u554f\u984c\u53ca\u5176\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u7e41\u69ae\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u57fa\u65bc\u898f\u5247\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u8655\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u548c\u300c\u539a\u5ea6 thickness\u300d\u6642\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u795e\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u5230\u4e86\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\uff0c\u795e\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u958b\u59cb\u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u8207\u54f2\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c\u4e26\u52aa\u529b\u89e3\u6c7a 20 \u4e16\u7d00 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88cf\uff0cAlasdair&nbsp;MacIntyre \u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c24\u5176\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u6559\u6703\u7684\u502b\u7406\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5171\u9cf4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5118\u7ba1\u5c07\u6027\u683c\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\uff0c\u8207\u7fa9\u52d9\u8ad6\u548c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u985e\u578b\u5f62\u6210\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u662f\u8a31\u591a\u6b64\u985e\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95dc\u6ce8\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u7fd2\u6027\u5f88\u5c11\u4f5c\u70ba\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u6210\u554f\u984c\u540c\u6a23\u53d7\u5230\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6a21\u4eff\u548c\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u95dc\u6ce8\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cAlasdair MacIntyre \u7684 \u201c<em>Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues<\/em>\u201d\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u793e\u5340\u548c\u699c\u6a23\u5728\u5177\u6709\u6210\u719f\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u6210\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u8a73\u7d30\u8aaa\u660e\u699c\u6a23\u548c\u6613\u53d7\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6210\u9577\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u968e\u6bb5\u6027 \uff0c\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u662f\u5426\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u51fa\u73fe\u5728 Rosalind Hursthouse \u7684 \u201c<em>On Virtue Ethics<\/em>\u201d \u548c Julia Annas \u7684 \u201c<em>Intelligent Virtue<\/em>\u201d  \u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u3002Martha Nussbaum \u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u5b9a\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/7678\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nussbaum<\/a> \u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u4f46\u540c\u6a23\u91cd\u8981\u5728\u5c07\u5979\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e2d\u878d\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Not-Profit-Democracy-Humanities-Updated\/dp\/069117332X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u737b<\/a>\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u8de8\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7fd2\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u88cf\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3b\u8981\u5229\u7528\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4f46\u7d14\u7cb9\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u548c\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u6709\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u8a8d\u53ef\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u985e\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7d93\u80fd\u5920\u904b\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u9810\u8a2d\u5177\u9ad4\u5b97\u6559\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5c0d Stoic \u601d\u60f3\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u7279\u5225\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba Stoic \u78ba\u5be6\u6d89\u53ca\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207 Aristotle \u53ca\u5176\u8ffd\u96a8\u8005\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u5225\u8207 Aristotle \u548c Aquinas \u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u5316\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5fb5\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7269\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\u90fd\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u4ee5\u53ca\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90 \uff0c\u5c31\u5112\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\u5c11\u91cf\u4f46\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u6587\u737b\u3002\u9019\u4e26\u975e\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5112\u5bb6\u502b\u7406\u662f\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u8ad6\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u57f9\u990a\u541b\u5b50\u7684\u6c23\u8cea\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u6709\u6a21\u7bc4\u6216\u9ad8\u5c1a\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u201c<strong><em>Mencius and Aquinas: Theories of Virtue and Conceptions of Courage<\/em><\/strong>\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cLee H. Yearley \u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u9019\u5169\u4f4d\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5169\u500b\u50b3\u7d71\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\u699c\u6a23\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7684\uff08 \u7d55\u4e0d\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7368\u6709\u7684 \uff09\u300c\u6beb\u4e0d\u8cbb\u529b\u7684\u884c\u52d5 effortless action\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u8207 Aristotle \u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6574\u5408\u5167\u96b1\u548c\u5916\u986f\u8655\u7406\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9084\u4e0d\u592a\u767c\u9054\uff0c\u4f46\u897f\u65b9\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u63a5\u89f8\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u540c\u6a23\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4f5b\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u591a\u7a2e\u591a\u6a23\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e0d\u50cf\u5112\u5bb6\u90a3\u6a23\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u4f46\u6027\u683c\u985e\u5225\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u502b\u7406\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3 \uff0c\u5728\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u83e9\u85a9\u54c1\u8cea\uff08 \u5305\u62ec\u6148\u60b2 \uff09\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5176\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u50b3\u7d71\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u51a5\u60f3\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u7d14\u7cb9\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u8003\u616e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5f37\u8abf\u5c0f\u898f\u6a21\u4eba\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u793e\u5340\u548c\u6c7a\u7b56\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u6307\u51fa\u793e\u6703\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u4f9d\u8cf4\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u90a3\u7a2e\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ed6\u5011\uff08 \u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba \uff09\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9677\u5165\u7d14\u7cb9\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u7a2e\u8207\u57fa\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u57f9\u990a\u8907\u96dc\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3001\u4e00\u7a2e\u6574\u5408\u96b1\u6027\u548c\u986f\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\u5f62\u5f0f\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u5be6\u8b49\u300c\u52a9\u63a8\u300d\u6587\u737b\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\u5982\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u64cd\u7e31\u4f4e\u65bc\u610f\u8b58\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u96b1\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\u4f86\u6539\u8b8a\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u900f\u904e\u6559\u80b2\u57f9\u990a\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u8457\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u6559\u80b2\u5728 21 \u4e16\u7d00\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u6b77\u53f2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 \u201cHabits &amp; Virtues: Resources in History and Religion\u201d \u4ee5\u56db\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u958b\u982d \uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u200b\u200b\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u984c\u70ba\u89e3\u6c7a\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5169\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u96c6\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86 Aquinas \u4f5c\u70ba\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u8005\u548c Aristotle \u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u7531 Stanley Hauerwas \u64b0\u5beb\uff0c\u5c07 Aristotle \u548c Aquinas \u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u5728 Aquinas \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0cHauerwas \u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5c07\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u8207 Aquinas \u5c0d\u71b1\u60c5\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u9023\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u751a\u81f3 Aquinas \u7684 \u201cTreatise on Habits\u201d \u5728\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/openxsociety\/22976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>\u795e\u5b78\u5927\u5168 <\/em><\/a> <em>Summa Theologica&nbsp;<\/em>\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7dca\u63a5\u8457 \u201cTreatise on the Last End\u201d \u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u4eba\u6027\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u7406\u6027\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u672c\u6027\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u6fc0\u60c5\u3001\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u6df1\u523b\u3001\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u559c\u6b61\u5403\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4e00\u6a23\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u5728 Aquinas \u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0cHauerwas \u627e\u5230\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a Kwame Anthony Appiah \u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u958b\u7aef\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u73fe\u5c0d\u6027\u683c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u61f7\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7531 Brian Patrick Green \u64b0\u5beb\uff0c\u5c07 Aquinas \u7684\u7fd2\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7f6e\u65bc\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3002Green \u5f37\u8abf\u7fd2\u6163\u8207 Aquinas \u7684\u4eba\u985e\u76ee\u7684\u8ad6\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u806f\u3002\u5f37\u8abf Aquinas \u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5373\u884c\u52d5\u9075\u5faa\u5b58\u5728\uff08agere sequitur esse\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u6eff\u8db3\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46 Aquinas \u4e5f\u5efa\u8b70\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u56de\u994b\u5faa\u74b0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5be6\u65bd\u624d\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u6027\u300d\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u5c31\u50cf Hauerwas \u4e00\u6a23\uff0cGreen \u4e26\u4e0d\u5c07 Aquinas \u8996\u70ba\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4eba\u7269; \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07 Aquinas \u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u7576\u4ee3\u5c0d\u4eba\u6027\u76ee\u7684\u8ad6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u548c\u53cd\u5c0d\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f Deborah Kelemen \u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u9a57\u6697\u793a\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u8207\u751f\u4ff1\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u6df7\u96dc\u76ee\u7684\u8ad6 promiscuous teleology\u300d\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f9e\u7ae5\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u767c\u660e\u76ee\u7684\u8ad6\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dennis Bielfeldt \u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u548c Luther \u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u5f88\u5c11\u5728\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u660e\u986f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6279\u8a55\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5c0d Aristote \u539f\u5247\u7684\u63a1\u7528\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c07 Ockham \u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u8996\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u9577\u9054\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8870\u843d\u7684\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4f46 Bielfeldt \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u8072\u7a31\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u78ba\u5207\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6069\u5178\u8ce6\u4e88\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5c0d\u884c\u70ba\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u5916\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Bielfeldt \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e0d\u5728\u982d\u8166\u4e2d\u201d\u3002Bielfeldt \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e0d\u50c5\u7b26\u5408\u53e4\u6587\u7269\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u8207&nbsp;Hilary Putnam&nbsp;\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u8a9e\u7fa9\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u201c\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u982d\u8166\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u3002Bielfeldt \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8a9e\u610f\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u860a\u542b\u8457\u9053\u5fb7\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u8207\u76f4\u89ba\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cBielfeldt \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5169\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4f46\u9053\u5fb7\u72c0\u614b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u53e4\u4ee3\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6240\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7a81\u986f\u4e86\u601d\u8003\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u662f George Tsakiridis\uff0c\u4ed6\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7fd2\u6163\u5728\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6 Evagrius Ponticus \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5728\u6c99\u6f20\u6559\u7236\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728 Evagrius \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u597d\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u58de\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u96d9\u91cd\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cEvagrius \u64d4\u5fc3\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u6212\u5f8b\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u65b7\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u6df7\u4e82\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/firstthoughtsofgod.com\/2017\/10\/20\/evagrius-ponticus-the-eight-evil-thoughts-logismoi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u516b\u60e1<\/a>\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u6b50\u6d32<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/seven-deadly-sins-origins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u4e03\u5b97\u7f6a<\/a>\u7684\u57fa\u790e \uff0c\u662f Evagrius \u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0cTsakiridis \u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u6027\uff0c\u5f9e Evagrius \u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u9069\u61c9\u4e0d\u826f\u548c\u7834\u58de\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u64da Evagrius \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9577\u671f\u91cd\u8907\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u4e00\u5957\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u4f86\u6cbb\u6108\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7fd2\u6163\u6d89\u53ca\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u7948\u79b1\u548c\u7d00\u5f8b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u5728\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u793e\u5340\u4e2d\u9032\u884c\u6642\uff0c\u6cbb\u7642\u4e00\u7a2e\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002Tsakiridis \u5f15\u7528\u7576\u4ee3\u6cd5\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Pierre Hadot&nbsp;\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4f86\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u8207\u672c\u7bc0\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6700\u597d\u8a18\u4f4f\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u9805\u4efb\u52d9\u3002\u767c\u5c55\u4e00\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u5206\u6790\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u5171\u540c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u820a\u7684\u6771\u897f\u73fe\u5728\u53c8\u8b8a\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u50c5\u5f88\u5c11\u63d0\u53ca Aristotle \u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u95e1\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9019\u7a2e\u53c3\u8207\u5728\u6574\u500b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u975e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u5c0d\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u502b\u7406\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4f46\u4e0d\u50c5\u9650\u65bc Aristotle\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u66fe\u7d93\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7576\u4ee3\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5360\u4e3b\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u9069\u5ea6\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u6d41\u6d3e\u690d\u6839\u65bc\u5c0d\u820a\u5f62\u5f0f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u820a\u5f62\u5f0f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u555f\u8499\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002Ren\u00e9 Descartes \u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c Immanuel Kant \u7684\u53cd\u601d\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u9802\u5cf0\u3002Sigmund Freud \u5c0d\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u5c24\u5176\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u6a02\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u662f\u6211\u5011\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9a45\u52d5\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Freud \u7684\u540d\u8a00\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7d66\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e8b\u5f8c\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5316 \uff0c\u63a9\u84cb\u4e86\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u3001\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u548c\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u5c07\u6211\u5011\u63a8\u5411\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u4ee5 John B. Watson \u548c B.F. Skinner \u70ba\u9996\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6e34\u671b\u767c\u5c55\u4e00\u9580\u8207\u5167\u5fc3\u72c0\u614b\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u79d1\u5b78 \uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u5167\u90e8\u72c0\u614b\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u9ed1\u5323\u5b50\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u91cb\u4efb\u4f55\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u5c11\u6d89\u53ca\u5fb7\u6027\u50be\u5411\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u5f88\u53cb\u5584\u5730\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u5c31\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7fd2\u6163\u53ea\u662f\u5f37\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u689d\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u7c60\u5b50\u88e1\u7684\u8001\u9f20\u6309\u4e0b\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u6309\u9215\u4f86\u7372\u53d6\u98df\u7269\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u75c5\u614b\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u90a3\u4e9b\u8207\u5f37\u8feb\u75c7\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u3001\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c0d Freud \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u7ae5\u5e74\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5916\u662f Jean Piaget \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002Piaget \u5c0d\u8a8d\u77e5\u767c\u5c55\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u6700\u7d42\u900f\u904e Lawrence Kohlber\u3001Carol Gilligan \u548c Elliot Turiel \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u7d2e\u6839\u3002Kohlber \u4fee\u6539\u548c\u6539\u7de8\u4e86 Piaget \u65e9\u671f\u7684\u958b\u5275\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u5c0d\u968e\u6bb5\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5f9e\u7ae5\u5e74\u5230\u6210\u5e74\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\u3002\u6839\u64da Kohlber \u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u96a8\u8457\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6210\u719f\u800c\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u7fd2\u6163\u3001\u7fd2\u6027\u6216\u60c5\u7dd2\u5728 Kohlber \u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u63ee\u7a4d\u6975\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8a72\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u96d6\u7136 Kohlber \u5f9e Piaget \u90a3\u88e1\u6c72\u53d6\u4e86\u767c\u5c55\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8ff0\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u5c0d Kant \u7684\u6975\u5927\u501f\u9452\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0cKohlberg \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8a8d\u77e5\u6a21\u578b\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u5176\u4e3b\u5f35\u5b58\u5728\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u4e5f\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u7bc4\u570d\u3002\u5f9e\u90a3\u6642\u8d77\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u96d9\u91cd\u904e\u7a0b dual process\u300d\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u4e2d\u4f54\u64da\u4e3b\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u96d9\u904e\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u6975\u7aef Freud \u5c07\u884c\u70ba\u50c5\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u9a45\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u6975\u7aefKant \u4e3b\u7fa9\u90a3\u6a23\u50c5\u5c07\u884c\u70ba\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u610f\u8b58\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8a2d\u60f3\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u96d9\u91cd\u904e\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u6703\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8996\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u548c\u610f\u8b58\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u4f5c\u70ba\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e00\u9818\u57df\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u8ad6\u5f37\u70c8\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u7a2e\u50cf Freud \u4e00\u6a23\u91cd\u8996\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64 \uff0cJonathan Haidt&nbsp;\u7528\u5927\u8c61\u548c\u9a0e\u624b\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u8c61\uff08\u76f4\u89ba\u548c\u60c5\u611f\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u9078\u64c7\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u9a0e\u624b\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u62c9\u529b\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6a21\u578b\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u70ba\u7fd2\u6163\u6216\u7fd2\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u9a45\u52d5\u56e0\u7d20\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u8207\u751f\u4ff1\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ea\u80fd\u9069\u5ea6\u5730\u9032\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206 \u201cPsychology, Habit, and Development of Character\u201d&nbsp; \u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u7576\u524d\u548c\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5920\u4e26\u4e14\u78ba\u5be6\u652f\u6301\u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u7fd2\u6163\u3002 Todd Junkins \u548c Darcia Narvaez \u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc\u767c\u5c55\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7fd2\u6163\u8207\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u9069\u7576\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u9700\u8981\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u6574\u5408\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff1a\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u793e\u6703\u672c\u6027\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u50c5\u80fd\u5920\u611f\u77e5\u73fe\u6709\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53bb\u60f3\u50cf\u5c1a\u672a\u69cb\u60f3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002Junkins \u548c Narvaez \u5229\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u58d3\u529b\u548c\u7167\u9867\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b89\u5168\u502b\u7406\u904e\u5ea6\u6d3b\u8e8d\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u6703\u7d10\u5e36\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u5247\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u53c3\u8207\u548c\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u502b\u7406\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u6697\u793a\u8457\u8b93\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u820a\u5f0f\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u88ab\u52d5\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f46 Junkins \u548c Narvaez \u8a8d\u70ba \uff0c\u5c07\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u6b63\u5ff5\u7df4\u7fd2\u3001\u7a4d\u6975\u73a9\u800d\u6216\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u767c\u5c55\u3002Junkins \u548c Narvaez \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u500b\u9ad4\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u6027\u683c\uff08 \u7f8e\u5fb7 \uff09\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u8868\u73fe\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Junkins \u548c Narvaez \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u7c60\u7d71\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u800c Michal&nbsp;Spezio \u5247\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u6a21\u4eff\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528 \u3001\u6a21\u4eff\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u55ae\u7d14\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3002Spezio \u64d4\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u524d\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec Stanley Hauerwas \u5728\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c07\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u6df7\u70ba\u4e00\u8ac7\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u548c\u502b\u7406\u52aa\u529b\u662f\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u3002Spezio \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u5ee3\u6cdb\u4f46\u904e\u6642\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u5fc3\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u6b78\u529f\u65bc\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5f37\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u6846\u67b6\u3002Spezio \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6982\u5ff5\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u9069\u5408\u5728\u4e92\u52d5\u5f0f\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KDFzObtE6cs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Markov \u6c7a\u7b56\u904e\u7a0b\uff08pomdp\uff09<\/a>\u65b9\u9762\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u6c7a\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u66f4\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6a21\u578b\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u80fd\u5920\u4ee5 Aristotle \u6240\u8a2d\u60f3\u7684\u7fd2\u6027\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7d50\u5408\u4e3b\u9ad4\u66f4\u65b0\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\uff0cSpezio \u91cd\u9ede\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86 <a href=\"https:\/\/homeboyindustries.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Homeboy Industries<\/a>\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u70ba\u6d1b\u6749\u78ef\u524d\u5e6b\u6d3e\u6210\u54e1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5916\u5c55\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u7bc0\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u7531 Kevin Reimer \u548c Lynn Reimer \u64b0\u5beb\uff0c\u5c07\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u91cd\u9ede\u95dc\u6ce8\u554f\u984c\u793e\u5340\u4e2d\u7684\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u767c\u5c55\u554f\u984c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc3\u9032\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u529f\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002Kevin \u548c Lynn \u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6027\u683c \u2014\u2014 \u5805\u6301 \u2014\u2014 \u53ca\u5176\u8207\u5b78\u696d\u6210\u529f\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u6703\u589e\u5f37\u9019\u7a2e\u5805\u6301\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u6703\u9f13\u52f5\u5728\u5f37\u5316\u5faa\u74b0\u4e2d\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5805\u6301\u3002Kevin \u548c Lynn \u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u6280\u8853\u548c\u6578\u5b78\u57f9\u990a\u5354\u6703\uff08\u8010\u529b\uff09\u8a08\u756b\u3002\u8a72\u8a08\u756b\u63a1\u7528\u8de8\u540c\u5115\u8f14\u5c0e\uff0c\u5373\u5e74\u9f61\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u8f14\u5c0e\u8f03\u4f4e\u5e74\u7d1a\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u3002\u8a72\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u9ede\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u5b78\u751f\u548c\u5c0e\u5e2b\u7684\u4e92\u60e0\u4e92\u5229\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5c0e\u5e2b\u662f\u5f9e\u8f03\u9ad8\u5e74\u7d1a\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u5eab\u4e2d\u9078\u62d4\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u90fd\u662f\u512a\u79c0\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8207\u5e74\u8f15\u5b78\u751f\u4e00\u5c0d\u4e00\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u7d93\u9a57\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c0e\u5e2b\u63a5\u53d7\u904e\u57f9\u8a13\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u8072\u5206\u4eab\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u70ba\u5b78\u751f\u5efa\u7acb\u826f\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5c08\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u5f37\u8abf\u7bc4\u4f8b\u548c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f37\u8abf\u4e3b\u52d5\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6b7b\u8a18\u786c\u80cc\uff0c\u5373\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u4e09\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u767c\u63ee\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u6846\u67b6\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u90fd\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5c07\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5177\u9ad4\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u8207\u73fe\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76 \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u7684\u8a73\u7d30\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u53c3\u8207\u5ea6\u76f8\u7576\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u9069\u7576\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u9700\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u81f3\u4eca\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u4e00\u4f4d\u6b77\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\uff1aWilliam James\u3002James \u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86 19 \u4e16\u7d00\u548c 20 \u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u5c07\u66f4\u53e4\u8001\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u8207\u7576\u6642\u79d1\u5b78\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u767c\u5c55\u878d\u70ba\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u70ba\u65b0\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8ca2\u737b\u3002James \u5728\u9019\u88cf\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u6709\u5169\u500b\u539f\u56e0 \u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u8981\u9ad4\u73fe\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5169\u5377\u672c \u201cPrinciples of Psychology\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c\u9810\u898b\u4e86\u5f8c\u4f86\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u9eef\u7136\u5931\u8272\u4e86\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0cJames \u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd1\u4f3c\u65bc Aristotle \u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u8ca2\u737b\u5fa9\u8208\u4e86\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684 James \u5f0f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5b83\u9023\u7d50\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\uff1f \u7fd2\u6027\u8207\u6027\u683c\u6279\u8a55<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5118\u7ba1\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u71b1\u60c5\u4e26\u4e0d\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5021\u5c0e\u8005\u548c\u6163\u7fd2\u7279\u5225\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u9019\u88e1\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u6e90\u65bc\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u4e26\u4e0d\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5373\u4f7f\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u53d7\u5230\u7576\u524d\u8655\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u9577\u671f\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6216\u6027\u683c\u7279\u5fb5 \u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u60c5\u5883\u4e3b\u7fa9 situationist\u300d\u6279\u8a55\u9996\u5148\u7531 John Doris \u548c Gilbert Harman \u5728\u7368\u7acb\u671f\u520a\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u5f8c\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDoris \u5f37\u8abf\u4e86 Paula F. Levin \u548c Alice M. Isen \u7684\u4e00\u9805\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76 ( \u201c<em>Effect of Feeling Good on Helping: Cookies and Kindness. 1972<\/em>\u201d ) \uff0c\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u884c\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u8af8\u5982\u662f\u5426\u525b\u525b\u5728\u96fb\u8a71\u4ead\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e00\u679a\u786c\u5e63\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u7463\u788e\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d7\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u7463\u788e\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e5f\u8a31\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u683c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u689d\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5247\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u6709\u6027\u683c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u9078\u64c7\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5462\uff1f \u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u6027\u683c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a \uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u8996\u70ba\u6a21\u7bc4\u6216\u82f1\u96c4\u7684\u4eba\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u7684\u3002\u525d\u596a\u81ea\u7531\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u4e0d\u9ebb\u7169 \uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5021\u5c0e\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u70ba\u56b4\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0c&nbsp;\u201cThe Limits of Habit? Situationism, Indvidiualism, and Freedom\u201d \u5c0d\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u6279\u8a55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u56de\u61c9\u3002Gregory R. Peterson \u5c0d\u60c5\u5883\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6587\u737b\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a73\u7d30\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u60c5\u5883\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u6587\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5169\u500b\u5be6\u9a57\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/2152\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stanley Milgram<\/a> \u5728 1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\u9032\u884c\u7684\u201c\u670d\u5f9e\u6b0a\u5a01\u5be6\u9a57\u201d\u548c  1973 \u5e74 <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.babson.edu\/krollag\/org_site\/soc_psych\/darley_samarit.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Darley \u548c Daniel Batson<\/a> \u7684 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academy4sc.org\/video\/the-good-samaritan-experiment-why-do-people-help-each-other\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u597d\u6492\u746a\u5229\u4e9e\u4eba<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RD5WAno81Eo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Good Samaritan<\/a>\u201d \u5be6\u9a57\u3002Peterson \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8b49\u660e\u60c5\u5883\u6548\u61c9\u9054\u5230\u666e\u904d\u8072\u7a31\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u5011\u5728 Milgram \u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u96d6\u7136 Milgram \u5be6\u9a57\u78ba\u5be6\u70ba\u60c5\u5883\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6548\u61c9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46 Peterson \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cDarley \u548c Batson \u5be6\u9a57\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u60c5\u5883\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u908a\u7de3\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u986f\u3002Peterson \u6700\u5f8c\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u5178\u7bc4\u548c\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u9818\u57df\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u70ba\u5f37\u70c8\u60c5\u5883\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u683c\u7279\u5fb5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8b49\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96a8\u5f8c\u5169\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002Adam Martin \u4e3b\u8981\u5f9e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u63a2\u8a0e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5305\u62ec <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/observations\/how-a-flawed-experiment-proved-that-free-will-doesnt-exist\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Benjamin Libet<\/a> \u9032\u884c\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OjCt-L0Ph5o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8457\u540d\u5be6\u9a57<\/a>\u3002Martin \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u52d5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c1a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u8003\u616e \uff0c\u4ed6\u5f37\u8abf\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6211\u5011\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5730\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u505a\u51fa\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002 Martin \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u8207\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5de5\u4f5c\u7a7a\u9593\u7406\u8ad6\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u6642\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u5176\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u689d\u9014\u5f91\u3002Martin \u6700\u5f8c\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8207\u6b63\u5ff5\u51a5\u60f3\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u70ba\u601d\u8003\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3001\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u6027\u683c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adam Martin \u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u800c Kevin Timpe \u5247\u7814\u7a76\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u6027\u683c\u554f\u984c\u3002Timpe \u900f\u904e\u767c\u5c55\u5c0d\u6027\u683c\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u9650\u5236 reasons-constraint on free choice\u300d\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u6027\u683c\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u554f\u984c\u3002Timpe \u8207 Peter Van Inwagen \u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u7d20\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6839\u64da\u7406\u7531\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u53cd\u5c0d\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u505a\u3002\u5728 Timpe \u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9078\u64c7\u505a\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5f9e\u672a\u60f3\u904e\u8981\u505a\u90a3\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e26\u4e0d\u59a8\u7919\u6211\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6027\u683c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u9019\u7a2e\u5851\u9020\u69cb\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u7be9\u9078\u51fa\u505a\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8a72\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5728 Timpe \u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u7fd2\u6163\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u7d2f\u7a4d\uff1a\u5b9a\u671f\u907f\u514d\u505a\u932f\u4e8b\u6070\u6070\u662f\u990a\u6210\u907f\u514d\u9019\u7a2e\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7fd2\u6163\u4e26\u4e0d\u9055\u53cd\u7406\u6027\u6216\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5148\u524d\u9032\u884c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u54c1\u683c\u53ef\u4ee5\u800c\u4e14\u78ba\u5be6\u9f4a\u982d\u4e26\u9032\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7fd2\u6163\u8207\u7fd2\u6027\uff1a\u795e\u5b78\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u8207\u61c9\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u6574\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u795e\u5b78\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u548c\u5be6\u969b\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u554f\u984c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u200b\u200b\u5b9a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e3d\u662f\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 \u201cFrom Habit to Virtue: Integrating Science, Philosophy, and Religion\u201d\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u51f8\u986f\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u7531 Charlene Burns \u64b0\u5beb\uff0c\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u795e\u5b78\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u3002\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u56de\u5230 Aquinas \u95dc\u65bc\u7372\u5f97\u548c\u6ce8\u5165\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0cBurns \u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u601d\u8003\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff1a\u535a\u611b\u65b9\u9762\u767c\u63ee\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5982\u540c\u6240\u6709\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u975e\u751f\u4f86\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u6210\u719f\u7684\u660e\u611b\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u5fc5\u9b1a\u9aee\u5c55\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002Burns \u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u6700\u8fd1\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u6211\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u63ee\u548c\u78e8\u640d\u7684\u808c\u8089\uff0c\u4e26\u4e3b\u5f35\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u672c\u8eab\u9700\u6c42\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002Burns \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u95dc\u65bc\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u8a13\u7df4\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u51a5\u60f3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u767c\u5c55\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u611b\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e14\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u652f\u6301\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u7a2e\u8271\u82e6\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8207&nbsp;Aquinas \u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u611b\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6ce8\u5165\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4f46 Burns \u501f\u9452\u4e86 Gregory Palamas \u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5982\u4f55\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Charlene Burns \u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u611b\uff0c\u800c Craig Boyd \u5c07\u8b19\u905c\u5206\u6790\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u667a\u529b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002 Boyd \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u8207\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8208\u8da3\u4e26\u5b58\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u5b78\u5bb6\u7d93\u5e38\u85c9\u93e1\u7f8e\u5fb7\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4f46\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u537b\u5f88\u5c11\u898b\u3002Boyd \u4e3b\u5f35\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u616e\u9019\u7a2e\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u900f\u904e\u7814\u7a76\u8b19\u905c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4f86\u505a\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Aristotle \u672c\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u667a\u529b\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u4f46 Boyd \u5f9e Aquinas \u7684\u300c\u6b63\u78ba\u7406\u6027 right reason\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u548cAlasdair MacIntyre \u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u9748\u611f\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u9069\u7576\u7684\u667a\u529b\u8b19\u905c\u611f\u3002Boyd \u96a8\u5f8c\u4ee5 Galileo \u70ba\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u96d6\u7136 Galileo \u5728\u65e5\u5fc3\u8aaa\u65b9\u9762\u986f\u7136\u662f\u624d\u83ef\u6a6b\u6ea2\u4e14\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u9a55\u50b2\u548c\u9ebb\u6728\u4e0d\u4ec1\uff08 \u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684 \u201c<em>Dialogues Concerning Two World Systems<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c\u5c07\u4ed6\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u5f8c\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u6559\u7687\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u540d\u53eb \u201cSimplicio\u201d \u7684\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u5634\u88cf \uff09\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86 Galileo \u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u9ebb\u7169\u3002\u8af7\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Boyd \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u96d6\u7136 Galileo \u8207\u4ed6\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u662f\u9032\u6b65\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0cBoyd \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u4ed6\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6f6e\u6c50\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u63a5\u53d7 Johannes Kepler \u7684\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joseph Bankard \u4e5f\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u611f\u6069\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002Bankard \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u65e2\u662f\u795e\u5b78\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5f9e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u885b\u65af\u7406\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u611f\u6069\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u50c5\u627f\u8a8d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u767d\u767d\u5275\u9020\u7684\u79ae\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u627f\u8a8d\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6069\u5178\u7684\u79ae\u7269\u3002Bankard \u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u611f\u6069\u611f\u5305\u62ec\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8207\u751f\u4ff1\u4f86\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u57f9\u990a\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002Bankard \u5f15\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5c55\u793a\u611f\u6069\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u611f\u6069\u8207\u52a9\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u548c\u8eab\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\u6307\u6a19\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u4e26\u8868\u660e\u611f\u6069\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u5beb\u611f\u6069\u65e5\u8a18\u548c\u5beb\u611f\u8b1d\u4fe1\u7b49\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4f86\u57f9\u990a\u3002Bankard \u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u6027\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u9019\u8207 Aristotle \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5fb7\u884c\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5fb7\u6027\u6027\u683c\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mark Graves \u900f\u904e\u5c07\u7fd2\u6163\u8996\u70ba\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u539f\u5247\u4f86\u7e3d\u7d50\u9019\u672c\u96c6\u5b50\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u7f8e\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u8a95\u751f\u65bc\u5e0c\u81d8\u5be6\u9ad4\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u904e\u7a0b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\u751f\u6210\u800c\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u3002Graves \u501f\u9452 Jonathan Edwards \u548c C.S. Peirce \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u5f9e\u8da8\u52e2\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u4ed6\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u59cb\u81f3\u7d42\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3002Graves \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u985e\u3002\u4ee5\u8b8a\u5316\u548c\u7a81\u89f8\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u70ba\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u5927\u8166\u672c\u8eab\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u7fd2\u6163\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u793e\u5340\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u8da8\u52e2\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u70ba\u7279\u5fb5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7d50\u8ad6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6a19\u984c \u201c<em>Habits in Mind<\/em>\u201d \u50b3\u9054\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u96d9\u91cd\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u88ab\u5ffd\u8996\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u95dc\u6ce8\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\u540c\u6a23\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u6709\u8457\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u73fe\u5728\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u4e5f\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027 \u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7279\u5fb5\u662f\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u501f\u9452\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u5728\u85c9\u93e1\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u73fe\u5728\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8de8\u9818\u57df\u767c\u8a00\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u5c31\u662f\u8a72\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u88cf\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u5411\u524d\u9081\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u9084\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u6771\u897f\u9700\u8981\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Hauerwas\u3001Green \u548c Tsakiridis \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5b78\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ecd\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u63a5\u89f8\u5176\u4ed6\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u3002Martin \u548c Burns \u7279\u5225\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u51a5\u60f3\u5be6\u8e10\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u63a2\u7d22\u9014\u5f91\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c0d\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u9700\u8981\u9032\u884c\u7d2e\u5be6\u7684\u7e31\u5411\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u76f4\u63a5\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u5f62\u6210\u7fd2\u6163\u4f5c\u70ba\u6982\u5ff5\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u5c24\u5176\u662f Junkins \u548c Narvaez \u4ee5\u53ca Spezio \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5236\u5b9a\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u5c0d\u7fd2\u6027\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u53cd\u601d\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u601d\u5fc5\u9808\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6279\u8a55\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Bielfeldt\u3001Peterson \u548c Timpe \u6240\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002Kevin \u548c Lynn \u6b63\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u5be6\u65bd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46 Boyd \u548c Bankard \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u601d\u8003\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u548c\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u95dc\u65bc\u6027\u683c\u3001\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u7fd2\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u5982 Graves \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7e3d\u662f\u8655\u65bc\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u793e\u5340\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u5be6\u65bd\u4e0d\u50c5\u9700\u8981\u6aa2\u67e5\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u9700\u8981\u6aa2\u67e5\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u793e\u5340\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u807d\u8d77\u4f86\u592a\u50b2\u6162\u3002 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7fd2\u6163\u8a9e\u8a00\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5b78\u8005\u4e2d\u53ea\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u7fd2\u6163 mere habits\u300d\u548c \u300c\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7fd2\u6027 sophisticated habitus\u300d\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4ee5 Stanley Hauerwas \u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u7531 Gregory R. Peterson \u3001James A. Van Slyke \u3001Michael L. Spezio \u548c Kevin S. Reimer \u7de8\u8f2f\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u7fd2\u6163\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6027\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u614b\u5ea6\u5c0d\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u5c0d\u54c1\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002 \u5c0d\u6027\u683c\u5851\u9020\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u7531\u4f86\u5df2\u4e45\u3002\u65e9\u5728 1900 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5148\u9a45\u4e4b\u4e00 Edwin Diller Starbuck\uff081866-1947) \u5c31\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u4ee5\u95b1\u8b80\u6587\u5b78\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u5851\u9020\u8a08\u756b\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u57f9\u990a\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u54c1\u683c\u53ca\u5176\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u65b0\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 Alistair MacIntyre \u7684 &#8220;After Virtue\uff0c1981&#8221; \u4ee5\u53ca Pierre Hadot\u3001Pierre Bourdieu &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/10\/23\/habits-in-mind-integrating-theology-philosophy-and-the-cognitive-science-of-virtue-emotion-and-character-formation\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2n0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9114"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9115,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9114\/revisions\/9115"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9114"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}