{"id":9136,"date":"2023-11-23T05:28:54","date_gmt":"2023-11-23T05:28:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9136"},"modified":"2023-11-23T05:29:01","modified_gmt":"2023-11-23T05:29:01","slug":"the-psychology-of-war-and-peace-the-image-of-the-enemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2023\/11\/23\/the-psychology-of-war-and-peace-the-image-of-the-enemy\/","title":{"rendered":"The Psychology of War and Peace: The Image of the Enemy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

J. Robert Oppenheimer \u88ab\u55bb\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u666e\u7f85\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\uff08 Martin J. Sherwin& Kai Bird, \u201cAmerican Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer<\/a>\uff0c2007<\/em>\u201d \uff09\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u4ed6\u7684\u96fb\u5f71\u4e5f\u4e0a\u6f14\u4e86\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u500b\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0d\u671f\u7136\u6703\u60f3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b30\u5152\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u6575\u4eba\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5c31\u50cf\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u5b58\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5c0d\u5a01\u8105\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u548c\u5c0d\u6297\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u885d\u7a81\u548c\u6096\u8ad6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u51fa\uff08\u6b63\u5982 Robert W. Rieber \u548c Robert f. Kelly \u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 ‘Substance and Shadow: Images of the Enemy’<\/em> \u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff09\u6575\u4eba “\u4f54\u9818 possesses” \u4e86\u6211\u5011 \u2500\u2500 \u5f9e\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4ed6\u6f5b\u5728\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u8457\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8d8a\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u6575\u4eba\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u5c31\u8d8a\u5177\u6709\u5a01\u8105\u6027\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u611b\u6240\u4f54\u64da\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u88ab\u67d0\u7a2e\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9858\u666f\u6240\u4f54\u64da \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u540c\u6a23\u6a21\u7a1c\u5169\u53ef\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c\u7576\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u6642\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u548c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u4eba\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4e86\uff08 Weart, S. R. (1988). \u201cNuclear fear: A history of images<\/a><\/em>\u201d \uff09\u3002 \u65e9\u5728 1910 \u5e74\uff0cH.G. Wells \u5beb\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u63cf\u5beb\u539f\u5b50\u6230\u722d\u7684\u5c0f\u8aaa\u3002Leo Szilard \u5f8c\u4f86\u8b80\u4e86 H.G. Wells \u7684 \u201cThe World Set Free<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u9019\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5c0d 20 \u4e16\u7d00 30 \u5e74\u4ee3\u6838\u5b50\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u97ff\uff08 \u201c Oh pure and radiant heart<\/a>\uff0c2005<\/em>\u201d \uff09\u3002H.G. Wells \u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53d6\u9019\u500b\u6a02\u89c0\u7684\u6a19\u984c\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u7684\u6230\u722d\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u7576\u6230\u722d\u505c\u6b62\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6703\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u611f\uff0c\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5049\u5927\u7684\u5275\u4f5c\u7e41\u69ae\u6642\u671f\u3002\u5728\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u7576\u6230\u722d\u7d50\u675f\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u6b21\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u5c07\u6575\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u5c07\u4ed6\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8996\u70ba\u5b30\u5152\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5275\u9020\u6838\u6b66\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7336\u8c6b\u4e0d\u6c7a\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff1a\u9810\u8a00\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6 Leo Szilard \u9996\u5148\u8a66\u5716\u52d5\u54e1\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u53cd\u5c0d\u70ba\u6838\u6b66\u505a\u51fa\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u7576\u7d0d\u7cb9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7372\u52dd\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e36\u982d\u547c\u7c72\uff1a\u88fd\u9020\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff1fAlbert Einstein\uff0c\u7d42\u751f\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u8ddf\u96a8 Leo Szilard \u7684\u8173\u6b65\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u8aaa\u670d Franklin D. Roosevelt \u7e3d\u7d71\u555f\u52d5\u66fc\u54c8\u9813\u8a08\u756b  Manhattan Project\uff1bJ. Robert Oppenheimer \u662f\u8a72\u9805\u76ee\u7684\u8ca0\u8cac\u4eba\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u5728 Los Alamos \u770b\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u6735\u8611\u83c7\u96f2\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u7f6a\u60e1\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5728\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b Hans Bethe<\/a> \u7684\u50b3\u8a18\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u63d2\u66f2\uff0c\u5b83\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u982d\u8166\u4e2d\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u8868\u9054 \uff08 \u201cThe Road from Los Alamos:\u00a0Collected Essays of Collected Essays of Hans A. Bethe\uff0c1991<\/a><\/em>\u201d \uff09\u3002 \u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0cBethe \u4e00\u76f4\u53cd\u5c0d\u5efa\u9020\u6c2b\u5f48\uff0c\u4e5f\u62b5\u5236 Edward Teller \u62db\u52df\u4ed6\u53c3\u8207\u8a72\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5929\uff0cTeller \u544a\u8a34\u4ed6\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u767c\u73fe\u3002 Bethe \u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u2026\u6709\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u78ba\u4fe1\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65e2\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u64d4\u5fc3\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u800c\u4e14\u6703\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u300d\u3002 \u516c\u5f0f\uff1a\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u505a\u751a\u9ebc\uff0c\u8acb\u7167\u93e1\u5b50\u3002 \u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u5f8c\uff0cBethe \u60b2\u50b7\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u88fd\u9020\u6c2b\u5f48\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u4eba\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hans Bethe \u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u984c\u70ba “Chop Down the Nuclear Arsensals<\/em><\/a>” \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8aac\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u7279\u5fb5\u767c\u751f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u6539\u8b8a \u2500\u2500 \u6216\u8005\u7528 Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker \u6700\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u66f8\u7684\u66f8\u540d\u4f86\u8aaa \u2500\u2500 Bewu\u00dftseinswandel<\/a><\/em> <\/a>\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6539\u8b8a \u2500\u2500 \u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\u5f9e\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5e1d\u570b\u5411\u806f\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u6b63\u5728\u8607\u806f\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u5e78\u904b\u7684\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u751f\u6230\u722d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u897f\u65b9\u5fc5\u9808\u7d93\u6b77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 ‘\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6539\u8b8a’\uff0c\u4e26\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u8607\u806f\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7d93\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u300d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u806f\u5408\u4f01\u696d\u4e2d\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e26\u7a69\u5b9a\u9019\u7a2e\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u8f49\u8b8a \u2500\u2500 \u74b0\u5883\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u548c\u81ed\u6c27\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52d9 \u2500\u2500 \u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u885d\u7a81\u4e2d\u4e0d\u904e\u5ea6\u6b66\u88dd\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u5354\u8b70\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u300c\u907f\u514d\u6230\u722d\u548c\u751f\u614b\u707d\u96e3\u300d\u78ba\u5be6\u6bd4\u8607\u806f\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u8655\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eba\u5011\u7121\u9700\u5b8c\u5168\u8a8d\u540c Hans Bethe \u7684\u8b8a\u5e7b\u83ab\u6e2c\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u611f\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u4e2d\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6307\u63ee\u6b64\u985e\u6b66\u5668\u958b\u767c\u76f8\u7576\u6070\u7576\u5730\u7522\u751f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u800c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u61f7\u7591\u3002\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6575\u4eba\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u6aa2\u8996\u4e00\u4e0b\u6211\u5011\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u3002 \u9019\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u662f\u6c89\u6eba\u65bc\u5c0d\u6575\u4eba\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u4e2d\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5176\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6575\u570b\u3001\u6230\u722d\u8ca9\u5b50\u3001\u6230\u722d\u672c\u8eab\u6216\u884c\u661f\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3002\u6050\u61fc\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6e1b\u5f31\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7d72\u7f9e\u6065\u611f\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6838\u6050\u61fc\u662f\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u60c5\u6cc1\u662f\u5426\u4ee4\u4eba\u6050\u61fc\uff1f\u6575\u4eba\u771f\u7684\u64c1\u6709\u6bba\u50b7\u529b\u8d85\u7fa4\u7684\u6838\u6b66\u55ce\uff1f\u6838\u51ac\u5929\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u74b0\u5883\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u78ba\u5be6\u5c07\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u5167\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6210\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u68f2\u606f\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u600e\u6a23\u624d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u8207\u5b83\u5011\u4f5c\u9b25\u722d\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5011\u5efa\u69cb\u4e86\u6575\u4eba\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e26\u53c3\u8207\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u627e\u5230\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u6539\u8b8a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u4e26\u6539\u8b8a\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u8026\u5408\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u5728\u9019\u9805\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u6279\u8a55\u6492\u65e6\u4e3b\u7fa9 Satanism<\/a> \u53ca\u5176\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u300c\u8056\u6f54 Sanctimony\u300d\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u6bcf\u7576\u6211\u5011\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u8b8a\u5f97\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u662f\u6642\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4f4e\u8072\u5600\u5495 \u201c\u5662 \uff01\uff0c\u5ee3\u5cf6\uff0c\u9577\u5d0e\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u9069\u7576\u7684\u61fa\u6094\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u570b\u5bb6\u5171\u8b00\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u7df4\u7fd2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6c89\u8ff7\u65bc\u88fd\u9020\u7f6a\u60e1\u611f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63d0\u9192\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u63a1\u7528\u4eba\u985e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002 \u6c92\u6709 \u201c\u6211\u5011\u201d \u548c \u201c\u4ed6\u5011\u201d\uff0c\u7957\u6709\u4e00\u65b9\u9762 \u2500\u2500 \u4eba\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5371\u96aa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u4ed4\u7d30\u8fa8\u8b58\u5371\u96aa\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6709\u91dd\u5c0d\u6027\u5730\u61c9\u5c0d\u3002\u5f9e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6575\u4eba\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u4eab\u6a02\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u81ea\u79c1\u548c\u88ab\u52d5\u6027\u3002\u5728\u56b4\u91cd\u5371\u6a5f\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u7dca\u5bc6\u76f8\u9023\u7684\u3002\u4e26\u975e\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u5049\u5927\u7684\u5922\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u985e\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u8db3\u5920\u5f37\u5927\u548c\u5ee3\u6cdb \uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6211\u5011\u5371\u6a5f\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u90a3\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u4e0d\u70ba\u6b64\u505a\u9ede\u751a\u9ebc\u5462 \uff1f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u611f\u5230\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\uff1f\u5c0d\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9677\u5165\u88ab\u52d5\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u5feb\u6a02\u6210\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8b8a\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u65e8\u5728\u7522\u751f\u6839\u672c\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u900f\u904e\u95dc\u6ce8\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u52d5\u6a5f\u4f86\u4fc3\u6210\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u95dc\u6ce8\u56e0\u5c0d\u6709\u9650\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8208\u8da3\u800c\u6709\u6240\u7de9\u548c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u70ba\u6fc0\u767c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u95dc\u6ce8\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u7a7a\u9593\u3002( \u53c3\u95b1 ‘Creativity and Human Survival’ <\/em>in \u201cCreative People at Work: Twelve Cognitive Case Studies<\/a><\/em>\uff0c1989\uff0cp 278 <\/em>\u00a0\u201d )\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5de5\u4f5c\u52d5\u6a5f\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u6709\u5169\u5927\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5ee3\u6cdb\u800c\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u9ad4\u73fe\u5728\u00a0Thorstein Veblen<\/a> \u7684\u300c\u5de5\u85dd\u672c\u80fd instinct of workmanship\u00a0\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d ( \u201cThe Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts<\/a><\/em>\uff0c2006<\/a>\u00a0\u201d )\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f8c\u4f86 Kurt Lewin \u5c0d\u4efb\u52d9\u5c0e\u5411\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6e90\u65bc\u5168\u795e\u8cab\u6ce8\u65bc\u4efb\u52d9\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5167\u5728\u52d5\u6a5f ( \u201cPrinciples Of Topological Psychology\u00a0\uff0c2008<\/a><\/em>\u201d )\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u81ea\u6211\u6216\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 \u2500\u2500 \u53cd\u6620\u5728 Bentham \u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c Freud \u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u6d3e\u751f\u7269\u4e2d\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u91d1\u9322\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u64f4\u5f35\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u79a6\uff1f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u4e26\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u505a\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u617e\u671b\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c07\u628a\u52d5\u6a5f\u7684\u9019\u5169\u500b\u9762\u5411\u7a31\u70ba\u4efb\u52d9\u5c0e\u5411\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5c0e\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u64da\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u8003\u616e\u56e0\u7d20 \u2500\u2500 \u9762\u5411\u4e16\u754c\uff1a\u627f\u64d4\u4e00\u4e9b\u4efb\u52d9\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u9700\u8981\u505a\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u4e0b\u5168\u795e\u8cab\u6ce8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f54\u64da\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u55ce\uff1f \u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u62cb\u958b\u8a8d\u53ef\u548c\u91d1\u9322\u734e\u52f5\u7684\u5949\u627f\uff0c\u53bb\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e16\u754c\u9700\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f15\u767c\u500b\u4eba\u885d\u7a81\u3002Charles Osgood \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u81ea\u50b3\uff08\u00a0G. Lindzey (Ed.), \u201cA history of psychology in autobiography<\/a><\/em>\uff0c<\/a>Vol. 7<\/a><\/em>\u201d, pp 335-393\uff0c1980 \uff09\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u65e9\u5728 1958 \u5e74\uff0c\u5728 Jerome Frank \u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u767c\u5c55\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 GRIT \u6982\u5ff5<\/a>\uff0c\u5373\u900f\u904e\u63a1\u53d6\u6709\u9650\u7684\u55ae\u65b9\u9762\u524a\u6e1b\u8ecd\u5099\u6b65\u9a5f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5c0d\u65b9\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5831\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u7de9\u89e3\u570b\u969b\u7dca\u5f35\u5c40\u52e2\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002Osgood \u7684\u601d\u8def\u5728\u53e4\u5df4\u98db\u5f48\u5371\u6a5f\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0cCharles Osgood \u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u6642\u5beb\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u6211\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u6838\u5b50\u6642\u4ee3\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u4f30\u8a08\u6a5f\u7387\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u2026\u6211\u5c0d\u5beb\u4f5c\u300a\u4eba\u985e 2000\u300b\u7684\u5f37\u70c8\u6e34\u671b\u61c9\u8a72\u6703\u589e\u5f37\u3002 \u4f46\u4e8b\u5be6\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\u3002 \u96a8\u8457\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u5b58\u524d\u666f\u7684\u9eef\u6de1\uff0c\u6211\u8d8a\u767c\u611f\u5230\u6709\u52d5\u529b \u2500\u2500 \u5c31\u50cf\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u6e96\u5099\u300c\u756b\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u5e45\u756b\u300d \u2500\u2500 \u5beb\u4e0b\u6211\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u8ca2\u737b\u300a\u8d70\u5411\u62bd\u8c61\u8868\u73fe\u8a9e\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u95b1\u8b80\u5b83\u3002 \u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u6211\u4e5f\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5728\u58d3\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u512a\u5148\u65bc\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \uff08\u7b2c 387 \u9801\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Osgood \u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u9ede\u56b4\u53b2\u3002\u9451\u65bc\u4ed6\u7684\u5091\u51fa\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5148\u524d\u7684\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u6c7a\u4ed6\u6240\u63cf\u7e6a\u7684\u5167\u5fc3\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u8a8d\u53ef\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u9700\u6c42\u90fd\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u6eff\u8db3\u3002\u5c07\u4ed6\u7684\u8655\u5883\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4efb\u52d9\u5c0e\u5411\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u5c0e\u5411\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4e09\u7dad\u52d5\u6a5f\u7cfb\u7d71 \u2500\u2500 \u4efb\u52d9\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u53d6\u5411 \u2500\u2500 \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u63cf\u8ff0\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u6211\u5011\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6575\u4eba\u6240\u9700\u7684\u66f4\u5bec\u655e\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u5411\u4e4b\u9593\u505a\u51fa\u8271\u96e3\u800c\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u8a08\u5283\u4f86\u8a8d\u8b58\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u7167\u93e1\u5b50\u6642\u770b\u5230\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4efb\u52d9\u4e0d\u662f\u58d3\u5236\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u5373\u6539\u8b8a\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u4e26\u6539\u8b8a\u6211\u5011\u89e3\u8b80\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FOREWORD Can a Baby Be an Enemy?  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J. Robert Oppenheimer \u88ab\u55bb\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u666e\u7f85\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\uff08 Martin J. Sherwin& Kai Bird, \u201cAmerican Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer\uff0c2007\u201d \uff09\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u4ed6\u7684\u96fb\u5f71\u4e5f\u4e0a\u6f14\u4e86\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u500b\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0d\u671f\u7136\u6703\u60f3\uff1a \u5b30\u5152\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u6575\u4eba\u55ce\uff1f \u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6b63\u8655\u65bc\u4e00\u5834\u6df1\u523b\u3001\u9577\u671f\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5168\u7403\u6838\u6230\u7684\u5a01\u8105 \u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u6230\u722d\u7684\u9577\u671f\u5b58\u5728 \u3001\u5371\u96aa\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u548c\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u98e2\u9913\u662f\u9019\u5834\u5371\u6a5f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u904e\u5ea6\u6bba\u622e\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u904e\u5ea6\u958b\u767c\u548c\u4eba\u53e3\u904e\u5269\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u5b83\u5011\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u97ff\u537b\u9bae\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8d85\u7d1a\u5927\u570b\u4e4b\u9593\u767c\u751f\u6838\u5c0d\u6297\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u767c\u751f\u5728\u7576\u4eca\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u767c\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u9060\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u68f2\u606f\u5730\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002 \u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u88dc\u5145\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u8d85\u7d1a\u5927\u570b\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u969b\u5b89\u6392\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5a01\u8105\u8f03\u5c0f\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u61c9\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u61c9\u5730\u8a8d\u771f\u53cd\u601d \u3002\u201cThe Psychology of War and Peace: The Image of the Enemy\u201d \u662f\u9019\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u503c\u5f97\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u5b58\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u601d\u8003\u5fc5\u9808\u9762\u5411\u6574\u9ad4\u5371\u96aa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u548c\u751f\u7269\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4f46\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5011\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5ffd\u8996\uff0c\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u9762\u5411\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5371\u96aa\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u55aa\u5931\u672a\u4f86\u611f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u6557\u58de\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u70ba\u4fdd\u8b77\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5bb6\u5712\u5730\u7403\u800c\u596e\u9b25\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\u6027\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 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\u5c31\u50cf\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u5b58\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5c0d\u5a01\u8105\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u548c\u5c0d\u6297\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u885d\u7a81\u548c\u6096\u8ad6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u51fa\uff08\u6b63\u5982 Robert … Continue reading 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