{"id":9156,"date":"2024-01-18T07:50:03","date_gmt":"2024-01-18T07:50:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9156"},"modified":"2024-01-18T07:50:07","modified_gmt":"2024-01-18T07:50:07","slug":"moral-fictionalism-and-religious-fictionalism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2024\/01\/18\/moral-fictionalism-and-religious-fictionalism\/","title":{"rendered":"Moral Fictionalism and Religious Fictionalism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u90fd\u6e90\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u5373\u666e\u901a\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u3002 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\u7121\u8ad6\u54ea\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u975e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\u8a8d\u70ba\u666e\u901a\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u548c\u6f14\u8b1b\u8005\u5728\u6301\u6709\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e26\u5c0d\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u505a\u51fa\u65b7\u8a00\u6642\u4e0d\u6703\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u5730\u9677\u5165\u932f\u8aa4\uff08\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u6642\u4ecd\u7136\u6703\u72af\u932f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u548c\u975e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u722d\u8ad6\u662f\u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u8a18\u9304\u4e2d\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u6709\u5e7e\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6c11\u773e\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u666e\u904d\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u6558\u8ff0 Anselm \u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u6642\u6709\u9ede\u542b\u7cca \u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u8a9e\u8a00\u751a\u81f3\u70ba\u9019\u5834\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u5834\u8d77\u4e86\u540d\u5b57\uff1a\u300c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\u300d\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u672a\u53d7\u904e\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6c11\u773e\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9a5a\u8a1d\u5730\u767c\u73fe\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u984f\u8272\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u5047\u8a2d\u4e26\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\uff08\u5118\u7ba1\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u9023 Newton \u4e5f\u64c1\u8b77\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u6301\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u614b\u5ea6\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u4e26\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u719f\u6089\u9053\u5fb7\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u767c\u751f\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8faf\u8ad6 \u2014\u2014 \u95dc\u65bc\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u3001\u75ab\u82d7\u63a5\u7a2e\u5f37\u5236\u57f7\u884c\u7b49 \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u8af8\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u5584\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u78ba\u7b49\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u671f\u671b\u5728\u5927\u773e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u807d\u5230\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53cd\u6d3e\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u88ab\u63cf\u7e6a\u6210\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u6709\u626d\u66f2\u6216\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8a8d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u2014\u2014 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6 moral error theory\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u662f\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6642\u901a\u5e38\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9047\u5230\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Moral-Fictionalism-Religious-Richard-Joyce-ebook\/dp\/B0CLL268B1\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=301Y450PK78JH&amp;keywords=Moral+Fictionalism+and+Religious+Fictionalism&amp;qid=1705563977&amp;sprefix=moral+fictionalism+and+religious+fictionalism%2Caps%2C713&amp;sr=8-1\">Moral Fictionalism and Religious Fictionalism<\/a><\/em>\u201d 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u61f7\u7591\u795e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u71b1\u8877\u65bc\u7834\u58de\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u6709\u52d5\u529b\u5426\u8a8d\u9019\u4e00\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u4e3b\u7dda\uff1a\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002 \u5f9e\u516c\u773e\u63a5\u53d7\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u8a72\u8a08\u756b\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u529f\uff1b \u5728\u73fe\u5728\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u64c1\u8b77\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u4eba\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u62b1\u6301\u56b4\u91cd\u61f7\u7591 \u3002 \u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u4ecd\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6298\u78e8\u7121\u8f9c\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u5584\u5f85\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u61c9\u8a72\u511f\u9084\u501f\u4f86\u7684\u9322\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u5728\u4e0d\u53d7\u5b97\u6559\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7e7c\u7e8c\u81ea\u4fe1\u800c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u5426\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\u5c31\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u4e86\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5f9e\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u5584\u826f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u7b49\u9053\u5fb7\u5c6c\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u795e\u3001\u5947\u8e5f\u548c\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u4f86\u4e16\u66f4\u597d\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u652f\u6301\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff08\u4e00\u4e9b\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u4e0d\u70ba\u6240\u52d5\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u6240\u8aaa\u670d\uff09\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8ad6\u64da \u2014\u2014 \u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u3001\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406\u3002 \uff08\u4f8b\u5982 <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/9109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mackie, J.&nbsp;L. 1977. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong<\/a>\uff09\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u71b1\u8877\u65bc\u5426\u8a8d\u9019\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u8a0e\u53ad\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u5f8c\u679c\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b97\u6559\u5c31\u80fd\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u8b8a\u5f97\u5584\u826f\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u8aa0\u5be6\u7b49\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u80fd\u64c1\u6709\u5584\u826f\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u8aa0\u5be6\u7b49\u3002\u5584\u826f\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u8aa0\u5be6\uff08\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u5145\u5206\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u805a\u7126\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u95dc\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u985e\u578b\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 fictionalism\u3002 \u6bcf\u7576\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u51fa\u73fe\u6642\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\uff1a\u4e0d\u50c5\u5c0d\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u65bc\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u984f\u8272\u3001\u6578\u5b57\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9ad4\u3001\u771f\u7406\u548c\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\u9ad4\u3001\u751f\u7269\u8a0a\u606f\u3001\u97f3\u6a02\u4f5c\u54c1\u95dc\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u984c\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u61f7\u7591\u6211\u5011\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u662f\u5426\u5f97\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7576\u6211\u5011\u8ac7\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002 \u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u4f5c\u70ba\u907f\u514d\u9019\u7a2e\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u865b\u69cb\uff08fiction\uff0c\u8a9e\u5e36\u96d9\u95dc\u4e5f\u6307\u5c0f\u8aaa\uff09\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u5177\u6709\u54f2\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5141\u8a31\u6211\u5011\u8ac7\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6703\u72af\u4efb\u4f55\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u865b\u69cb\/\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4f7f\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u7121\u6548\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8aaa\u300c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5047\u88dd\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7368\u89d2\u7378\u300d\u4f86\u8207\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b69\u5b50\u9032\u884c\u904e\u5bb6\u5bb6\u904a\u6232\uff0c\u6211\u4e26\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u627f\u8a8d\u7368\u89d2\u7378\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5728\u73a9\u904a\u6232\u6642\u6211\u8aaa \u201c\u6211\u662f\u7d2b\u8272\u7368\u89d2\u7378\uff01\u201d \u6211\u518d\u6b21\u4e0d\u627f\u8a8d\u7368\u89d2\u7378\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u8aaa\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u65b7\u8a00\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5728\u6bd4\u8cfd\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u518d\u6b21\u8aaa \u201c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6bd4\u8cfd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u88dd\u662f\u7368\u89d2\u7378\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u72af\u932f\u3002 \u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b7\u8a00 \u2014\u2014 \u95dc\u65bc\u904a\u6232\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u65b7\u8a00 \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u56e0\u6b64\u627f\u8afe\u4e86\u904a\u6232\u7684\u5b58\u5728 \uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e26\u4e0d\u627f\u8afe\u7368\u89d2\u7378\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u570d\u7e5e\u865b\u69cb\/\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u719f\u6089\u8ac7\u8a71\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u865b\u69cb\/\u5c0f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5047\u88dd\u6210\u7368\u89d2\u7378\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u8ac7\u8ad6\u548c\u601d\u8003\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u4efb\u4f55\u6df7\u4e82\u6216\u932f\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7576\u9762\u5c0d\u770b\u4f3c\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u6642\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5efa\u8b70\u5c07\u6211\u5011\u95dc\u65bc\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\u548c\u601d\u8003\u6a21\u64ec\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u8ac7\u8ad6\u548c\u601d\u8003\u719f\u6089\u7684\u865b\u69cb\/\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u7121\u932f\u8aa4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u7b97\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u660e\u986f\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u5c07\u76ee\u6a19\u8a71\u8a9e\u8207\u865b\u69cb\u8a71\u8a9e\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5011\u525b\u624d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u719f\u6089\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u8a71\u8a9e\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u7121\u6548\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5141\u8a31\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u985e\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u600e\u6a23\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e00\u500b\u8a71\u8a9e\u300c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u660e\u986f\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u300d\u50cf\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff1f \u5c0d\u65bc\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u662f\u8b93\u4e8b\u60c5\u8655\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u6545\u610f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u3002 \u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u662f\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86 \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 fictionalism\u201d \u4e00\u8a5e\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7f3a\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u63d0\u6848\u662f\u5426\u7b97\u4f5c \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5be6\u4f8b\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u7a7a\u9593 \u3002  \u9451\u65bc\u5c0d \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u7684\u66f4\u7cbe\u78ba\u5b9a\u7fa9\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6703\u5f15\u8d77\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4e26\u6392\u9664\u67d0\u4e9b\u64c1\u8b77\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u662f \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d \u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u7f3a\u9ede\u7684\u524d\u666f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u6e3a\u832b\u3002 \u6700\u597d\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u666e\u4e16\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u908a\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u6642\u5c07\u908a\u754c\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u7b97\u4f5c\u300c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u7684\u554f\u984c\u7559\u7d66\u54f2\u5b78\u672c\u80fd\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c \u201c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u4e00\u8a5e\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u5c0d\u624b \u201c\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6 realism\u201d \u3001 \u201c\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 constructivism\u201d \u3001 \u201c\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9 noncognitivism\u201d \u7b49\u66f4\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c0d\u865b\u69cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u985e\u6bd4\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u548c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5f9e\u985e\u6bd4\u4e2d\u6d88\u9664\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5feb\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u63d0\u8b70\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5f9e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u6d88\u9664\u6f5b\u5728\u9ebb\u7169\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cA. J. Ayer (Ayer, A.&nbsp;J. 1936. <em>Language, Truth, and Logic<\/em>) \u6709\u53e5\u8457\u540d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u8aaa\u300c\u5077\u9322\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u65b7\u8a00\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5 \u2014\u2014 \u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u614b\u7684\u65b7\u8a00 \u2014\u2014 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u5077\u7aca\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u8ca0\u9762\u60c5\u7dd2\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1A. J. Ayer \u7684\u975e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63d0\u8b70\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u51fa\u65bc\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u64d4\u6182\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u64d4\u6182\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f \u2014\u2014 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u525d\u596a\u9053\u5fb7\u5c0d\u6f5b\u5728\u9ebb\u7169\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5c6c\u6027\uff08\u5728\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\uff09\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u627f\u8afe \u2014\u2014 \u4ed6\u7684\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u8207\u865b\u69cb\u8a71\u8a9e\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u660e\u986f\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 A. J. Ayer \u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8a66\u5716\u900f\u904e\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u6bd4\u4f5c\u865b\u69cb\u4f86\u907f\u514d\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u63d0\u8b70\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u6703\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u865b\u69cb\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8207\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u719f\u6089\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u8b80\u5c0f\u8aaa\u3001\u770b\u96fb\u5f71\u3001\u8868\u6f14\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u4e5f\u8b93\u627f\u8afe\u7121\u6548\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6f14\u54e1\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5979\u5728\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u6f14\u54e1\u4e0d\u6703\u65b7\u8a00\u5979\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u8a71\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u8a31\u591a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff09\u2014\u2014 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\u9769\u547d\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7576\u524d\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u9003\u907f\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005 \u2014\u2014 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u5c07\u5176\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u548c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u907f\u514d\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u9858\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u500b\u5efa\u8b70\u900f\u904e\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u4e00\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5247\u900f\u904e\u6539\u8b8a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u4e00\u76ee\u6a19\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8a55\u4f30\u3002 \u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8072\u7a31\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0d\u5176\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u4f30\uff0c\u5c0b\u627e\u652f\u6301\u6216\u53cd\u5c0d\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002 \u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u8072\u7a31\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5c0d\u7576\u524d\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u5efa\u8b70\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0d\u5176\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u4f30\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u554f\u5b83\u662f\u597d\u5efa\u8b70\u9084\u662f\u58de\u5efa\u8b70\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8003\u616e\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u751a\u9ebc\u7b97\u662f\u652f\u6301\u6216\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e00\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8003\u616e\u56e0\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 Hermeneutic Fictionalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u751a\u9ebc\u8b49\u64da\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4eba\u5f97\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff1f \u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u767c\u51fa \u201cx \u662f P\u201d \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8072\u660e\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u6703\u67e5\u95b1\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u6587\u672c\uff08F\uff09\u3002 \u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8072\u660e\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u300c\u6839\u64da F\uff0cx \u662f P\u300d\u7684\u7701\u7565\u65b7\u8a00\u3002 \u6216\u8005\u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u8aaa \u201cx \u662fP\u201d \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u7528\u66f4\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u8a9e\u6c23\u8ffd\u554f\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u9000\u7e2e\u4e26\u8aaa \u201c\u4e0d\uff0cx \u4e0d\u662f P\u201d\uff08\u201c\u751a\u9ebc\uff0c\u8a8d\u771f\u7684\uff1f\u201d\uff09 \u3002 \u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f97\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1 x \u662f P\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7576\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5efa\u8b70\u6642 \u2014\u2014 \u4f8b\u5982\u95dc\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u9053\u5fb7 \u2014\u2014 \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u986f\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u51fa\u73fe\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1 x \u662f P\u3002 \u7121\u8ad6\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u90fd\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u9019\u66f4\u5fae\u5999\u3002 \uff08\u8aa0\u7136\uff0c\u5c0d\u7d93\u5178\u6587\u672c\u7684\u67e5\u95b1\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u662f\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\uff0cMark Kalderon\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/10530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kalderon, M. 2005. <em>Moral Fictionalism<\/em><\/a>\uff09\u900f\u904e\u8a66\u5716\u8868\u660e\u652f\u914d\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u652f\u914d\u65b7\u8a00\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u4f86\u634d\u885b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 Kalderon \u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u6642\uff0c\u7576\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4f4d\u5805\u6c7a\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u540c\u884c\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c31\u6709 \u201c\u5bec\u9b06\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9 lax obligation\u201d \u53bb\u5be9\u8996\u81ea\u5df1\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002 Kalderon \u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba \u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u6effnoncomplacency\u201d \u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u570d\u7e5e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5141\u8a31\u81ea\u6eff\uff1a\u9762\u5c0d\u8a8d\u77e5\u540c\u5115\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5805\u5b9a\u5730\u7dad\u6301\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u9ede\u4e26\u4e0d\u611f\u5230\u5c37\u5c2c\u3002 \u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6839\u64da Kalderon \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u4e8b\u5be6\u6240\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u6b78\u985e\u70ba \u201c\u63a5\u53d7 acceptance\u201d&nbsp; \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u800c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u7528\u516c\u5171\u8a9e\u8a00\u8868\u9054\u9019\u7a2e\u614b\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u884c\u70ba\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u65b7\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6536\u96c6\u5404\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u770b\u4f3c\u71b1\u8877\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u8a71\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cGeorges Rey\uff08<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Philosophers-without-Gods-Meditations-Atheism-ebook\/dp\/B004UP9A9I\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3QZGQLNYFNGCP&amp;keywords=Philosophers+without+Gods%3A+Meditations+on+Atheism+and+the+Secular+Life&amp;qid=1705564095&amp;sprefix=philosophers+without+gods+meditations+on+atheism+and+the+secular+life%2Caps%2C474&amp;sr=8-1\">Philosophers without Gods: Meditations on Atheism and the Secular Life<\/a>.<\/em>  pp 243\u201365\uff0c2007\uff09\u5c31\u70ba\u4ed6\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u5143\u7121\u795e\u8ad6 meta-atheism\u201d \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u652f\u6301\uff1a\u5118\u7ba1\u4eba\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4ed6\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u6b3a\u9a19\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cRey \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u89c0\u5bdf\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u8acb\u9858\u7948\u79b1\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u61c9\u8a72\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u4eba\u5011\u5f97\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u6709\u6548\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8acb\u9858\u7948\u79b1\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u53c3\u8207\u7948\u79b1\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u8b93\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u7acb\u885b\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u7948\u79b1\u9032\u884c\uff08\u975e\u4fb5\u5165\u6027\u7684\uff09\u4eba\u53e3\u7d71\u8a08\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u5c0d\u5927\u8c46\u9810\u9632\u764c\u75c7\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u55ce\uff1f \u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u671b\u7948\u79b1\u80fd\u6cbb\u7652\u6728\u817f\uff1f \u6216\u662f\u8b93Lazarus \u5728\u5169\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u5f8c\u56de\u4f86\uff1f \u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u660e\u986f\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u660e\u986f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u201d \uff08<em>Philosophers without Gods: Meditations on Atheism and the Secular Life<\/em>\uff1ap 261\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5118\u7ba1 Rey \u63d0\u5230\u5c0d\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u8207\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u865b\u69cb\/\u5c0f\u8aaa\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u8655\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u518d\u63a2\u7a76\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5982\u4f55\u5275\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u518d\u63a2\u7a76 Hamlet \u65e9\u9910\u5403\u7684\u6771\u897f\u4e00\u6a23\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u63d0\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f5c\u70ba\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u51fa\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u53d7\u5230 Rey \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u9700\u8981\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u672c\u8cea \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cRey \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u505a\u51fa\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1b \u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\u6bd4\u901a\u5e38\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u66f4\u70ba\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u300c\u63a5\u89f8\u904e\u6a19\u6e96\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\uff08<em>Philosophers without Gods<\/em>\uff1ap 245\uff09\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0cRey \u7684\u5b97\u6559\u89c0\u4e0d\u540c\u65bcKalderon \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u89c0 \u2014\u2014 \u5f8c\u8005\uff08\u5927\u6982\uff09\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8a00\u8aaa\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u6bd4\u8f03\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63d0\u6848\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5373\u95dc\u65bc\u5176\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5206\u6790\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d\u76ee\u6a19\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u7576\u524d\u67d0\u4e9b\u7528\u6236\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u6355\u6349\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ab0\u53c3\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff1f \u5982\u679c\u662f\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4eba\u5011\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u5076\u7136\u4e8b\u4ef6\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e8\u5728\u6355\u6349\u53c3\u8207\u9019\u7a2e\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u5167\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7576 Kalderon \u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u652f\u914d\u9053\u5fb7\u53c3\u8207\u7684 \u201c\u898f\u7bc4 norms\u201d \u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e8\u5728\u5be6\u73fe\u5f8c\u4e00\u7a2e\u66f4\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u7a2e\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u55ae\u65b9\u9762\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u898f\u7bc4\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u5011\u9054\u6210\u67d0\u7a2e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff08\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u9084\u662f\u96b1\u542b\u7684\uff09\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7576 Kalderon \u8072\u7a31\u570d\u7e5e\u9053\u5fb7\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u8207\u652f\u914d\u65b7\u8a00\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6f14\u8b1b\u8005\u548c\u807d\u773e\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6163\u4f8b\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u8a00\u8a9e\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u9700\u8981\u7262\u8a18\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff1b \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u66ab\u505c\u7684\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8003\u616e\u4e00\u4e0b\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u884c\u70ba\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6211\u5c0d\u4f60\u8aaa\u300c\u6211\u4fdd\u8b49\u4ed8\u7d66\u4f60 5 \u5143\u300d\uff08\u4ee5\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u8a9e\u6c23\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5947\u602a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5c31\u5411\u4f60\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u771f\u8aa0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u6253\u7b97\u4ed8\u7d66\u4f60\u4e00\u5206\u9322\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u8a66\u5716\u900f\u904e\u63d0\u51fa\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u76ee\u6a19\u4e3b\u984c\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5bec\u9b06\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5982\u679c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u6bb5\u662f\u5c07\u5927\u91cf\u548c\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 \uff0c\u8003\u616e\u53e4\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u8a8d\u70ba\u5730\u7403\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u975c\u6b62\u7269\u9ad4 \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u4e00\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7d55\u5c0d\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u4e8b\u7269\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u904b\u52d5\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u6240\u6709\u904b\u52d5\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u3002 \u73fe\u5728\u8003\u616e\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u767c\u8a00\u8005\u95dc\u65bc\u79fb\u52d5\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u65b7\u8a00\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u6230\u8eca\u6cbf\u8457\u8857\u9053\u79fb\u52d5\u201d \u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4f4d\u6f14\u8b1b\u8005\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u7d55\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e26\u8aaa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u8a71\u3002 \u4f46\u6211\u5011\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5bec\u5bb9\u5730\u628a\u5b83\u5011\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u76f8\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5 \u2014\u2014\u5118 \u7ba1\u9019\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u7684\u672c\u610f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u88ab\u554f\u5230\u6642\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u540c\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gilbert Harman \u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Harman, G. &amp; Thomson, J.\u00a0J. 1996. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Moral-Relativism-Objectivity-Gilbert-Harman\/dp\/0631192115\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3380OOV01VHCX&amp;keywords=Moral+Relativism+and+Moral+Objectivity&amp;qid=1705564150&amp;sprefix=moral+relativism+and+moral+objectivity%2Caps%2C477&amp;sr=8-1\">Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity<\/a><\/em>\uff09\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406\uff08\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u5077\u7aca\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u300d\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u932f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u5f9e\u6211\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5077\u7aca\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u300d\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff09\u3002 Harman \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5c07\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6307\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u6642\u60f3\u8981\u6307\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002 Harman \u8aaa\uff0c\u5805\u6301\u4ee5\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u5351\u9119\u7684\u300d\uff08<em>Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity<\/em>\uff1ap 4\uff09\u3002 \u672c\u4ecb\u7d39\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u8a55\u4f30\u9053\u5fb7\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u524d\u666f\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u8981\u8a55\u4f30\u9053\u5fb7\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002 \u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u6240\u5805\u6301\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff09\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9053\u5fb7\u4e8b\u5be6\u6700\u7d42\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u8207\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9053\u5fb7\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e00\u6a23\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002 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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u907f\u514d\u5c07\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5c07\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u9ad8\u968e\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u7a2e\u65cf\u6ec5\u7d55\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff09\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002 \u9762\u5c0d\u5c07\u5de8\u5927\u932f\u8aa4\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u3002 \u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b8c\u5168\u719f\u6089\u7684\u73fe\u8c61 \u2014\u2014 \u800c\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u72c0\u614b\u548c\u8a00\u8a9e\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u5b58\u5728\u56b4\u91cd\u932f\u8aa4\uff08\u53c3\u898b Liggins, D. 2020. \u201cAgainst hermeneutic fictionalism\u201d \uff09 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u80fd\u5920\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u76ee\u6a19\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4ee5\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6216\u65b7\u8a00\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53c3\u8207\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u6709\u66f4\u5805\u5be6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u95dc\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u6216\u7136\u4e3b\u5f35\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u95dc\u65bc\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u5f35\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff1f \u7279\u5225\u662f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc \u201c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u65b7\u8a00 belief and assertion\u201d \u9019\u500b\u9023\u8a5e\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u96a8\u610f\u5c0d\u5f85\u3002\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff1a\u7576\u8003\u616e\u67d0\u7a2e\u8a71\u8a9e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6642\uff0c\u300c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5247\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fa9\u96dc\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5805\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 Revolutionary Fictionalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6bd4\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002 \u524d\u8005\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8b49\u660e\u4efb\u4f55\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u7576\u524d\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u8207\u4efb\u4f55\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u90fd\u76f8\u5dee\u751a\u9060\u3002 \u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u8a71\u8a9e\u76ee\u524d\u6d89\u53ca\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u65b7\u8a00\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5982\u6b64 \uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u65b7\u8a00\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u7368\u7279\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u6539\u8b8a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u660e\u986f\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u8207\u865b\u69cb\u8a71\u8a9e\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u6d88\u9664\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u3002\uff08\u5c31\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u8a72\u300d\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f9e\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3 \u3002 \uff09\u4f46\u662f\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5be6\u7528\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u4e5f\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6311\u6230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u6709\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u53c3\u8207\u76ee\u6a19\u8a71\u8a9e\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c31\u5b97\u6559\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6307\u51fa\u6210\u70ba\u652f\u6301\u6027\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u6e1b\u8f15\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u597d\u8655 \u3002\u5c31\u9053\u5fb7\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u51fa\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u5171\u540c\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5f37\u8abf\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u500b\u4eba\u907f\u514d\u5404\u7a2e\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7834\u58de\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u767c\u63ee\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u77ed\u8996\u7684\u81ea\u79c1\u6216\u8edf\u5f31\u7684\u610f\u5fd7 \u3002 \uff08\u9019\u4e9b\u53ea\u662f\u5c0b\u6c42\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u59ff\u614b\uff1b\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u597d\u8655\u5927\u6982\u662f\u6975\u5176\u8907\u96dc\u548c\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 \u2014\u2014 \u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u9084\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u770b\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u597d\u8655\u4e26\u64d4\u5fc3\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u640d\u5931 \u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u5728\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u56b4\u91cd\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u65b7\u7136\u5ee2\u9664\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5be6\u969b\u5371\u5bb3\u3002 \u4f46\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b \u201c\u50b3\u7d71\u5229\u76ca traditional benefits\u201d&nbsp; \u90fd\u662f\u5728\u9769\u547d\u524d\u6642\u4ee3\u7d2f\u7a4d\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u662f\u4ee5\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u9019\u4e9b \u201c\u50b3\u7d71\u5229\u76ca\u201d&nbsp;\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u9769\u547d\u524d\u6642\u4ee3\u7d2f\u7a4d\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u81ea\u7136\u6703\u64d4\u5fc3\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8a71\u8a9e\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u6240\u767c\u63ee\u7684\u6709\u7528\u4f5c\u7528\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8072\u7a31\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e6b\u52a9\u4eba\u5011\u589e\u5f37\u52d5\u6a5f\u6c7a\u5fc3\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u8072\u7a31\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u7684\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u63ee\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u4f5c\u7528\u5247\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002 \u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6311\u6230\u5c31\u662f\u8b49\u660e\u6709\u7528\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5016\u5b58\u4e0b\u4f86<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5920\u61c9\u5c0d\u9019\u9805\u6311\u6230\u6642\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u61c9\u5c0d\u6311\u6230\u9700\u8981\u751a\u9ebc\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8b49\u660e\u9769\u547d\u5f8c\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u8207\u9769\u547d\u524d\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e00\u6a23\u6709\u7528\u3002 \u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5728\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5c0d\u624b\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5ee2\u5974\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 the abolitionist \u2014\u2014 \u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u8a71\u8a9e\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u5ee2\u9664\uff08\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5ee2\u9664\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u8eab\u9ad4\u5e7d\u9ed8\u548c\u5deb\u8853\u7684\u8ac7\u8ad6\u4e00\u6a23\uff09\u2014\u2014 \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 the conservationist \u2014\u2014 \u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u4fdd\u7559\u932f\u8aa4\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u627f\u8a8d\uff08\u5728\u53cd\u601d\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff09\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u53cd\u5c0d\u5ee2\u5974\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa \uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u751a\u9ebc\u640d\u5bb3\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7522\u751f\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u548c\u4e3b\u5f35\u5b83\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff1b \u4f46\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u5011\u8f49\u5411\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u63a1\u53d6\u67d0\u7a2e\u975e\u504f\u57f7\u548c\u975e\u65b7\u8a00\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5371\u5bb3\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e1b\u8f15\u3002 \u8207\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u722d\u8faf\u8aaa\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff08\u53c8\u540d\u975e\u7406\u6027\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u5bb3\u4e14\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002 \u7121\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u9ede\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u932f\u8aa4\u8a71\u8a9e\uff08\u4ee5\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63a8\u85a6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\u7684\u597d\u8655\u90fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8207\u9769\u547d\u524d\u76f4\u63a5\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u65b7\u8a00\u7684\u597d\u8655\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002 \u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7acb\u5834\u6240\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u597d\u8655\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u6709\u9769\u547d\u524d\u7528\u6cd5\u7684\u534a\u6210\uff08\u6216\u66f4\u5c11\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u5728\u52d9\u5be6\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u6bd4\u5ee2\u5974\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6216\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u66f4\u597d\u3002\uff08\u300c\u5ee2\u5974\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u88ab\u7528\u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u660e\u986f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6db5\u84cb\u95dc\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6db5\u84cb\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u985e\u578b\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76f8\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5e7e\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u9769\u547d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u4e00\u689d\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u5411\u8ab0\u63d0\u4f9b\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u8003\u616e\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5176\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u300c\u5275\u4f5c\u4e00\u90e8\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300d\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u5efa\u8b70\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u3002 \u6216\u8005\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5c08\u9580\u91dd\u5c0d\u66fe\u7d93\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u3002 \u6216\u8005\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5468\u570d\u90fd\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u5f92\uff09\u3002 \u6216\u8005\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0d\u4e00\u7fa3\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002 \u6216\u8005\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5426\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\uff08\u53c3\u898b &nbsp;J.&nbsp;Falguera &amp; C.&nbsp;Mart\u00ednez-Vidal (eds.), <em>Abstract Objects: For And Against<\/em>. pp 339\u201356\uff09\u3002 \u6216\u8005\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5efa\u8b70\u4f5c\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u7b49\u7b49\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u52aa\u529b\u6f84\u6e05\u4ed6\u5011\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u548c\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u8a18\u4f4f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002 \u300c\u591a\u5403\u7da0\u8449\u852c\u83dc\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\uff08\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u852c\u83dc\u904e\u654f\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5403\u852c\u83dc\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u9069\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5f48\u7ffb\u5e8a\u4e0a\u5f48\u8df3\u6642\uff09\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u9075\u5faa\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u300c\u865b\u69cb\u9053\u5fb7\u300d\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027 \u2014\u2014 \u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u9810\u671f\u7279\u5fb5 \u2014\u2014 \u662f\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5f88\u96e3\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\u51fa\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u9075\u5faa\u61c9\u8a72\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u751a\u9ebc\u5be6\u969b\u76ee\u7684\u3002 \u5403\u7da0\u8449\u852c\u83dc\u6703\u5e36\u7d66\u4f60\u66f4\u591a\u6a02\u8da3\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5b83\u6703\u6eff\u8db3\u4f60\u7684\u559c\u597d\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6703\u6eff\u8db3\u67d0\u4e9b\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u50f9\u503c\uff1f \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u985e\u798f\u7949\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u8cea\uff09\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u722d\u8ad6\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e4b\u524d\u653e\u68c4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u5be6\u7528\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u4e0d\u61c9\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u7684\u666e\u901a\u5efa\u8b70\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff1b \u5c0d\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u65e8\u5728\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u798f\u7949\u7684\u78ba\u5207\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u7279\u5225\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95dc\u65bc\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5176\u9810\u671f\u7684\u6a21\u614b\u5f37\u5ea6\u3002 \u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff08\u5c0d\u65bc\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9075\u5b88\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6216\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u6700\u597d\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002 \u8f03\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8072\u7a31\u9075\u5faa\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\u5141\u8a31\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u4e9b\u76ee\u6a19\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u6a19\uff09\u7684\u5408\u7406\u624b\u6bb5 \u3002 \uff08\u53c3\u95b1 Natalja Deng. 2015. <em>Religion for naturalists<\/em>\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5efa\u8b70\u6211\u5011\u8abf\u6574\u751a\u9ebc\u6d3b\u52d5\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5169\u8005\u517c\u5177\uff1f \u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u4e0a\u88ab\u63d0\u4ea4\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u5728\u88ab\u65b7\u8a00\u6642\u88ab\u63d0\u4ea4\uff1b 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u4e26\u5217\u8003\u616e\u4efb\u4f55\u5169\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u95dc\u65bc\u97f3\u6a02\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u95dc\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u8a0a\u606f\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u6f84\u6e05\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u597d\u8655\u3002\u4f46\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u3002 \u9019\u5169\u500b\u722d\u8ad6\u9818\u57df\u6709\u8457\u60a0\u4e45\u3001\u8c50\u5bcc\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u6545\u4e8b 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\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u53ea\u95dc\u6ce8\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u53ea\u95dc\u6ce8\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5169\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7d44\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u7531\u6279\u8a55\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e09\u7ae0\u4ee5\u53ca\u634d\u885b\u548c\u5021\u5c0e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e09\u7ae0\u7d44\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 (Reasons for Pretending and Pretend Reasons)\u4e2d\uff0cJames Lenman \u53cd\u5c0d\u53cd\u5c0d\u9769\u547d\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u6700\u521d\u6fc0\u767c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63d0\u8b70\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5141\u8a31\u5b58\u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u300c\u61c9\u8a72\u300d\u505a\u751a\u9ebc\u7684\u898f\u7bc4 \u2014\u2014 \u5728\u56de\u7b54\u300c\u5982\u679c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7406\u6211\u5011\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\uff1f\u300d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u6642 \u2014\u2014\u90a3 \u9ebc\uff0cLenman \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u660e\u9053\u5fb7\u5f9e\u4f86\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u932f\u8aa4\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002 \u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u600e\u9ebc\u8fa6\uff1f\u300d Lenman \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u7d14\u7cb9\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u300c\u5be6\u8e10\u300d\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u9769\u547d\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0(Should Moral Error Theorists Make Do with Make-Believe?)\u4e2d\uff0cJessica Isserow \u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u9769\u547d\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u4ee5\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c0d\u5f85\u6211\u5011\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u3002 Isserow \u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u63d0\u8b70\u80fd\u5920\u63d0\u4f9b\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u5439\u6367\u7684\u597d\u8655\u3002 \u8981\u561b\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u300d\u6703\u8017\u8cbb\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u904b\u884c\u6210\u672c \u2014\u2014 \u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u984d\u5916\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3 \u2014\u2014 \u8981\u4e48\u5b83\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5340\u5225\u7279\u5fb5\u4e5f\u5c07\u78ba\u4fdd\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u4fe1\u4ef0\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u512a\u52e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0(Moral Fictionalism: How and Why?)\u4e2d\uff0c\u5408\u8457\u8005 Victor Moberger \u548c Jonas Olson \u540c\u610f Isserow \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u63a8\u85a6\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u4ed6\u5011\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba \u201c\u6558\u4e8b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9 narrationist fictionalism\u201d , p 67\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e00\u7a2e\u76f8\u7576\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1a\u5efa\u8b70\u6211\u5011\u6839\u64da\u96b1\u55bb\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u5851\u9020\u9053\u5fb7\u8a71\u8a9e\u3002 \u5c31\u50cf\u865b\u69cb\/\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e00\u6a23 \uff0c\u96b1\u55bb\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u3002 Moberger \u548c Olson \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8868\u660e\u96b1\u55bb\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u7d42\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0(Moral Fictionalism and Misleading Analogies)\u4e2d\uff0cFran\u00e7ois Jaquet \u70ba\u9769\u547d\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8faf\u8b77 \u2014\u2014 \u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u7a2e\u63d0\u51fa\u865b\u69cb\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 Jaquet \u805a\u7126\u5728\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e09\u7a2e\u6279\u8a55\uff1a\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7121\u6cd5\u5bb9\u7d0d\u6f14\u7e79\u63a8\u8ad6\uff0c\u5b83\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4e0d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u5206\u6b67\u7559\u4e0b\u7a7a\u9593\u3002Jaquet \u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u6279\u8a55\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u5c0d \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb moral make-believe\u201d \u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7d44\u91cd\u9ede\u95dc\u6ce8\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0(Religious Fictionalism)\u4e2d\uff0cGraham Oppy \u5340\u5206\u4e86\u539f\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5bc4\u751f\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u6839\u64da\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8ffd\u96a8\u8005\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u66fe\u7d93\u76f8\u4fe1\u904e\u5b83 \uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u5f9e\u53c3\u8207\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff1b \u6839\u64da\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u53c3\u8207\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u5229\u76ca\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u771f\u8aa0\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002 \u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u6a23\uff0cOppy \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4f4d\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u503c\u5f97\u61f7\u7591\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u53c3\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u4e00\u4e9b\u597d\u8655\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7de9\u89e3\u5b58\u5728\u7126\u616e\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u8868\u793a\u60b2\u89c0\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u4e5f\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u597d\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0(The Pretensions of Religious Fictionalism&nbsp;)\u4e2d\uff0c\u5408\u8457\u8005 Bradley Armour-Garb  \u548c Frederick Kroon \u53cd\u5c0d\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u7684\u548c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u64d4\u5fc3\uff0c\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u6642\uff0c\u300c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u6db5\u84cb\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u5b83\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u819a\u6dfa\u4e14\u76f8\u5c0d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6bd4\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u66f4\u6709\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7d42\u4ed6\u5011\u61f7\u7591\uff08\u8207 Oppy \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u985e\u4f3c\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b97\u6559\u6a5f\u69cb\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u9060\u96e2\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u5016\u5b58\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u6703\u9762\u81e8\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 (Is the Pope Catholic? Religious Fictionalism and the Hazards of Belief) \u4e2d\uff0cMary Leng \u9996\u5148\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u6f14\u8b1b\u8005\u662f\u771f\u8aa0\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ee5\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53c3\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u503c\u5f97\u61f7\u7591\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0d\u8aa0\u5be6\uff09\u3002 \u5979\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 Kant \u7684 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u98a8\u96aa\u8ad6\u8b49 moral hazard argument\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u8a72\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u5c0d\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u771f\u8aa0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6bd4\u975e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u524d\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u56e0\u5c0d\u795e\u8056\u734e\u52f5\u7684\u81ea\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u800c\u8150\u8755\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u3002 Leng \u96a8\u5f8c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u5c0d\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9577\u671f\u6279\u8a55\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u300d\u5728\u6240\u6709\u610f\u5716\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u4e0a\u90fd\u8207\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6c92\u6709\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 \u5979\u626d\u8f49\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u300c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u300d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5fb5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7126\u616e\uff09\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u80fd\u8868\u660e\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\u5b78\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u81f3\u5c11\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u8ffd\u96a8\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0(Religious Fictionalism: Strategies and Obstacles)\u4e2d\uff0cMichael Scott \u5c0d\u9769\u547d\u6027\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f62\u5f0f\u6240\u7368\u6709\u7684\u3002 \u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u8b70\u5354\u5546\u5b97\u6559\u547d\u984c\uff08\u50c5\u88ab\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u300d\uff09\u8207\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u59cb\u65bc\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u300d\uff09\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u547d\u984c\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u9069\u7576\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002 \u5b97\u6559\u6bd4\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u6578\u5b78\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u52a0\u5287\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002 Scott \u8a8d\u70ba \uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6700\u597d\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u7a2e\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5b97\u6559 \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c07\u9069\u5408\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002 Scott \u6700\u5f8c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u5426\u8a8d\u4e3b\u7fa9 apophaticism \u7684\u795e\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c40\u90e8\u9769\u547d\u6027\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5be6\u4f8b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u7d44\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7d44\u7ae0\u7bc0\u540c\u6642\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u91cd\u9ede\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5b83\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0(The Contours of Religious Fictionalism)\u4e2d\uff0cNatalja Deng \u5340\u5206\u4e86\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u8f15\u91cf\u7d1a\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u5dee\u7570\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u9818\u57df\u3002 \u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u610f\u5473\u8457\u66f4\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u300c\u6c89\u6d78\u300d\u5728\u865b\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u300d\u65e8\u5728\u6a21\u4eff\u771f\u8aa0\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0 \u2014\u2014 \u5b83\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6279\u5224\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u624d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u3002 \u8f15\u91cf\u7d1a\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u592a\u5177\u6709\u6c89\u6d78\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee5\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53c3\u8207\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u63a1\u7528\u54ea\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u65b9\u9762\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u9078\u64c7\u3002Deng \u5c0d\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u975e\u8ff7\u4fe1\u63a5\u53d7\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5920\u7d93\u53d7\u4f4f\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u5be9\u67e5\u8868\u793a\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u5c0d\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8f15\u91cf\u7d1a\u62b1\u6301\u76f8\u7576\u6a02\u89c0\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002 \u5979\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u53c3\u8207 \uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u5fc5\u9808\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u9069\u5408\u5176\u52d9\u5be6\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0(Should Moral Fictionalists be Religious Fictionalists (or Vice Versa)?)\u4e2d\uff0cRobin Le Poidevin \u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65e2\u6c92\u6709\u8868\u9054\u7a4d\u6975\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u8868\u9054\u6d88\u6975\u614b\u5ea6\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5169\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 \u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u8003\u616e\u5b97\u6559\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u8003\u616e\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u7d50\u200b\u200b\u5408\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002 \u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d44\u5408\u90fd\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5947\u602a\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u9053\u5fb7\u54c1\u8cea\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u771f\u5be6\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u53ea\u5c07\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u5584\u826f\u6b78\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u55ce\uff1f Le Poidevin \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u5f8c\u679c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u652f\u6301\u5c07\u5169\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c 11 \u7ae0(Do We Have Reason to Adopt Religious Fictionalism or Moral Fictionalism?)\u4e2d\uff0cSeahwa Kim \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u932f\u8aa4\u8a71\u8a9e\u53ef\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u7559\u8a72\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u9664\u5b83\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8a71\u8a9e\u6975\u5176\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff08\u666e\u904d\u6027\u689d\u4ef6\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u5be6\u969b\u76ee\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u689d\u4ef6\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u653e\u68c4\u8a71\u8a9e\u5c07\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u884c\u70ba\u9032\u884c\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u8b8a\uff08\u7167\u5e38\u689d\u4ef6\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u6709\u4fdd\u7559\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u8d0a\u6210\u7406\u7531\u3002Kim \u8a8d\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u4e0d\u6eff\u8db3\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6eff\u8db3\u5176\u4e2d\u5169\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6\u8005\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u63a1\u7528\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0(Revolutionary Moral Fictionalism and the Problem of Imaginative Failure)\u4e2d\uff0cStuart Brock \u5411\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u65bc\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u62b5\u6297\u554f\u984c problem of imaginative resistance\u201d&nbsp; \u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230 David Hume \u7684\u6587\u7ae0 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/home.csulb.edu\/~jvancamp\/361r15.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Of a standard of taste\uff081757\uff09<\/em><\/a>\u201d\uff0cHume \u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u60f3\u50cf\u5730\u9032\u5165\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\u8207\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u660e\u986f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002 \u9019\u7d66\u9769\u547d\u6027\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u5efa\u8b70\u6211\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u505a\uff1a\u5047\u88dd\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5177\u6709\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u884c\u70ba\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0(Yes to Moral Fictionalism; No to Religious Fictionalism)\u4e2d\uff0cRichard Joyce\u767c\u5c55\u4e26\u634d\u885b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u6709\u6642\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5206\u6563\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u76ee\u6a19\u771f\u5be6\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3002 \u9019\u662f Samuel Taylor Coleridge \u91dd\u5c0d\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u54c1\u800c\u300c\u66ab\u505c\u61f7\u7591\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f Mill \u89e3\u6c7a\u5e78\u798f\u6096\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u7576\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u6563\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6b78\u985e\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6027\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u3002 Joyce\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u7684 Hume \u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u76ee\u6a19\uff08\u9019\u4e9b\u76ee\u6a19\u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u5225\u53ef\u7591\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u6642\u5fc5\u9808\u7528\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684 Kant \u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5e4c\u5b50\u4f86\u88dd\u98fe\u9019\u4e9b\u76ee\u6a19\uff08\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff09\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u865b\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u6703\u9762\u81e8\u7279\u6b8a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u90fd\u6e90\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u5373\u666e\u901a\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u5f88\u6a02\u610f\u8ac7\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u300c\u77e5\u9053\u300d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u64d4\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u6211\u5011\u771f\u7684\u751a\u9ebc\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5011\u8f15\u63cf\u6de1\u5beb\u5730\u8ac7\u8ad6\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u7d93\u904e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u6c89\u601d\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u96e3\u5f15\u767c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u61f7\u7591\uff1a\u4e5f\u8a31\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u3002\u3002\u3002 \u7b49\u7b49\u3002 \u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u64d4\u6182\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u662f\u64c1\u62b1\u61f7\u7591\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6216\u8a31\u591a\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\uff09\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u548c\u6f14\u8b1b\u8005\u72af\u4e86\u76f8\u4fe1\u548c\u65b7\u8a00\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u9055\u80cc\u5e38\u8b58\u7684\u3002 \u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b64\u985e\u64d4\u6182\u7684\u975e\u61f7\u7591\u6027\u53cd\u61c9\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u9663\u71df\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u5be9\u8996\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u4e26\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u9019\u4e9b\u627f\u8afe\u7562\u7adf\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e16\u754c\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u6f84\u6e05\u3001\u8abf\u6574\u6216\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 \u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u5be9\u8996\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6b63\u78ba\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u7562\u7adf\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u6eff\u8db3\u6211\u5011\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u3002 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\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u6642\u6709\u9ede\u542b\u7cca \u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u8a9e\u8a00\u751a\u81f3\u70ba\u9019\u5834\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u5834\u8d77\u4e86\u540d\u5b57\uff1a\u300c\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\u300d\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u672a\u53d7\u904e\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6c11\u773e\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9a5a\u8a1d\u5730\u767c\u73fe\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u984f\u8272\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u5047\u8a2d\u4e26\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\uff08\u5118\u7ba1\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u9023 Newton \u4e5f\u64c1\u8b77\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u6301\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u614b\u5ea6\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u4e26\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u719f\u6089\u9053\u5fb7\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u767c\u751f\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8faf\u8ad6 \u2014\u2014 \u95dc\u65bc\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u3001\u75ab\u82d7\u63a5\u7a2e\u5f37\u5236\u57f7\u884c\u7b49 \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u8af8\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u5584\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u78ba\u7b49\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u671f\u671b\u5728\u5927\u773e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u807d\u5230\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53cd\u6d3e\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u88ab\u63cf\u7e6a\u6210\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u6709\u626d\u66f2\u6216\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8a8d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u2014\u2014 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u932f\u8aa4\u7406\u8ad6 moral error theory\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u662f\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6642\u901a\u5e38\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9047\u5230\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u3002 \u201cMoral Fictionalism and Religious &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2024\/01\/18\/moral-fictionalism-and-religious-fictionalism\/\">Continue reading <span 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