{"id":9186,"date":"2024-03-11T14:49:34","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T14:49:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9186"},"modified":"2024-03-11T14:49:39","modified_gmt":"2024-03-11T14:49:39","slug":"charles-larmores-the-autonomy-of-morality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2024\/03\/11\/charles-larmores-the-autonomy-of-morality\/","title":{"rendered":"Charles Larmore’s The Autonomy of Morality"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Charles Larmore \u5728 \u201cThe Autonomy of Morality<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u5851\u9020\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u548c\u4eba\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u3002 Charles Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c \u201c\u7406\u6027 rationality\u201d \u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d \u201c\u7406\u6027 reasons\u201d \u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14 \u201c\u7406\u6027\u69cb\u6210\u5be6\u5728\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5305\u542b\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5c0d\u5176\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u7dad\u5ea6\u3002\u3002\u3002\u201d( p 9 )\u3002 Larmore \u62d2\u7d55\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u5c0e\u8da8\u52e2\uff1aKant \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u6027\u662f\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca Hobbes \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7fa9\u52d9\u662f\u81ea\u9858\u7684\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba \u201c\u4f86\u81ea\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u201d \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5167\u5728\u7684\u7d04\u675f ( p 1 )\u3002Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u5c07\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u539f\u5247\u5f37\u52a0\u5728\u5916\u661f\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u5728\u65bc\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u3002 Larmore \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u5584\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002 \u53ea\u6709\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u5728\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u4e2d\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Autonomy of Morality<\/em>\u201d \u4f01\u5716\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5167\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c0d\u7576\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7368\u7279\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002 Larmore \u5728\u5341\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u95e1\u8ff0\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cLarmore \u7e7c\u7e8c\u634d\u885b\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u516c\u5171\u63a8\u7406\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5021\u5c0e\u8005\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86 John Rawls \u6240\u63a8\u5ee3\u7684\u8ff4\u907f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u76f4\u63a5\u9762\u5c0d\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\u3002 Larmore \u5c07\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u61c9\u8a72\u4f7f\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u6c7a\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u614b\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6279\u8a55 Kant \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u5176\u980c\u63da\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5c0e\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u548c\u5275\u9020\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u3002 \u8207\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e00\u6a23\uff0cLarmore \u5c0d\u82f1\u7f8e\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4ed6\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5f8c Kant \u5fb7\u570b\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u66f8\u7684\u6a19\u984c\u53d6\u81ea\u5176\u6700\u9577\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u7bc0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u7ae0\uff08 The Autonomy of Morality \uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u6070\u597d\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u4ee5\u524d\u672a\u767c\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002 \u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u6697\u793a\u4e86 Larmore \u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u9ede\u4e0d\u80fd\u57fa\u65bc\u64da\u7a31\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6b0a\u5a01\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u81ea\u7531\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Larmore \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7 \u201c\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb speaks for itself\u201d\uff08p 8, p 103\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7 \u201c\u81ea\u5f8b\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207 Kant \u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5f62\u6210\u9bae\u660e\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c Kant \u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u65e8\u5728\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7406\u6027\u7522\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5247\u548c\u539f\u5247\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b\u201d \u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002Plato\uff08\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u5c07\u7406\u6027\u8996\u70ba\u4e0d\u53ef\u9084\u539f\u70ba\u7269\u7406\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5be6\u9ad4\uff08 p 9 \uff09\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4e3b\u984c \u2014\u2014 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cLarmore \u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u5176 \u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u984c principal theme\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u662f\u5c07\u7406\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u8996\u70ba\u69cb\u6210\u5fc3\u9748\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u5c0d\u5176\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u79e9\u5e8f( p 2 )\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662fRawls\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u5341\u7ae0\u4e2d\u56db\u7ae0\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Rawls \u7684\u5584\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u7ae0\u7bc0\u5c0d\u751f\u6d3b\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4f46 Larmore \u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u540c\u610f Rawls \u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

xxxxxxxxx<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Larmore \u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u9818\u57df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8072\u8b7d\u56e0\u5169\u672c\u66f8\u800c\u7372\u5f97\u4fdd\u969c\uff1a \u201cPatterns of Moral Complexity (1987)<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u548c \u201cThe Morals of Modernity (1996)<\/a><\/em>\u201d \uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u56e0\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u3002 \u5728 \u201cThe Autonomy of Morality<\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u532f\u96c6\u4e86 1999 \u5e74\u81f3 2004 \u5e74\u9593\u767c\u8868\u7684 9 \u7bc7\u65e9\u671f\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e26\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5197\u9577\u7684\u65b0\u7ae0\u7bc0\uff0c\u9019\u70ba\u6574\u672c\u66f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7126\u9ede\u548c\u6a19\u984c\u3002 \u900f\u904e \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u50b3\u9054\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e8b\u7269 \u2014\u2014 \u65e2\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u500b\u9ad4\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u985e\u578b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u7d93\u5e38\u559c\u6b61\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7 \u201c\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb speaks for itself\u201d\uff08 p 88 \uff09\u4e26\u4e14 \u201c\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u201d\uff08 p 8 \uff09 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Larmore \u7684 \u201cThe Autonomy of Morality<\/em>\u201d \u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5167\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c0d\u7576\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7368\u7279\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002 Larmore \u5728\u5341\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u95e1\u8ff0\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cLarmore \u7e7c\u7e8c\u634d\u885b\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u516c\u5171\u63a8\u7406\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5021\u5c0e\u8005\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86 Rawls \u6240\u63a8\u5ee3\u7684\u8ff4\u907f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u76f4\u63a5\u9762\u5c0d\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\u3002 Larmore \u5c07\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u61c9\u8a72\u4f7f\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u6c7a\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u614b\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6279\u8a55 Kant \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50b3\u7d71 \uff0c\u5176\u980c\u63da\u81ea\u5f8b\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5c0e\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u548c\u5275\u9020\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u3002 \u8207\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e00\u6a23\uff0cLarmore \u5c0d\u82f1\u7f8e\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4ed6\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9 ( Richard Rorty) \u548c\u5f8c Kant \u5fb7\u570b\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u4e09\u7ae0\u9023\u540c\u300c\u5f15\u8a00\u300d\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u7406\u6027\u8207\u771f\u7406\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u70ba Larmore \u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u958b\u982d\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 (Back to Kant? No Way) \u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 (Attending to Reason) \u5206\u5225\u662f Karl Ameriks \u548c John McDowell\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u7ae0\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u9801\u9762\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684 \u201c\u8a9e\u5883\u4e3b\u7fa9 contextualist<\/a>\u201d \u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u57fa\u8abf\u3002 \u5c0d Larmore \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u53cd\u601d\u662f\u5c0d\u554f\u984c\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u7531\u6307\u5c0e\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u6240\u5f15\u767c\u7684\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u662f\u6211\u5011\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u672c\u8eab\u3002 \u8faf\u8b77\u8868\u660e\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u65e2\u5b9a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u4f86\u7684\u6a23\u5b50\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c Larmore \u62b5\u5236\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u6703\u74e6\u89e3\u771f\u7406\u8207\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002 \u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u771f\u7406\u7684\u7372\u53d6\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u6240\u88fd\u5b9a\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002 \u7136\u800c \uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u548c\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u4fdd\u8b49\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u5b78\u7fd2\u904e\u7a0b\u4f86\u6539\u9032\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u5148\u524d\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c1a\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0cLarmore \u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5c07\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5076\u7136\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u662f \u201c\u6211\u5011\u638c\u63e1\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u201d \uff08 p 30 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e5f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u6027\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u80fd\u529b\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cKant \u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6982\u5ff5 \u2014\u2014 \u5373\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e8b\u5be6\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u80fd\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u3002Larmore \u4e5f\u62d2\u7d55\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u601d\u8003\u6216\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u89e3\u91cb\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\uff08 p 65 \uff09\u3002Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u5c07\u539f\u56e0\u7406\u89e3\u70ba \u201c\u5be6\u5728\u7684\u5167\u5728\u898f\u7bc4\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08 p 129 \uff09\u3002Larmore \u4f3c\u4e4e\u63a5\u53d7 McDowell \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7d93\u9a57\u4e16\u754c\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u6982\u5ff5\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u6307\u8cac John McDowell \u672a\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5be6\u8cea\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5fc3\u9748\u5c0d\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u5df2\u7d93\u7d66\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u800c\u7406\u6027\u662f\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5404\u7a2e\u4e8b\u5be6\u5982\u4f55\u652f\u6301\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u9762\u5c0d\u6709\u95dc\u7406\u6027\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u751a\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u662f\u7406\u6027\uff1f\u5b83\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u63ee\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u4f5c\u7528 \uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u4ed6\u7684 \u201cHistory and Truth\u201d \u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c Larmore \u63a5\u53d7\u4e86 Richard Rorty \u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8ad6\u9ede \uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u6846\u67b6\u7e3d\u662f\u7531\u6b77\u53f2\u5076\u7136\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5851\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u4ed6\uff0c \u201c\u4e16\u754c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6211\u5011\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u201d \u667a\u529b\u63a2\u7a76\u662f\u6211\u5011 \u201c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u7406\u201d \u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff08 p 25 \uff09\u3002 \u5728 \u201cBack to Kant? No Way\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cKarl Ameriks \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86 \u201cKant and the Fate of Autonomy: Problems in the Appropriation of the Critical Philosophy (1978)<\/a><\/em>\u201d \uff0c\u4ed6\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba Kant \u548c\u4ed6\u6240\u555f\u767c\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u56e0\u672a\u80fd\u5340\u5206\u81ea\u5f8b\u548c\u81ea\u5f8b\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u800c\u8aa4\u5165\u6b67\u9014\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u5851\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9858\u671b\u548c\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u6620\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u5247\u5c07\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002 \u8207 Ameriks \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u69cb\u6210 Kant \u771f\u6b63\u6d1e\u898b\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u5f8b\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u53cd\u73fe\u5be6\u7406\u60f3 \u3002 Kant \u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4f5c\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3 \u2014\u2014 \u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u6ce8\u5177\u6709\u7368\u7acb\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u201c\u7406\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u61c9 Reason just is our responsiveness to reasons\u201d \uff08 p 135 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff08Attending to Reasons\uff09\u662f\u5c0d John McDowell \u7684 \u201cMind and World (1996)<\/a>\u201d \u4e2dWittgenstein \u7684\u5bc2\u975c\u4e3b\u7fa9 quietism<\/a> \u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002 Larmore \u8b9a\u63da McDowell \u5c0d \u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u6027 second nature\u201d \u7684\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u5373 \u201c\u5fc3\u9748\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u201d \uff08 p 51 \uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u540c\u610f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff1a\u7406\u6027\uff08\u7528 McDowell \u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa\uff09 \u201c\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u201d \u4f5c\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cLarmore \u62b1\u6028\u8aaa\uff0cMcDowell \u6c92\u6709\u627f\u8a8d\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5fc3\u9748\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u7db1\u9818\uff0c\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u5176\u7368\u7279\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u56f0\u5883\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba McDowell \u8ff4\u907f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\u662f\u898f\u7bc4\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 Larmore \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u4ed6\u540c\u610f J.L. Mackie \u7684 \u201cEthics: Inventing Right and Wrong<\/em><\/a>\u201d \u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5192\u72af\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u89c0\u9ede\u5c07\u7269\u8cea\u548c\u5fc3\u9748\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u5fc3\u9748\u638c\u63e1\u6216\u56de\u61c9\u7406\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 \u2014\u2014 \u4e16\u754c\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5be6\u9ad4 \u2014\u2014 \u6b63\u5728\u5c0d\u5176\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728 \u201c\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u6216\u9810\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u548c\u8ae7\u201d \uff08 p 55 \uff09\u3002 \u7406\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u70ba\u539f\u56e0\u662f Larmore \u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u554f\u984c \u3002 \u4ed6\u5c0d McDowell \u7684\u6307\u63a7\u662f\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201d \u4e2dWittgenstein \u7684\u5bc2\u975c\u4e3b\u7fa9 quietism<\/a> \u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002 Larmore \u8b9a\u63da McDowell \u5c0d \u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u6027 second nature\u201d \u7684\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u5373 \u201c\u5fc3\u9748\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u201d \uff08 p 51 \uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u540c\u610f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff1a\u7406\u6027\uff08\u7528 McDowell \u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa\uff09 \u201c\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u201d \u4f5c\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cLarmore \u62b1\u6028\u8aaa\uff0cMcDowell \u6c92\u6709\u627f\u8a8d\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5fc3\u9748\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u7db1\u9818\uff0c\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u5176\u7368\u7279\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u56f0\u5883\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba McDowell \u8ff4\u907f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\u662f\u898f\u7bc4\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 Larmore \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u4ed6\u540c\u610f J.L. Mackie \u7684 \u201cEthics: Inventing Right and Wrong<\/em><\/a>\u201d \u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5192\u72af\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u89c0\u9ede\u5c07\u7269\u8cea\u548c\u5fc3\u9748\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u5fc3\u9748\u638c\u63e1\u6216\u56de\u61c9\u7406\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 \u2014\u2014 \u4e16\u754c\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5be6\u9ad4 \u2014\u2014 \u6b63\u5728\u5c0d\u5176\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728 \u201c\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u6216\u9810\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u548c\u8ae7\u201d \uff08 p 55 \uff09\u3002 \u7406\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u70ba\u539f\u56e0\u662f Larmore \u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u554f\u984c \u3002 \u4ed6\u5c0d McDowell \u7684\u6307\u63a7\u662f\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6a19\u984c\u53d6\u81ea\u5176\u6700\u9577\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u7bc0 ( The Autonomy of Morality ) \u4ea6\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u7ae0 \uff0c\u4e5f\u6070\u597d\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u4ee5\u524d\u672a\u767c\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5c0d H. A. Prichard \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u984c\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u6240\u9a57\u8b49\u3002 \u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u6697\u793a\u4e86 Larmore \u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u9ede\u4e0d\u80fd\u57fa\u65bc\u64da\u7a31\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6b0a\u5a01\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u81ea\u7531\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Larmore \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7 \u201c\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb speaks for itself\u201d\uff08 p 8\uff0cp 88\uff0cp 103\uff09\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u4e14\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff08 p 73\uff0cp 88\uff09\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u7531\u4f86\u9a57\u8b49\u9019\u9805\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u90fd\u6703\u7834\u58de\u5176\u672a\u7d93\u8abf\u89e3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 \u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u6311\u91c1\u6027\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d Thomas Hobbes\u3001Kant \u53ca\u5176\u7576\u4ee3\u8ffd\u96a8\u8005\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f David Gauthier \u548c Christine Korsgaard\uff09\u7684\u5931\u6557\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff1a\u672a\u80fd\u7406\u89e3 Prichard \u95dc\u65bc \u201c\u70ba\u4f55\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\uff1f\u201d \u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u8003\u616e\u4e0d\u5468\u7684\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cKant \u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u72af\u4e86\u8207\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u8a66\u5716\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u7531\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8d85\u8d8a\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6771\u897f\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u7a2e \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207 Kant \u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5f62\u6210\u9bae\u660e\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7406\u6027\u7522\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5247\u548c\u539f\u5247\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u5f8b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86 Plato \u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8a72\u89e3\u91cb\u5c07\u7406\u6027\u8996\u70ba\u4e0d\u53ef\u9084\u539f\u70ba\u7269\u7406\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5be6\u9ad4\uff08 p 9 \uff09\u3002 \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4e3b\u984c \u2014\u2014 Larmore \u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u984c\u300d\u2014\u2014 \u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u5fc3\u9748\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u5c0d\u5176\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u79e9\u5e8f\uff08 p 2 \uff09\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f John Rawls \uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u5341\u7ae0\u4e2d\u56db\u7ae0\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Rawls \u7684\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4f46 Larmore \u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u540c\u610f Rawls \u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u5247 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff08 The Autonomy of Morality \uff09\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u5e7e\u7bc0\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7c21\u8981\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u50c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\u3002 \u5c0d Larmore \u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u617e\u671b\u7684\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u5929\u6c23\u5f88\u51b7\u4ee5\u53ca\u60f3\u8981\u4fdd\u6eab\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u7d66\u4e86\u6211\u7a7f\u5916\u5957\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff08 p 125 \uff09\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5c6c\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u4e8b\u5be6\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 Larmore \u95dc\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5373\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u617e\u671b\u5f9e\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u898f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u9019\u8207\u5fc3\u9748\u54f2\u5b78\u5f62\u6210\u9bae\u660e\u5c0d\u6bd4 \uff0c\u5fc3\u9748\u54f2\u5b78\u5c07\u8868\u5fb5\u8996\u70ba\u5fc3\u9748\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c \u201c\u6211\u5011\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u89c0\u773e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u884c\u52d5\u8005\u201d \uff08 p 132 \uff09\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u617e\u671b\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b83\u5011\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e00\u6a23\u3002Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c \u201c\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u7cfe\u7e8f\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ee3\u8868\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u4f86\u9762\u76ee\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u540c\u6642\u6ce8\u610f\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d \uff08 p 134 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u6838\u5fc3\u7ae0\u7bc0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8ad6\u8b49\u9053\u5fb7 \u201c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u53ef\u9084\u539f\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u9818\u57df\u201d \uff08 p 88 \uff09\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u5728\u6700\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u5c07\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u514b\u5236\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002 \u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u6027\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u985e\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 \u201c\u5167\u5728\u6b0a\u5a01\u201d \uff08 p 88 \uff09 \u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\u900f\u904e\u5c0d\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u4f86\u634d\u885b\u9019\u4e00\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5373 Hobbes \u4e3b\u7fa9\u548cKant \u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a66\u5716\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5916\u5728\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u8996\u70ba\u4e92\u60e0\u4e92\u5229\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5\u7531 Hobbes \u9996\u5275\u4e26\u7531 David Gauthier \u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5169\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u65b9\u9762\u5931\u6557\u4e86\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5f31\u8005\u548c\u7121\u6b0a\u8005\u6216\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u548c\u6211\u5011\u4e92\u5229\u5408\u4f5c\u8a08\u5283\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6279\u8a55\u4e5f\u5f88\u5e38\u898b\u3002 \u96d6\u7136\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u900f\u904e\u7d93\u5e38\u9055\u53cd\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u4f86\u640d\u5bb3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46 Hobbes \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8207\u4e00\u7a2e\u66f4\u72e1\u733e\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u5011\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e0d\u64d4\u5fc3\u53d7\u5230\u8b74\u8cac\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u624d\u9858\u610f\u525d\u524a\u4ed6\u4eba\u6216\u61f2\u7f70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u64da\u8aaa Kant \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002 \u6b63\u5982\u5df2\u7d93\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0cLarmore \u62d2\u7d55\u7406\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f \u2014\u2014 \u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u4ed6\u65b7\u8a00\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u7406\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u826f\u597d\u7406\u7531\u6642\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u5247\u624d\u80fd\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u3002 \u4ed6\u4e5f\u6279\u8a55 Kant \u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u7406\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002 \u9019\u9805\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6a19\u662fChristine Korsgaard\u3002Larmore \u6311\u6230\u4e86 Korsgaard \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u50f9\u503c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u591a\u91cd\u5be6\u969b\u8eab\u5206\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u8996\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u8981\u9ebc\u900f\u904e\u5df2\u7d93\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u8ff4\u907f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8996\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86 Korsgaard \u6240\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u5be6\u8cea\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0cKorsgaard \u672a\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f55\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u8ce6\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eba\u4eba\u6027\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0cLarmore \u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff1a\u627f\u8a8d\u9053\u5fb7\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u3001\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u662f\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230 \u201c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5584\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u7406\u7531\u201d \u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\uff08 p 122 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5f37\u8abf\u7406\u6027\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u6216\u63a7\u5236\u6642\uff0cLarmore \u5f88\u5c11\u95dc\u6ce8\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u5f37\u8abf\u4e3b\u9ad4\u9593\u4e00\u81f4\u4f5c\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002 \u8207 Larmore \u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u7406\u8ad6\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002 \u5169\u4eba\u90fd\u5982 T.M. Scanlon<\/a> \u7684\u5951\u7d04\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/a>\u548c Jurgen Habermas<\/a> \u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u502b\u7406\u5b78<\/a>\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u539f\u5247\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff08\u5118\u7ba1\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4e3b\u5f35\uff09\u8207\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5354\u8b70\u6216\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6709\u4fdd\u8b49\u7684\u65b7\u8a00\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u8207\u77e5\u60c5\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u5730\u76f8\u4e92\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u6771\u897f\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8a71\u8a9e\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u3002 \u76f8\u4e92\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u539f\u5247\u70ba\u5224\u65b7\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u548c\u932f\u8aa4\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6846\u67b6\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3 \u2014\u2014 \u8a55\u4f30\u6211\u5011\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u539f\u5247 \u2014\u2014 \u5c31\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u900f\u904e\u55ae\u7368\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u884c\u70ba\u4f86\u55ae\u7368\u5275\u9020\u5177\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002 \u4f46\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u60f3\u9053\u5fb7\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63a1\u53d6\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u7a31\u591a\u5143\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u78ba\u5b9a\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u539f\u5247\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u70ba\u884c\u52d5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u6bb5\u843d\u8868\u660e Larmore \u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b54\u6848\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u63a5\u53d7\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a72\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\u4ee5\u6b64\u8655\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u70ba\u5148\u6c7a\u689d\u4ef6\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7b54\u8986\u4e5f\u8207\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u8a31\u591a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u7531\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5171\u540c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7b26\u5408\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u3002 \u6b64\u5916 \uff0cLarmore \u7684\u56de\u7b54\u5c0d\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u66f8\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c \uff1a\u54ea\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u95dc\u7406\u7531\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7406\u8ad6\u5316\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1f \u6709\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u55ce\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\uff1f \u5404\u7a2e\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u539f\u5247\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u591a\u5c11\u6b0a\u91cd\uff1f \u4ed6\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u6c7a\uff1f \u8b80\u8005\u4e5f\u60f3\u66f4\u4e86\u89e3 Larmore \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7b26\u5408\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u76f4\u89ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50b3\u7d71\uff08 p 77 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Larmore \u78ba\u5be6\u5f37\u8abf\u4e3b\u9ad4\u9593\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u8207\u67d0\u4e9b\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u539f\u5247\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406\u5f37\u5236\u6b0a\u529b\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u5247\u3002 \u4ed6\u8d0a\u540c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u539f\u5247 \u2014\u2014 \u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u689d\u6b3e\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5408\u7406\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u201d\uff08 p 147 \uff09\u3002 Larmore \u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u5c07\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f54\u6709\u6b32\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u3002 \u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 (The Moral Basis of Political Liberalism) \u5c0d Rawls \u8207 Habermas \u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5169\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u76f8\u7576\u6eab\u548c\uff0c\u5373\u5169\u4eba\u90fd\u672a\u80fd\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u790e \u2014\u2014 \u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u3002Rawls \u634d\u885b\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8072\u7a31\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5168\u9762\u7406\u8ad6\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002 Larmore \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u201c\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u5177\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u4eab\u6709\u6211\u5011\u5c1a\u672a\u5851\u9020\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6b0a\u5a01\u201d \uff08 p 150 \uff09\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6982\u5ff5\u4ecd\u7136\u5c6c\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e26\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5168\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5b78\u8aaa\uff0c\u800c\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u662f\u7d04\u675f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u790e\u3002 Habermas \u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u8ce6\u4e88\u9053\u5fb7\u5c0a\u91cd\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89d2\u8272\u3002 \u5728 Larmore \u770b\u4f86\uff0cHabermas \u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u6b0a\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6e90\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u5148\u65bc\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u7b26\u5408 Habermas \u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cHabermas \u512a\u5148\u8003\u616e\u81ea\u6211\u7d04\u675f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u525d\u596a\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u512a\u5148\u8003\u616e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5fb5 \u2014\u2014 \u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b0a \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7279\u5fb5 \u2014\u2014 \u6b63\u7fa9 \u2014\u2014 \u5b58\u5728\u8457\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08 p 154 \uff09\u3002 Larmore \u5c0d Habermas \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u6b78\u6839\u7d50\u5e95\u662f\u5805\u4fe1\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u63a8\u52d5\u4e86 Larmore \u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 (John Rawls and Moral Philosophy) \u4e2d\u5c0d\u5408\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a72\u7ae0\u662f Rawls \u6e90\u81ea The New Republic \u7684 \u201cLectures on the History of Moral Philosophy<\/em><\/a>\u201d \u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u7ae0\uff08 p 85 \uff09\u3002 Larmore \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u63a5\u53d7\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u516c\u6c11\u5fc5\u9808\u9075\u5b88\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5168\u9762\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u5584\u610f\u9858\u666f\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u898f\u7bc4\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u8a31\u591a\u6b64\u985e\u5b78\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u91cd\u8996 \u201c\u6b78\u5c6c\u611f\u201d \u800c\u4e0d\u662f \u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d \u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\uff08 p 165 \uff09\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cRawls \u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u4e0a \uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709 Rawls \u6c92\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u6b63\u78ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u5230\u65b0 Kant \u4e3b\u7fa9\u6839\u6e90\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u5fc5\u9808\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Rawls \u6240\u5805\u6301\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5177\u6709\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u3002 \u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6309\u7167 Rawls \u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u539f\u5247 the liberal principle of legitimacy\u201d \u4f86\u56de\u61c9\u5f7c\u6b64\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u975e\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\uff09\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u9019\u8981\u6c42\u516c\u6c11\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u5920\u88ab\u6240\u6709\u7406\u6027\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u89c0\u9ede\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u9019\u6a23\uff0cLarmore \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u790e\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u9032\u884c\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5df2\u7d93\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u3001\u793e\u6703\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u898f\u7bc4\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5408\u7406\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u7fa9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u66f8\u5176\u9918\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8a73\u7d30\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86\u525b\u525b\u7e3d\u7d50\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u8207 Larmore \u975e\u5e38\u6b3d\u4f69\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 \u2014\u2014 \u7279\u5225\u662f\u65bc J\u00fcrgen Habermas\u3001Phillip Pettit \u548c Frederick Nietzsche \u2014\u2014 \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u9023\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0(The Idea of a Life Plan)\u4e2d\uff0cLarmore \u56de\u5230\u4e86 Rawls\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff1aLarmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cA Theory of Justice \u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5584\u7406\u8ad6\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u5ee3\u6cdb\u6d41\u50b3\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u6309\u7167\u8a08\u5283\u751f\u6d3b\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5047\u8a2d\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u8a31\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u611f\u5230\u9a5a\u8a1d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u7531\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cLarmore \u5728\u8a31\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff08The Meanings of Political Freedom\uff09\u4e2d\u56de\u61c9\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u9ee8\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u64da\u7a31\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u6d88\u6975\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002 Philip Pettit \u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5373\u975e\u652f\u914d\u7406\u8ad6\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002 \u4f46 Larmore \u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u95e1\u660e\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u8868\u793a\u61f7\u7591\u3002 \u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u6e90\u81ea\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ea\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u53c3\u8003\u5176\u4ed6\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u201d\uff08 p 168 \uff09\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a \uff0c\u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50b3\u7d71\uff08\u7576\u7136\u9084\u6709 Rawls \u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684 \u201c\u7d55\u5c0d\u5fe0\u8aa0\u201d \u5373\u4e0d\u5e72\u6d89\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff08 pp 184-89 \uff09\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0cLarmore \u5c0d\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8072\u7a31\u5b83\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u63d0\u51fa\u8cea\u7591\uff08 pp 192-95 \uff09\u3002 \u7562\u7adf\uff0cPettit \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5354\u5546\u6a5f\u5236\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9054\u6210\u8ffd\u8e64\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u975e\u4efb\u610f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u800c\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u3002 Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u4ef6\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6307\u5c0e\u6700\u4f73\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u57fa\u672c\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\uff0c\u5373\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Larmore \u4e5f\u634d\u885b\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u7406\u5ff5\u3002 \u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u502b\u7406\u6307\u5c0e\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5b98\u54e1\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u7b56\u6642\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5176\u540c\u80de\u53ef\u80fd\u5408\u7406\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u8ffd\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u3002 \u96d6\u7136Larmore \u5728\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u7406\u60f3\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff08Public Reason \uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u900f\u904e \u201cA Theory of Justice<\/em>\u201d \u548c\u5f8c\u7406\u8ad6\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5176\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u4ed6\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86 Rawls \u7406\u60f3\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6700\u597d\u5f9e Larmore \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u6703\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u8a31\u591a\u8207\u7576\u524d\u8faf\u8ad6\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u95dc\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u4e3b\u8981\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u516c\u958b\u653f\u6cbb\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u555f\u767c\u6027\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6216\u5b98\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u7b56\u3002 Larmore \u4e5f\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5c0d\u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u6279\u8a55 \u2014\u2014 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u5c07\u5c0d\u516c\u5171\u8faf\u8ad6\u65bd\u52a0\u904e\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\u7981\u8a00\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u5c07\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u5730\u9650\u5236\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u9b25\u722d \u2014\u2014 \u662f\u5982\u4f55\u57fa\u65bc\u8aa4\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Larmore \u5c0d\u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5f8c\u671f\u8b8a\u5316\u6301\u61f7\u7591\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373 Rawls \u7528\u66f4\u70ba\u5bec\u5bb9\u7684\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316 \u201c\u5bec\u5ee3\u89c0\u9ede\u201d \u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u521d\u7684 \u201c\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u201d \u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u89c0\u3002 \u4ed6\u5c0d\u5ee3\u6cdb\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u8a72\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u96a8\u6642\u5c07\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7d9c\u5408\u539f\u56e0\u5f15\u5165\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u8ad6\u58c7\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u6642\u5019\u63d0\u51fa\u9069\u7576\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7406\u7531\u3002 \u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0cLarmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u4fc3\u9032\u76f8\u4e92\u4fdd\u8b49\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u984d\u5916\u6536\u76ca\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u640d\u5bb3\u50c5\u6839\u64da\u516c\u5171\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u78ba\u5b9a\u5177\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3002 Larmore \u5728\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u6b63\u671d\u8457\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u524d\u9032\u3002\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u9069\u61c9\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c07\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c0\u5ff5\u5d4c\u5165\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u7fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u3002 \u771f\u8aa0\u800c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u516c\u6c11\u80fd\u5920\u4ee5\u5ee3\u95ca\u8996\u91ce\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5c0a\u91cd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u539f\u5247\u548c\u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u6240\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002 \u90a3\u4e9b\u6feb\u7528\u5ee3\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u6709\u95dc\u5b97\u6559\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u9644\u5e36\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0d\u8b1b\u9053\u7406\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9996\u5148\u5c0a\u91cd\u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8207 Rawls \u548c Larmore \u6709\u6642\u6240\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8207\u5408\u7406\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u502b\u7406\u61c9\u8a72\u8db3\u5920\u9748\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5141\u8a31\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u8a8d\u771f\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u5c0d\u516c\u6c11\u505a\u51fa\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u50c5\u4ee5\u653f\u6cbb\u50f9\u503c\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u5408\u7406\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4e5f\u8a31\u61c9\u8a72\u653e\u9b06\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d Rawls \u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u6279\u8a55\u662f\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7ae0\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0 (The Idea of a Life Plan) \u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\uff0cLarmore \u6311\u6230\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u6982\u5ff5\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230 Socrates \u5f0f\u7684\u9858\u666f\uff0c\u5373\u80fd\u5920\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5145\u5206\u4e14\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 Larmore \u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u662f\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u53cd\u8986\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u5373\u628a\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u8207\u7406\u6027\u8a08\u5283\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u3002 \u751a\u81f3\u64da\u8aaa Socrates \u4e5f\u72af\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5805\u6301\u5f9e\u6574\u9ad4\u4e0a\u5be9\u8996\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u4e26\u7372\u5f97\u5584\u3002 Larmore \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u8072\u7a31\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6beb\u7121\u6839\u64da\u7684\u504f\u898b\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7e41\u69ae\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u5230\u7406\u6027\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u3002 \u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u7531\u4f86\u5df2\u4e45\u3002 \u4f46 Rawls \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4eba\u751f\u8a08\u5283\u9019\u4e00\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u6700\u300c\u8a73\u76e1\u300d\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff08 p 258 \uff09\u3002Rawls \u5728 \u201cA Theory of Justice<\/em><\/a>\u201d \u4e2d\u5c0d\u5354\u5546\u7406\u6027 deliberative rationality (\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d85\u8d8a\u5176\u6240\u5229\u7528\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u7406\u6027\u9078\u64c7\u539f\u5247\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0cJon Mandle ,  David A. Reidy (eds.)\uff0cThe Cambridge Rawls lexicon\uff0c2015 ) \u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89e3\u91cb \u2014\u2014 \u5373\u884c\u52d5\u8005\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u900f\u904e\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u904e\u7a0b\u4f86\u8b58\u5225\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u70ba\u5e0c\u81d8\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u78ba\u8a8d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\uff08 p 253 \uff09\u3002 Larmore \u63d0\u9192\u8b80\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e78\u798f\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6210\u529f\u57f7\u884c\u7406\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ea\u8981\u9019\u7a2e\u8a08\u5283\u7b26\u5408\u7406\u6027\u9078\u64c7\u548c\u5145\u5206\u5be9\u8b70\u7406\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002 Bernard Williams \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6279\u8a55 Rawls \u5c0d\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u6642\u9593\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u4e26\u5047\u8a2d\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u5be9\u614e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u8cac\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0cLarmore \u7684\u6279\u8a55\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u5c0d Rawls \u548c Socrates \u5171\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5584\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u9810\u898b\u548c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u53c3\u8207\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7121\u6578\u7d93\u6b77\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u63d0\u51fa\u3002 \u5728\u767c\u5c55\u4ed6\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u6642\uff0cLarmore \u8a34\u8af8\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a \u201c\u751f\u547d\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u201d \uff08 p 246 \uff09\u3002 \u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u9ad4\u80fd\u5920 \u201c\u5728\u2026\u5be6\u969b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u524d\u201d \u7406\u89e3\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f7f\u751f\u6d3b\u503c\u5f97\u904e\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff08 p 269 \uff09\u3002 Larmore \u8072\u7a31\u9019\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff1b \u884c\u52d5\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u5177\u5099\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u84ec\u52c3\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u9810\u5148\u77e5\u8b58\u3002 \u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u9ede\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u5916\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u9805\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u88dc\u5145\u4e86 Larmore \u65e9\u671f\u5c0d\u6839\u64da\u81ea\u5f8b\u7406\u60f3\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8655\u7406\u3002 \u96d6\u7136\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3 \u2014\u2014 \u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u7fa9\u52d9\u548c\u898f\u5b9a\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3001\u9650\u5236\u548c\u8a31\u53ef\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01 \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7ae0\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u95dc\u6ce8\u751f\u6d3b\u502b\u7406\u3002 Larmore \u518d\u6b21\u6279\u8a55\u904e\u5ea6\u5f37\u8abf\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5c0e\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u61c9\u5730\u672a\u80fd\u6b23\u8cde\u7c21\u55ae\u7d66\u4e88\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u4ed6\u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u614b\u5ea6 \u201c\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8981\u904e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5141\u8a31\u767c\u751f\u5728\u6211\u5011\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u201d \uff08 p 247 \uff09\u3002 \u91cd\u9ede\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u4fee\u6539\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5584\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7576\u6211\u5011\u9047\u5230\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u969c\u7919 \u3001\u79ae\u7269\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u8996\u91ce\u548c\u5584\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u3002Larmore \u5beb\u9053\uff1a \u201c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6210\u70ba\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u76ee\u6a19……\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u7d93\u9a57\u5c07\u50b3\u6388\u7684\u6559\u8a13\u5c01\u9589\u8d77\u4f86\u201d \uff08 p 270 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0cRawls \u548c Socrates \u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u5426\u8a8d\u5c0d\u65b0\u7684\u548c\u8a08\u5283\u5916\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4fdd\u6301\u958b\u653e\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf Larmore \u76f8\u7576\u660e\u667a\u5730\u4e0d\u60f3\u5426\u8a8d\u5be9\u614e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e00\u6a23\uff08 p 270 \uff09\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u5206\u6b67\u8996\u70ba\u6975\u7aef\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9069\u7576\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6839\u64da\u8a08\u5283\u4f86\u69cb\u60f3\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e26\u5805\u6301\u8ffd\u6c42\u5176\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u800c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u901a\u904e\u64f1\u7f6e\u5b83\u5011\u800c\u4ee5\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u8003\u616e\u56e0\u7d20\u652f\u6301\u900f\u904e\u8ffd\u6c42\uff08\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\uff09\u8a08\u5283\u4e26\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u8ffd\u6c42\u4f86\u8a55\u4f30\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u72af\u4e0b\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u904e\u751a\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7576\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u689d\u9053\u8def\u6216\u6839\u672c\u62d2\u7d55\u9078\u64c7\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u53ea\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Rawls \u7684 Aristotle \u539f\u7406\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6771\u897f\u9700\u8981\u898f\u5283\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9ad8\u968e\u80fd\u529b\u5fc5\u9808\u8a13\u7df4\u548c\u57f9\u990a\u3002 \u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u7684\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5be9\u8996\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u505a\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4e26\u4eab\u53d7\u8207\u7d71\u4e00\u6211\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8b49\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\uff0cLarmore \u6240\u8a2d\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u610f\u5916\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6700\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u624d\u6703\u6392\u9664\u5411\u5b83\u5011\u5b78\u7fd2\u3001\u81ea\u767c\u56de\u61c9\u4ee5\u53ca\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7531\u6b64\u767c\u751f\u8f49\u8b8a\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Larmore \u4e26\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u975e\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u4ed6\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u8072\u7a31\u90a3\u4e9b\u6e34\u671b\u5236\u5b9a\u5408\u7406\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u6e1b\u5c11\u4ed6\u5011\u904e\u4e0a\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u8a08\u756b\u6a19\u6e96\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6b63\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u671f\u671b\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u50f9\u503c\u662f\u7406\u6027\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5275\u9020\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4f7f\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u662f\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\u90fd\u662f\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u666f\u89c0\u53ca\u5176\u8207\u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u3002 \u90a3\u4e9b\u671f\u5f85\u5c0d\u6fc0\u767c\u5927\u91cf\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u9032\u884c\u8abf\u67e5\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u5c07\u6703\u559c\u6b61\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u3002 \u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u4ed4\u7d30\u800c\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u8af8\u5982\u95dc\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b49\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u62b1\u6028 Larmore \u7684\u8a31\u591a\u76ee\u6a19 \u2014\u2014 \u4f8b\u5982Rawls \u3001Habermas\u3001Korsgaard \u548c McDowell \u2014\u2014 \u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f3a\u9ede\u90fd\u6bd4 Larmore \u5c0d\u7d30\u7bc0\u66f4\u654f\u611f\u3002 \u8a31\u591a\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u90fd\u6703\u540c\u610f Larmore \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u54f2\u5b78 \u201c\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u9ebb\u7169\u5b88\u6046\u300d\u7684\u6cd5\u5247\u201d \uff08 p 48 \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Charles Larmore \u5728 \u201cThe Autonomy of Morality\u201d \u4e2d\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u5851\u9020\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u548c\u4eba\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u3002 Charles Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c \u201c\u7406\u6027 rationality\u201d \u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d \u201c\u7406\u6027 reasons\u201d \u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14 \u201c\u7406\u6027\u69cb\u6210\u5be6\u5728\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5305\u542b\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5c0d\u5176\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u7dad\u5ea6\u3002\u3002\u3002\u201d( p 9 )\u3002 Larmore \u62d2\u7d55\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u5c0e\u8da8\u52e2\uff1aKant \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u6027\u662f\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca Hobbes \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u7fa9\u52d9\u662f\u81ea\u9858\u7684\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba \u201c\u4f86\u81ea\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u201d \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5167\u5728\u7684\u7d04\u675f ( p 1 )\u3002Larmore \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u5c07\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u539f\u5247\u5f37\u52a0\u5728\u5916\u661f\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u5728\u65bc\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u61c9\u3002 Larmore \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u5584\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002 \u53ea\u6709\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u5728\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u4e2d\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002 \u201cThe Autonomy … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2oa","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9186"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9187,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9186\/revisions\/9187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9186"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}