{"id":9208,"date":"2024-04-07T14:19:29","date_gmt":"2024-04-07T14:19:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9208"},"modified":"2024-04-07T14:19:34","modified_gmt":"2024-04-07T14:19:34","slug":"why-liberalism-failed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2024\/04\/07\/why-liberalism-failed\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Liberalism Failed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u70ba\u6210\u529f\u800c\u5931\u6557\u4e86\uff1f \u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e3b\u5c0e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b \u2500\u2500\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 \u2500\u2500 \u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002 \u9019\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5fd8\u8a18\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u653f\u6cbb\u9032\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6700\u7d42\u72c0\u614b\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Patrick Deneen\u5728\u9019\u672c\u9817\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u5ba3\u63da\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u52a9\u9577\u4e86\u7121\u8207\u502b\u6bd4\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1b \u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u5c0d\u79c1\u6709\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff1b \u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u6df1\u9060\u3001\u6700\u5168\u9762\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88cf\uff0cDeneen \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5411\u5fc3\u529b\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6210\u529f\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5931\u6557\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

xxxxxxxxxx<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. \u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u6fdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1989 \u5e74\u67cf\u6797\u570d\u7246\u7684\u57ae\u53f0\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u4e45\u5f8c\u8607\u806f\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u89e3\u9ad4\u70ba\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u6b23\u559c\u3002 \u51b7\u6230\u4e0d\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8f03\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8f03\u91cf\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b \u2014\u2014 \u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9 \u2014\u2014 \u770b\u4f3c\u5168\u9762\u64a4\u9000\u800c\u544a\u7d42\u3002 \u81ea\u8a61\u70ba\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u7684\u4eba\u8d0f\u4e86\u3002\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u78ba\u5207\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6709 \u2014\u2014 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5 Rawls \u5f0f\u7684  \u201c\u7121\u963b\u7919\u7684\u81ea\u6211 unencumbered self\u201d \u7684\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u70ba\u524d\u63d0\u30021991 \u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bae\u7a81\u7136\u88ab\u7f9e\u8fb1\u5730\u6dea\u70ba\u5730\u7de3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8173\u8a3b\uff0c\u5b83\u66fe\u7d93\u4f3c\u4e4e\u50cf\u4e00\u500b\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u5de8\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\u6a6b\u8de8\u5168\u7403\u3002 \u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Francis Fukuyama \u7b49\u65b0\u9ed1\u683c\u723e\u6d3e\u6b23\u559c\u82e5\u72c2\uff0c\u5ba3\u7a31\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\u548c\u300c\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u52dd\u5229 (End of History and the Last Man\uff0c1992<\/em><\/a>)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u975e\u6d32\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6 Chinua Achebe <\/a>\u66fe\u7d93\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5d29\u6f70\u4e86\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6bd4\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u6210\u529f\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u8106\u5f31\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u6fc0\u52f5\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6703\u840c\u82bd\u3002 \u300cDavos Man<\/a>\u300d\u7cbe\u82f1\u5011 \u2014\u2014 \u501f\u7528 Samuel Huntington \u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u5fd8\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71 \u2014\u2014 \u5f37\u52a0\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u88ab\u4fd8\u865c\u7684\u6c11\u773e\u7684\u5168\u7403\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u7e41\u69ae\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9577\u7bc7\u82f1\u96c4\u53f2\u8a69\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8ca7\u8840\u7684\u4e0d\u6eff\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u6df7\u4e82\u548c\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u6230\u722d\u3002 \u96a8\u8457\u5357\u534a\u7403\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8cc7\u52a9\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u4e2d\u7684\u96e3\u6c11\u6e67\u5165\u6b50\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u958b\u653e\u7684\u908a\u754c\u3002 \u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u96a8\u610f\u653b\u64ca\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5931\u6557\u4e86\uff0c\u540c\u5316\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684 \uff0c \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u672c\u8eab\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u7684\u618e\u60e1\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002 \u96a8\u8457\u79ae\u5100\u7684\u7c97\u4fd7\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6230\u722d\u6230\u7dda\u7684\u50f5\u5316\uff0c\u50b3\u7d71\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u6025\u5287\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u672c\u4f86\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6301\u4e45\u800c\u6d3b\u8e8d\u7684\u8de8\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u537b\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u62d2\u7d55\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002 \u5f9e\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u5f9e\u82f1\u570b\u5230\u975e\u6d32\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e2d\u570b\u5230\u6ce2\u862d\uff0c\u5f9e\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5230\u5df4\u897f\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e00\u518d\u5fb9\u5e95\u653e\u68c4\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5d29\u6f70\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6b63\u5982\u5176\u8a31\u591a\u6614\u65e5\u6575\u4eba\u6240\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u76f4\u89ba\u5230\uff0c\u50cf\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u96e2\u5fc3\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u8b93\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u8a8d\u540c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u662f\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u8005 ( \u5c24\u5176\u662f Gy\u00f6rgy Luk\u00e1cs \u548c Frederic Jameson \u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00 ) \u81ea Karl Marx \u672c\u4eba\u6642\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8a73\u7d30\u95e1\u8ff0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63a5\u7ba1\u6559\u6703\u4ee5\u53ca\u68b5\u8482\u5ca1\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c46\u5927\u516c\u6703\u8b70\u5728 1965 \u5e74\u9812\u5e03\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u5168\u9762\u7684\u300c\u6539\u9769\u300d\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u6fc0\u70c8\u548c\u6700\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9054\u6210\u4e86\u548c\u89e3\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u6559\u7687 John Paul\u00a0 \u4e8c\u4e16\u7d71\u6cbb\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9644\u5c6c\u54c1\u548c\u9644\u5e36\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6148\u5584\u8a08\u5283\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6559\u7687\u7684\u795d\u798f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec Michael Novak<\/a> \u795e\u7236\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002 Robert Sirico (Defending the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy(2012)<\/a><\/em>)\u548c Thomas Woods (The Church and the Market: A Catholic Defense of the Free Economy (2015)<\/a><\/em>)\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8853\u8a9e\u5411\u4fe1\u5f92\u89e3\u91cb\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u7d30\u5fae\u5dee\u5225\u3002\u00a0\u5728\u6559\u5b97\u65b9\u6fdf\u5404\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u4fb5\u5165\u4e86\u68b5\u8482\u5ca1\u7684\u5e33\u7bf7\uff0c\u6559\u5b97\u65b9\u6fdf\u5404\u8ac7\u5230\u69cd\u652f\u7ba1\u5236\u548c\u300c\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077 \u300d\u6642\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u8207\u4fe1\u4ef0\u689d\u6b3e\u4e00\u6a23\u591a\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u52dd\u5229\u7684\u5be7\u975c\u65e5\u5b50\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u5176\u6700\u71b1\u5fc3\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u8005\u6240\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u9084\u8981\u4ee4\u4eba\u8208\u596e\u3002 \u5118\u7ba1\u56f0\u96e3\u91cd\u91cd\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6d6a\u6f6e\u5728\u8056\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u6559\u5802\u7684\u53f0\u968e\u4e0a\u9054\u5230\u9802\u5cf0 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\u96a8\u8457 Alasdair MacIntyre \u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u9769\u547d\u548c\u793e\u7fa3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8208\u8d77 (Kelvin Knight, <\/a>Aristotelianism versus Communitarianism<\/a><\/em>)\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u8b02\u5931\u6557\u7684\u8a3a\u65b7\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5931\u6557\u6e90\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff1a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5fe0\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\uff0c\u5f9e\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u65e9\u671f\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5206\u88c2\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u3002Patrick Deneen \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5047\u88dd\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u529b\u91cf \uff0c\u540c\u6642\u8ff4\u907f\u5c0d\u826f\u5fc3\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u7d50\u793e\u548c\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002 \u5b83\u5fb9\u5e95\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u907a\u7522\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u6cbb\u7406\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u81ea\u5f8b\u548c\u7372\u5f97\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u800c\u7576\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5247\u5728 Hobbes \u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c Whig \u9ee8<\/a>\u5c0d\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u57f7\u8457\u7684\u555f\u767c\u4e0b\uff0c\u5177\u9ad4\u5316\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u884c\u653f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patrick Deneen \u8207 Alexis de Tocqueville \u4e00\u6a23\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6ecb\u751f\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u96d6\u7136\u53e6\u6709\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u900f\u904e\u5e02\u5834 \/ \u570b\u5bb6\u806f\u76df\u4f86\u670d\u52d9\u653f\u6b0a\u7a69\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u64fa\u812b\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u6eff\u8db3\u6211\u5011\u7684\u80c3\u53e3\u3002 \u95dc\u4fc2\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u617e\u671b\u5c0d\u50cf\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u88ab\u9078\u64c7\u800c\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7f8e\u5fb7\u800c\u88ab\u63a1\u7528\u3002 \u66f4\u5177\u7834\u58de\u6027\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u904b\u52d5\u5c0d\u6b63\u5e38\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u76f8\u547c\u61c9\uff0cDeneen \u8072\u7a31\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u64fa\u812b \u201c\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9650\u5236\u201d \uff08 p 49 \uff09\u3002 \u5927\u5b78\u4e5f\u56e0\u5b8c\u5168\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u529f\u5229\u548c\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6307\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46 Deneen \u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8ff4\u907f\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6545\u4e8b\u4e2d\u5360\u4e3b\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u9762\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5efa\u8a2d\u6027\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u5f88\u96e3\u8fa8\u5225\u3002 Gilbert Keith Chesterton<\/a> \u7684\u5206\u914d\u4e3b\u7fa9 distributism<\/a> \u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6c23\u606f\u96b1\u85cf\u5728\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5c0f\u898f\u6a21\u624b\u5de5\u696d\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u63d0\u53ca\u548c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u8fb2\u696d\u8a69\u4eba Wendell Berry<\/a> \u7684\u8b9a\u63da\u4e4b\u9593\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6839\u64da Deneen \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u900f\u904e\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u80cc\u53db\u4e86\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7834\u58de\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u3002 \u4ed6\u5c07 2008 \u5e74\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u6a5f\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u591a\u9762\u5411\u5371\u6a5f\u7684\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u5834\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5371\u6a5f\u9084\u662f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5371\u6a5f\uff1f Deneen \u7368\u7279\u3001\u654f\u92b3\u4e14\u9055\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u8005\u662f\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneen \u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8a3a\u65b7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5176\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u7bc4\u570d\u3002 \u5f9e\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u4ee5\u7f8e\u570b\u7d93\u9a57\u70ba\u6846\u67b6\u7684\uff0c\u96e2\u7f8e\u570b\u8d8a\u9060\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e0d\u76f8\u95dc\u3002 \u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u9ad4\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u5be6\u65bd\u9650\u5236\u3002 \u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u7d05\u8272\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9 red toryism<\/a> \u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u628a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5922\u60f3\u8207\u8f03\u5f31\u7684\u570b\u5bb6 \u3001\u66f4\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u8abf\u89e3\u6a5f\u69cb\u548c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8b70\u6703\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7dda\u7d22\u3002 \u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c11\u4e3b\u96d6\u7136\u8209\u6b65\u7dad\u8271\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5821\u58d8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\u548c\u7fa9\u5927\u5229 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u529b\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5169\u6975\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u5c0d\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6b3a\u9a19\u6027\u63a9\u84cb\u3002 \u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u5728Plato \u7684 \u201c\u5d07\u9ad8\u8b0a\u8a00 Noble Lie<\/a>\u201d\u00a0\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8a72\u8b0a\u8a00\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e26\u6545\u610f\u63a9\u84cb\u6240\u6709\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u9032\u6b65\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005 (David Foster, Joseph Warren\uff0c<\/a>From Classical to Progressive Liberalism: Ideological Development and the Origins of the Administrative State<\/a><\/em>) \u90fd \u201c\u8b9a\u63da\u9078\u6c11\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb \uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u200b\u200b\u5011\u5c0b\u6c42\u4fc3\u9032\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4ee5\u76e1\u91cf\u6e1b\u5c11\u9078\u8209\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u201d\u00a0\uff08 p 162 \uff09\u3002 Deneen \u7aed\u76e1\u5168\u529b\u95e1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u65bc Alexis de Tocqueville \u548c\u00a0Edmund Burke \u7684\u898b\u89e3\u5c0d Federalist Papers \u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002Deneen \u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 \u00a0\u201c\u7121\u5f62\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b invisible ideology\u201d \u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684 ( p 179 )\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9858\u666f\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u9650\u88fd\u6216\u7d04\u675f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u81ea\u6cbb \u2014\u2014 \u7121\u8ad6\u5176\u6027\u8cea\u5982\u4f55\u3002 Deneen \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u9858\u666f\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5b83\u7834\u58de\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u5c07\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u5206\u958b\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9023\u7d50\u3002 \u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u5e7e\u5343\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6559\u6703\u3001\u7576\u5730\u793e\u5340\u548c\u5404\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u53c3\u8207\u5728\u5167\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u6a5f\u69cb\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u627f\u64d4\u8457\u4e3b\u8981\u8cac\u4efb\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u96c6\u6703\u3001\u5973\u7ae5\u5b50\u8ecd\u3001\u5c11\u5e74\u806f\u76df\u6216\u5bb6\u653f\u52de\u52d5\uff0c\u90fd\u8207\u5bb6\u5ead\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u5851\u9020\u5b69\u5b50\u6027\u683c\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7194\u7210\u3002 \u6216\u8005\uff0c\u7528 Deneen \u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u57f9\u990a\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u300c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u300d\u548c\u300c\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u9858\u666f\uff08 p 37 \uff09\u3002 \u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u9858\u666f\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u9032\u7a0b\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u518d\u7372\u5f97\u5b83\u7684\u597d\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e5f\u8a31 Deneen \u7684\u6700\u5927\u5f31\u9ede\u662f\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u767c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u4e88\u7406\u776c\u3002 \u7f8e\u570b\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6b98\u9177\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u9019\u9805\u8ca0\u9762\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u80cc\u5f8c\u539f\u56e0\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5883\u5916\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f03\u4f4e\u3002 \u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u8207\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u900f\u904e\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u9032\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95dc\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\uff0cDeneen \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5c16\u92b3\u5230\u4e86\u5510\u7a81\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6280\u8853\u63a7\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u63db\u53d6\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5fe0\u8aa0\uff0c\u800c\u72a7\u7272\u90e8\u5206\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3002 \u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u570b\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e00\u6a23\uff0cDeneen \u5c0d\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6c92\u751a\u9ebc\u7528\u8655\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u5176\u8996\u70ba\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u63a9\u8b77\uff0c\u800c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u89c0\u9ede\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u3002 \u518d\u6b21\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f44\u5340\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u5728\u9019\u88cf\u4e26\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u60b2\u89c0\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5141\u8a31\u9644\u5c6c\u7684 \u3001\u91cd\u758a\u7684\u5fae\u89c0\u6587\u5316\u57f9\u80b2\u50b3\u7d71\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8981\u6b78\u529f\u65bc\u4f86\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u6e67\u5165\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9858\u671b\u6c92\u6709\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u3002 Deneen \u662f\u5426\u5141\u8a31\u975e\u7f8e\u570b\u7d93\u9a57\u4f86\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. \u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u6f6e\u6d41\u6b63\u5728\u958b\u59cb\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002 \u5728 \u201cWhy Liberalism Failed<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u4e2d\uff0c\u00a0Patrick Deneen \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53cd\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002 Deneen \u7684\u7c21\u4ecb\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u5b83\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u4eca\u5929\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5468\u570d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 Deneen \u7684\u66f8\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5982\u4f55\u5fb9\u5e95\u58d3\u5012\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u7e3d\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u56b4\u53b2\u63a7\u8a34\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u5bb3\u4e14\u5fb9\u5e95\u8150\u6557\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneen \u5728\u4ee4\u4eba\u5fc3\u788e\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u4e2d\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u4e0d\u9867\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u201c\u53cd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5bc4\u751f\u6027\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u7a2e\u90aa\u60e1\u7684 \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u76e3\u7763\u8457\u9ad4\u9762\u793e\u6703\u7684\u8870\u6557\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u900f\u904e\u5403\u6b98\u7fb9\u5269\u98ef\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u6975\u70ba\u5bcc\u6709\u3002 \u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e03\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u9032\u7a0b\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5df2\u7d93\u5f9e Jean-Jacques Rousseau \u7684\u958b\u7aef\u6f14\u8b8a\u70ba\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684 Hobbes \u5f0f\u7684\u6210\u719f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u6211\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8a2d\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7e7c\u627f\u7684\u6587\u660e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u790e \u2014\u2014 \u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u793e\u5340\u3001\u900f\u904e\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u652f\u6301\u6587\u5316\u5b78\u5230\u7684\u898f\u7bc4 \u2014\u2014 \u5c07\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u8755\u3002 […]\u6211\u9810\u8a08\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9[\u5c07]\u7121\u60c5\u5730\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7528\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5275\u53ef\u8cbc\u53d6\u4ee3\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u65e5\u76ca\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5371\u6a5f[…]\u8feb\u4f7f\u5176\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u65e5\u76ca\u9811\u56fa\u7684\u6c11\u773e\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6703\u540c\u6642\u201c\u4f54\u4e0a\u98a8\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u800c\u5931\u6557\u3002 ( p xiii) […] \u4e00\u7a2e\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u9032\u66f4\u5927\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u634d\u885b\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\u3001\u7576\u7136\u9084\u6709\u64f4\u5927\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5f37\u5236\u7d71\u4e00\u548c\u540c\u8cea\u5316\uff0c\u52a9\u9577\u7269\u8cea\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u7834\u58de\u81ea\u7531\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u6210\u529f\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u5b83\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u8207\u6211\u5011\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4f86\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u201d ( p 3 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9451\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\uff0c\u201cWhy Liberalism Failed<\/em>\u201d \u4ee5\u53ca\u65e9\u671f\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ae0\u7bc0\u66fe\u7d93\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u5834\u8ed2\u7136\u5927\u6ce2\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u3002 \u201cWhy Liberalism Failed<\/em>\u201d \u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u6709\u95dc\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5fc5\u9808\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u4e4b\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u7a00\u6709\u66f8\u7c4d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4f86\u81ea\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff1a\u4f86\u81ea\u5de6\u7ffc\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u51fa\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u95dc\u65bc\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u6027\u5225\u7684\u9673\u8154\u6feb\u8abf\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u9673\u8154\u6feb\u8abf\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u5de6\u7ffc\u4eba\u58eb\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5be6\u8cea\u6fc0\u9032\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f3\u7ffc\u672a\u80fd\u5d07\u62dc Adam Smith\u3001David Hume\u3001Thomas Jefferson\u3001John Stuart Mill \u548c John Locke \u7684\u796d\u58c7\u3002 \u4f46\u5728\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e00\u5207\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5f37\u5927\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Gy\u00f6rgy Luk\u00e1cs \u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u5b83\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u6574\u500b\u5f8c\u300c\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u300c\u932f\u8aa4\u610f\u8b58\u300d\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u653b\u64caDeneen \u7684\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8b49\u660e\u73fe\u5728\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002 \u300c\u5de6\u300d\u548c\u300c\u53f3\u300d\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u8258\u7b28\u91cd\u7684\u8239\u7684\u5de6\u8237\u548c\u53f3\u8237\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneen \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5df2\u7d93\u5931\u6557\u3002 \u66f4\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5728\u5169\u500b\u591a\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002 \u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u6587\u5b57\u904a\u6232\u3002 Deneen \u610f\u8b58\u5230\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5df2\u7d93\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3001\u5275\u65b0\u548c\u6210\u5c31\u5c07\u7121\u6cd5\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\uff08 p 19\uff09\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u7a81\u7834\u5305\u62ec\u5de5\u696d\u3001\u6280\u8853\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u3001\u98db\u884c\u3001\u592a\u7a7a\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u7121\u6578\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u3002 \u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b Deneen \u8a8d\u70ba\u90fd\u662f\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9858\u666f\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6709\u9650\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u7576 Deneen \u5be9\u8996\u73fe\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6210\u5c31\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f7f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u514d\u53d7\u56b4\u683c\u5be9\u67e5\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Deneen \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4eca\u5929\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6240\u76ee\u7779\u7684 \u2014\u2014\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5206\u88c2 \u2014\u2014 \u662f\u7e41\u69ae\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u554f\u984c\u6240\u5728\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b63\u5728\u81ea\u6bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneen \u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u632b\u6557\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u5426\u8a8d\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u3001\u524d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u793e\u6703\u662f\u7de9\u6162\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c 185 \u9801\uff0cDeneen \u5411\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u6f51\u4e86\u4e00\u76c6\u51b7\u6c34\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5b89\u6392\u662f\u6709\u6a5f\u7684\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5df2\u7d93\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u5b89\u6392\u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad8\u65bc\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u632f\u596e\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u958b\u982d\u8b66\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6458\u81ea Barbara Tuchman \u7684 \u201cA Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century<\/a><\/em>\u201d \uff0cDeneen \u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u548c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e00\u6a23\u7d55\u671b\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u56de\u53bb\uff0cDeneen \u8cac\u5099\u4ed6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u3002 \u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u904e\u53bb\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u667a\u6167 \u2014\u2014 \u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u672c\u5c07\u7576\u524d\u8a3a\u65b7\u70ba\u7d55\u5c0d\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u66f8\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u7576\u8af7\u523a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneen \u542b\u7cca\u4e14\u6beb\u7121\u5e6b\u52a9\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b \u201c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u201d \uff08 p 191 \uff09\u4f86\u5c0b\u627e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u524d\u9032\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u96a8\u5f8c\u53c8\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff08 p 197 \uff09\u3002\u3002 \u76db\u88dd\u9019\u4e9b\u5f69\u8272\u73e0\u5b50\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f \u9664\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u96e3\u5f97\u51fa\u5176\u4ed6\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u6c92\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u9084\u662f\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u3002 \u4f46\u5021\u5c0e\u56de\u6b78\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u570b\u738b\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u3001\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u986f\u7136\u6bd4Deneen \u6e96\u5099\u8d70\u7684\u66f4\u9060\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u5584\u65bc\u8868\u9054\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u60c5\u9858\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u7a2e\u6eab\u5ea6\u8a08\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u8861\u91cf\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u71b1\u6f6e\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u50cf Deneen \u9019\u6a23\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5371\u96aa\u7684\u766e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5efa\u8b70\u6211\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u6212\u6389\u9d09\u7247\u7159\u9928\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. \u5404\u7ae0\u6982\u8981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patrick Deneen \u7684 \u201cWhy Liberalism Failed<\/em>\u201d \u81ea 2018 \u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u4ee5\u4f86\u5c31\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u722d\u8b70\u548c\u722d\u8ad6 \u3002Deneen \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u6b63\u5728\u898b\u8b49\u73fe\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89e3\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u5be6\u65bd\u5931\u6557\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u5076\u7136\u548c\u5916\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u539f\u5247\u672c\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u672c\u8eab\u3002 \u5728\u6574\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u9375\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u5b83\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u7834\u58de\u6027\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u7d04\u675f\u7684\u55aa\u5931\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5f15\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0cPatrick Deneen \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5931\u6557\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6210\u529f\u4e86\u3002 \u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u4e03\u7ae0\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u77ed\u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u70ba\u4f55\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5982\u4f55\u56e0\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u800c\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6b0a\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u958b\u59cb\u770b\u7a7f\u57f7\u653f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6cbb\u6a5f\u69cb\u6240\u505a\u7684\u865b\u5047\u627f\u8afe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u903c\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u518d\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002 \u900f\u904e\u9f13\u52f5\u4e0d\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u6d88\u8cbb\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4ee5\u5176\u7121\u4f11\u6b62\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u548c\u7121\u9650\u5236\u5730\u6eff\u8db3\u617e\u671b\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u903c\u5165\u4e86\u56f0\u5883\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u6aa2\u8996\u5b83\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u5e0c\u81d8\u548c\u7f85\u99ac\u793e\u6703\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u800c\u5e0c\u81d8\u548c\u7f85\u99ac\u793e\u6703\u96a8\u5f8c\u53d7\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u6279\u8a55\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53cd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5b83\u5805\u6301\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u5f37\u7684\u96c6\u6b0a\u548c\u540c\u8cea\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u7834\u58de\u4e86\u793e\u5340\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u79d1\u6280\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5f14\u8a6d\u3002 \u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u6216\u6642\u671f\u51fa\u73fe\u904e\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u6280\u8853\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6642\u4ee3\u5f9e\u6280\u8853\u9032\u6b65\u4e2d\u5982\u6b64\u53d7\u76ca\u532a\u6dfa\u3002 \u540c\u6642\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6642\u4ee3\u5982\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 Deneen \u65b7\u8a00\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u8a55\u4f30\u793e\u6703\u8207\u79d1\u6280\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6642\u5019\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u5d07\u5c1a\u4ee5\u72a7\u7272\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u4ee3\u50f9\u505a\u51fa\u77ed\u8996\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5be6\u73fe\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u9020\u6210\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6096\u8ad6\uff0cDeneen \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u6587\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u63a8\u52d5\u4f7f\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u73fe\u72c0\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u3002 \u8af7\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u4ee5\u72a7\u7272\u81ea\u7531\u85dd\u8853\u70ba\u4ee3\u50f9\u4f86\u63d0\u5347\u5974\u5f79\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u800c\u73fe\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u65e2\u4f9d\u8cf4\u820a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u5c07\u820a\u5f0f\u8cb4\u65cf\u5236\uff08\u50cf\u7f8e\u570b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7aed\u76e1\u5168\u529b\u64fa\u812b\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\u8207\u65b0\u5f0f\u8cb4\u65cf\u5236\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u5f0f\u8cb4\u65cf\u5236\u662f\u7531\u5e7e\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u8ca1\u5bcc\u548c\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u56e4\u7a4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u72e1\u733e\u64cd\u7e31\u6240\u5275\u9020\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u865b\u69cb\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u8072\u7a31\u81ea\u6cbb\u548c\u771f\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684 \u201c\u5d07\u9ad8\u8b0a\u8a00\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u88ab\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002 \u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u5c07\u5404\u7a2e\u7dda\u7d22\u6574\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4e26\u7e3d\u7d50\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u5931\u6557\u6b78\u529f\u65bc\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u8870\u843d\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5404\u500b\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u5c0f\u793e\u5340\u5fc5\u9808\u627e\u5230\u91cd\u65b0\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56de\u6b78\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7576\u5730\u7fd2\u4fd7\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u982d\u958b\u59cb\u5efa\u8a2d\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e00\u65e6\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u5c64\u958b\u59cb\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6771\u897f\u5c31\u6703\u88ab\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u4ee5\u91cd\u5927\u548c\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6539\u8b8a\u793e\u6703\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u907a\u5fd8\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u597d\u8655 \u2014\u2014 \u5118\u7ba1\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\uff1b \u7136\u800c\uff0cDeneen \u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u662f\u6642\u5019\u627f\u8a8d\u4e3b\u6d41\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u4e26\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u4f86\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cDeneen \u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7d50\u5c40\uff1a\u8981\u9ebc\u5c48\u670d\u65bc\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u540d\u7fa9\u9032\u884c\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684 \u201c\u6df1\u5c64\u653f\u5e9c deep state\u201d \u884c\u653f\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u767c\u751f\u653f\u6b0a\u66f4\u8fed\u3002 \u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c \u201c\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u7d50\u679c\u90fd\u662f\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u6240\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u201d \uff08 p 181 \uff09\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. \u7e3d\u7d50<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patrick Deneen \u7684\u66f8\u7684\u60b2\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u4e9b\u523a\u8033\uff0c\u4f46\u7e3d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f37\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u99c1\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7dad\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u597d\u8655\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6bd4\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u6d88\u6975\u3002 \u6642\u9593\u6703\u8b49\u660e\u4e00\u5207\u3002 \u7136\u800c Jonah Goldberg \u7684 \u201cSuicide of the West: How the Rebirth of Tribalism, Populism, Nationalism, and Identity Politics is Destroying American Democracy (2018)<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u63a8\u52d5\u66f4\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Goldberg \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u975e\u5e38\u8271\u82e6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cDeneen \u51fa\u7684\u524d\u9032\u9053\u8def\u4ecd\u7136\u503c\u5f97\u8003\u616e\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f4\u5230\u672c\u66f8\u7d50\u675f\u6642\u624d\u63d0\u51fa\u9019\u9805\u5efa\u8b70\u3002 \u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u64fa\u812b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u800c\u8f49\u5411\u65b0\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u500b\u521d\u6b65\u6b65\u9a5f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6210\u5c31\u3002 \u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u689d\u4ef6\u6975\u5927\u5730\u53d7\u76ca\u65bc\u54f2\u5b78\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u79fb\u52d5\u3001\u5275\u65b0\u548c\u4fdd\u7559\u66f4\u591a\u6211\u5011\u6240\u751f\u7522\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002( p 182 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u300c\u8d85\u8d8a\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6642\u4ee3\u300d\u3002 \u9019\u5c07\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u300c\u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u767c\u5c55\u57f9\u80b2\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u57ce\u90a6\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u300d\u3002 \u9019\u5728\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u95dc\u6ce8\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5049\u5927\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u91cd\u7d44\u3002( p 183 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u843d\u5be6\u524d\u5169\u6b65\uff0c\u7e7c\u627f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u653e\u68c4\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u597d\u6771\u897f\u3002 \u9019\u662f\u4e09\u500b\u6b65\u9a5f\u4e2d\u6700\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4f46 Deneen \u6240\u547c\u7c72\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u982d\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u555f\u8499\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e00\u6a23\u3002 \u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u8207\u53e4\u4ee3\u667a\u6167\u7684\u5bf6\u85cf\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u6253\u9020\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u3002( p 183 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhy Liberalism Failed<\/em>\u201d \u7684\u672c\u8cea\u662f\u4e00\u5834\u95dc\u65bc\u8870\u843d\u8ad6\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u3002Deneen \u4e0d\u50c5\u8a66\u5716\u8b74\u8cac\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8072\u7a31\u9019\u7a2e\u5931\u6557\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Deneen \u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u5176\u6bc0\u6ec5\u7684\u7a2e\u5b50\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\uff08\u539f\u59cb\uff09\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982 Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli\u3001Hobbes\u3001Locke \u548c Mill \u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u5316 \u3002 \u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u548c\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8cea\u7591 Deneen \u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u50cf\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u672b\u65e5\u8ad6\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u7fa9 \u2014\u2014 \u56e0\u70ba\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c31\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u5931\u6557\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u771f\u7684\u6709\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u55ce\uff1f \u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5426\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u505a\u51fa\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\uff1f \u5927\u591a\u6578\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5c0d\u6b64\u8868\u793a\u61f7\u7591\u3002 Deneen \u6240\u5ba3\u63da\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u6b77\u53f2\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u5176\u9810\u6e2c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b77\u53f2\u5076\u7136\u6027\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u6578\u767e\u842c\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u500b\u9810\u6e2c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u4f86\u963b\u6b62\u5b83\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6279\u5224\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u798f\u5229\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u986f\u8457\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002 \u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u300d\u5de5\u4eba\u9769\u547d\u3002 Deneen \u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u627f\u8a8d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u3002 \u5c0d\u4ed6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5df2\u7d93\u5931\u6557\u4e86\uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u53ea\u6703\u8b49\u5be6\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u70ba\u4e86\u9075\u5faa\u4ed6\u76f8\u7576\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u8ff0\uff0cDeneen \u88ab\u8feb\u505a\u51fa\u7121\u6578\u7684\u7c21\u5316\u548c\u6982\u62ec\u3002Locke \u662f\u7121\u53ef\u722d\u8b70\u7684 \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\uff0c\u800c \u201c\u6211\u5011\u4eca\u5929\u751f\u6d3b\u5728 Mill \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u201d\u3002 \u900f\u904e\u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u9375\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0cDeneen \u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5bb9\u6613\u3002 \u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u8b8a\u5f97\u8f03\u5f31 \u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u82f1\u570b\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6fc0\u767c\u798f\u5229\u570b\u5bb6\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u63d0\u5230\u798f\u5229\u570b\u5bb6\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8a71\uff0cDeneen \u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u7de9\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5373\u9032\u6b65\u6d3e \u201c\u547c\u7c72\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b63\u7fa9\u548c\u99b4\u670d\u5e02\u5834\u201d \u201c\u5f9e\u672a\u5be6\u73fe\u201d ( p 143 )\u3002\u9019\u9805\u907a\u6f0f\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u5fb5\u5146\uff1a\u4ee4\u4eba\u6cae\u55aa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5\u7f8e\u570b\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u9019\u90e8\u5206\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\uff1b \u6700\u597d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u653f\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u662f Deneen \u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002 \u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u5c0d\u6fb3\u6d32\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u82f1\u570b\u6216\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7d0d\u7dad\u4e9e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u9a57\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u5206\u6790 \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u798f\u5229\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bd4\u7f8e\u570b\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5f97\u591a \u2014\u2014 \u662f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5f31\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneen \u4e5f\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u626d\u66f2\u7d93\u9a57\u8b49\u64da\u4ee5\u9069\u61c9\u4ed6\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u8ff0\u3002 \u9019\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u8870\u843d\u8ad6\u6587\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u5b83\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5f37\u8abf\u7576\u524d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u6de1\u5316\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cDeneen \u5c0d\u6c42\u611b\u548c\u5a5a\u524d\u7981\u617e\u7b49\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8870\u843d\u8868\u793a\u907a\u61be\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86 \u201c\u529f\u5229\u6027\u6027\u63a5\u89f8 utilitarian sexual encounters\u201d \u548c \u201c\u5f37\u66b4\u6587\u5316 rape culture\u201d ( p 39 & p 86 ) \u3002 \u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u9019\u7a2e\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7d00 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6027\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u9060\u6c92\u6709\u90a3\u9ebc\u653e\u8569\u3002 \u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e2d\u5f37\u66b4\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u5305\u542b\u7537\u5973\u4e4b\u9593\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u3002 \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cDeneen \u6240\u63a8\u5d07\u4e26\u8072\u7a31\u6b63\u5728\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4fb5\u8755\u7684\u6587\u5316\u898f\u7bc4\u9060\u975e\u666e\u904d\u826f\u597d \u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u898f\u7bc4\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u58d3\u8feb\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6309\u7167\u6587\u5316\u898f\u7bc4\u7d44\u7e54\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u6279\u8a55\uff0c \u201cWhy Liberalism Failed<\/em>\u201d \u9084\u662f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u3002Deneen \u5c0d\u7576\u4ee3\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u904e\u8457\u9ad8\u8cb4\u3001\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u64d4\u6182\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002 \u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u5df2\u53d7\u5230\u904e\u5ea6\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u800c\u8eab\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5171\u540c\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u7834\u58de\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Deneen \u6240\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u793e\u6703\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\u6216\u4ee5\u5f37\u4eba\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u52a0\u5287\u3002 Deneen \u4e5f\u654f\u92b3\u5730\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c3\u8207\u8207\u5c0b\u6c42\u900f\u904e\u6301\u7e8c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6210\u9577\u4f86\u4fdd\u969c\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u6e96\u7684\u6280\u8853\u5b98\u50da\u83c1\u82f1\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6b0a\u8861\u3002 \u7576\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9806\u5229\u904b\u4f5c\u6709\u8cf4\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u6210\u9577\u3002 \u5b83\u53ef\u6301\u7e8c\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b78\u6839\u7a76\u5e95\uff0c\u201cWhy Liberalism Failed<\/em>\u201d \u662f\u4e00\u5834\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u3002 Deneen \u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5931\u6557\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7c21\u5316\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002 \u4f46\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u722d\u8ad6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u53d6\u4e4b\u8655 \u3002 \u5b83\u5305\u542b\u5c0d\u771f\u6b63\u5a01\u8105\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u898b\u89e3\u3002\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u5316\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u5354\u6703\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff1b \u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u793e\u6703\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u55aa\u5931\u548c\u793e\u6703\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u52a0\u5287\uff1b \u74b0\u5883\u9000\u5316\uff1b \u4e00\u822c\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c3\u8207\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u8da8\u52e2\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u3002 \u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u3002 \u5982\u679c Deneen \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u6311\u6230\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c31\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u7528\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u662f\u6240\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u4e86\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u7576\u524d\u6c89\u60b6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u5fc5\u8b80\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u70ba\u6210\u529f\u800c\u5931\u6557\u4e86\uff1f \u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e3b\u5c0e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b \u2500\u2500\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9 \u2500\u2500 \u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002 \u9019\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5fd8\u8a18\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u653f\u6cbb\u9032\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6700\u7d42\u72c0\u614b\u3002 \u6b63\u5982 Patrick Deneen\u5728\u9019\u672c\u9817\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u5ba3\u63da\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u52a9\u9577\u4e86\u7121\u8207\u502b\u6bd4\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1b \u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u5c0d\u79c1\u6709\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff1b \u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u6df1\u9060\u3001\u6700\u5168\u9762\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u88cf\uff0cDeneen \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5411\u5fc3\u529b\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6210\u529f\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5931\u6557\u3002 xxxxxxxxxx I. \u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u6fdf 1989 \u5e74\u67cf\u6797\u570d\u7246\u7684\u57ae\u53f0\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u4e45\u5f8c\u8607\u806f\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u89e3\u9ad4\u70ba\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u6b23\u559c\u3002 \u51b7\u6230\u4e0d\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8f03\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8f03\u91cf\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b \u2014\u2014 \u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9 \u2014\u2014 \u770b\u4f3c\u5168\u9762\u64a4\u9000\u800c\u544a\u7d42\u3002 \u81ea\u8a61\u70ba\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u7684\u4eba\u8d0f\u4e86\u3002\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u78ba\u5207\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6709 \u2014\u2014 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5 Rawls \u5f0f\u7684  \u201c\u7121\u963b\u7919\u7684\u81ea\u6211 unencumbered self\u201d \u7684\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u70ba\u524d\u63d0\u30021991 \u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bae\u7a81\u7136\u88ab\u7f9e\u8fb1\u5730\u6dea\u70ba\u5730\u7de3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8173\u8a3b\uff0c\u5b83\u66fe\u7d93\u4f3c\u4e4e\u50cf\u4e00\u500b\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u5de8\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\u6a6b\u8de8\u5168\u7403\u3002 \u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Francis Fukuyama \u7b49\u65b0\u9ed1\u683c\u723e\u6d3e\u6b23\u559c\u82e5\u72c2\uff0c\u5ba3\u7a31\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\u548c\u300c\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u52dd\u5229 (End of … Continue reading 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