{"id":9333,"date":"2024-10-30T06:02:41","date_gmt":"2024-10-30T06:02:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9333"},"modified":"2024-10-30T06:06:08","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T06:06:08","slug":"kathrin-koslicki-the-structure-of-objects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2024\/10\/30\/kathrin-koslicki-the-structure-of-objects\/","title":{"rendered":"Kathrin Koslicki\u00a0 – The Structure of Objects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u77e5\u8b58\u96d6\u7136\u9700\u8981\u6709\u806f\u60f3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u806f\u60f3\u4e0d\u662f\u80e1\u601d\u4e82\u60f3\u3002Kathrin Koslicki \u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u50cf\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u3001\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u4f9d\u64da\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6240\u8a8d\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5979\u7279\u5225\u95dc\u6ce8\u9019\u4e9b\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u5404\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u5176\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u62b1\u6301\u8457\u6975\u5ea6\u7dca\u7e2e\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5 \uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u591a\u500b\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u591a\u9ebc\u5dee\u7570\u6216\u4e0d\u6070\u7576\u5283\u5206\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u672a\u80fd\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3001\u5167\u90e8\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u6216\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u6700\u521d\u9055\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u6e90\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u539f\u5247\u6027\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u5340\u5206\u76f4\u89c0\u4e0a\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u5283\u5206\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u8207\u5e38\u8b58\u6027\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff1b\u672c\u66f8 \u201cThe Structure of Objects<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8aaa\u670d\u8b80\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u63a1\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u7dca\u7e2e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7269\u4ef6\u610f\u5473\u8457\u751a\u9ebc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u70ba\u6b64\uff0cKoslicki \u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u65b0 Aristotle \u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u8a72\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5c0d\u50cf\u662f\u7d50\u69cb\u5316\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u8eab\u5206\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u00a0\u5728\u9019\u500b\u69cb\u60f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u90e8\u4ef6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u7d44\u5408\u6982\u5ff5\u8a73\u7d30\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b77\u53f2\u5148\u9a45\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u7576\u4ee3\u7af6\u722d\u5c0d\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

xxxxxxxxxx<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u9ad4\u8ad6 Mereology<\/a> \u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u5916\u5ef6\u5206\u9ad4\u5b78 ( Classical Extensional Mereology = CEM ) \u6700\u521d\u7531 Stanislaw Le\u015bniewski \u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\uff0c\u4e26\u5728 Henry Leonard \u548c Nelson Goodman \u7684\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\u4e0b\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u7d93\u5178\u5f62\u5f0f\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u63cf\u8ff0\u666e\u901a\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u5728\u524d\u54f2\u5b78\u6642\u4ee3\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c7d\u8eca\u3001\u684c\u5b50\u3001\u7b46\u8a18\u578b\u96fb\u8166\u7b49 \uff09 \u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u50cf David Lewis ( \u201cOn the Plurality of Worlds<\/em>\uff0c2001\u201d ) \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8072\u7a31 CEM \u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u5920\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u4efb\u4f55\u95dc\u65bc\u666e\u901a\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u5728\u00a0The Structure of Objects<\/em> \u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0cKathrin Koslicki \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7d93\u5178\u5206\u9ad4\u8ad6\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7269\u8cea\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u9762\u5411\uff1a\u5b83\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u69cb\u6210\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6392\u5217\u3002\u66f4\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u6027\uff08\u4e5f\u66f4\u6709\u8da3\uff09\u7684\u662f\uff0cKoslicki \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7d50\u69cb\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u8cea\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u7d50\u69cb\u8207\u7269\u8cea\u6210\u5206\u4e00\u6a23\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cKoslicki \u634d\u885b\u4e86\u65b0 Aristotle \u7684\u69cb\u6210\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u5c07\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u7d50\u69cb\u5316\u6574\u9ad4 structured wholes\u300d( \u201cNeo-Aristotelian Perspectives on Contemporary Science<\/em> (2017, Routledge)<\/a>\u201d \u00a0)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u66f8\u5206\u70ba\u56db\u500b\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 ( STANDARD MEREOLOGY) \u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u7d93\u5178\u5206\u9ad4\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca Kathrin Koslicki \u8a66\u5716\u7834\u58de\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u5206\u9ad4\u5b78\u539f\u7406\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 \u201c\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u69cb\u5716\u201d \u548c \u201c\u69cb\u5716\u4f5c\u70ba\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u201d \uff09\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206 (A CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURE-BASED MEREOLOGY) \u6aa2\u9a57\u4e26\u8a8d\u53ef Kit Fine \u53cd\u5c0d CEM \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 (ANCIENT STRUCTURE-BASED MEREOLOGIES) \u5247\u5c0d Plato \u548c Aristotle \u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u6574\u9ad4\u7406\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u6b77\u53f2\u8655\u7406\u3002\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 (AN ALTERNAT IVE STRUCTURE -BASED THEORY ) \u4e2d\uff0cKoslicki \u5c0d\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8072\u7a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9069\u61c9\u7d93\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5c0d\u7d50\u69cb\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u76f8\u7576\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5177\u9ad4\u6027\uff0c\u4f46 Koslicki \u7684\u66f8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u7576\u4ee3\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5bb6\u6703\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u6709\u8da3\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7814\u7a76\u69cb\u5716\u554f\u984c ( problems of composition: cf: ch 7: problems of composition in \u201cStructure and the Metaphysics of Mind: How Hylomorphism Solves the Mind-Body Problem (Oxford, 2016)<\/a><\/em>\u201d ) \u7684\u4eba\u7121\u7591\u719f\u6089\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u7121\u9650\u5236\u69cb\u5716\u539f\u5247 principle of Unrestricted Composition ( cf: Timothy McCarthy – \u201cA Note on Unrestricted Composition 2015<\/em>\u201d )\uff0c\u8a72\u539f\u5247\u610f\u5473\u8457\u9055\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u5283\u5206\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 (Ordinary Objects as Mereological Sums\u00a0) \u4e2d\uff0cKoslicki \u8003\u616e\u4e86\u5169\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc CEM \u7684\u69cb\u5716\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1aJudith Jarvis Thomson \u7684\u6642\u9593\u5316\u4e09\u7dad\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6 ( Thomson, J.J.T., \u201cParthood and Identity Across Time<\/em>\u201d<\/a> & cf: Maureen Donnelly – Three-Dimensionalism 2016<\/a> in \u201cThe Oxford Handbook of Topics in Philosophy<\/em>\uff0c2014<\/a>\u201d )\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca David Lewis \u548c Theodore Sider (Theodore Sider – \u201cFour-Dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time (OUP, 2002)<\/em><\/a>\u201d ) \u7684\u56db\u7dad\u7406\u8ad6 ( cf: K Koslicki – \u201cThe Crooked Path from Vagueness to Four-Dimensionalism<\/a>\u201d & Christopher Hughes – \u201cMore Fuss About Formulation: Sider (and me) on Three-and Four-Dimensionalism 2005<\/em><\/a>\u201d )\u3002\u5979\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u4e09\u7dad\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u5fc5\u88ab Lewis-Sider \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6240\u8aaa\u670d ( cf: Mike Anthony- \u201cImproper Parts, Restricted Existence, and Use- Three Arguments against Ted Sider’s Four-Dimensionalism 2023<\/em>\u201d<\/a> ) \uff0c\u6211\u5011\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u8ff4\u907f\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u503c\u5f97\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5be9\u67e5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u985e\u5225\u662f\u5426\u6eff\u8db3\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u7d44\u5408\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u9858\u671b\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u900f\u904e\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u76f8\u4e92\u6b0a\u8861\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u3002\u8981\u6309\u7167\u6211\u5011\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u4f86\u9650\u5236\u69cb\u5716\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u9650\u5236\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u69cb\u5716\u670d\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6709\u6642\u69cb\u5716\u662f\u5426\u767c\u751f\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u201d\uff08 \u201cOn the Plurality of Worlds<\/em>\uff0c2001\u201d\uff0cp 212\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kathrin Koslicki \u6311\u6230\u4e86\u69cb\u5716\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u80fd\u542b\u7cca\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002David Lewis \u5f77\u5f7f\u9810\u6599\u5230\u4eba\u5011\u6703\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u524d\u63d0\u4e0d\u6eff\u610f\uff0c\u70ba\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u662f\u8a9e\u610f\u7336\u8c6b\u4e0d\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7531\u65bc\u6709\u4e9b\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0d\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u771f\u503c\u6cdb\u51fd\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u3001\u6046\u7b49\u8b02\u8a5e\u548c\u5206\u9ad4\u904b\u7b97\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u975e\u6a21\u7cca\u8a9e\u8a00\u95e1\u660e\u7d44\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u5982 Koslicki \u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\u7d44\u5408\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5047\u8a2d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7d44\u5408\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u975e\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f9e\u9019\u7a2e\u6279\u8a55\u4f86\u770b\uff0cDavid Lewis \u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u986f\u7136\u8ff4\u907f\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u554f\uff1a\u201c\u9019\u4e9b\u600e\u9ebc\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u201d \uff08 \u201cOn the Plurality of Worlds<\/em>\uff0c2001\u201d\uff0cp 212\uff09\u3002Kathrin Koslicki \u7684\u6279\u8a55\u4ee4\u4eba\u8cbb\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5faa\u74b0\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u8cbb\u5fc3\u56de\u7b54 David Lewis \u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u8003\u616e\u5230\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u76f4\u89c0\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u671f\u671b Koslicki \u80fd\u5920\u8b49\u660e\u5206\u9ad4\u95dc\u4fc2\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u627f\u8a8d\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc Lewis \u6c92\u6709\u56e0\u70ba\u5047\u8a2d\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u7d14\u7cb9\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u554f\u984c\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u70ba\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u5305\u542b\u4e86 Kit Fine \u5c0d CEM \u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b \uff1fKathrin Koslicki \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u7d93\u5178\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1fKoslicki \u8a0e\u8ad6 Judith Jarvis Thomson \u548c Lewis-Sider \u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u60f3\u8a73\u7d30\u95e1\u8ff0\u5c07\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u8996\u70ba\u5206\u9ad4\u7e3d\u548c\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c Fine \u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4fee\u6539\u7d93\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e5f\u8a31 Kathrin Koslicki \u6240\u634d\u885b\u7684\u6700\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u65b0 Aristotle \u7684\u547d\u984c\uff0c\u8a72\u547d\u984c\u6307\u51fa\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u9069\u7576\u90e8\u5206\uff08 p 181 \uff09\u3002\u672c\u8ad6\u9ede\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u6d89\u53ca\u96d5\u50cf\u548c\u69cb\u6210\u96d5\u50cf\u7684\u9ecf\u571f\u584a\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\uff083) \u816b\u584a\u662f\u96d5\u50cf\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u90e8\u5206\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff084) \u82e5 x \u662f y \u7684\u771f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u5b58\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u7269 z \u4f7f\u5f97 z \u662f y \u7684\u771f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u8207 x \u4e0d\u76f8\u4ea4\uff08\u5373\u4e0d\u5171\u4eab\u771f\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5f9e\u9019\u88cf\u6211\u5011\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u500b\u7269\u8cea\u6210\u5206\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\uff081\uff09\u662f\u900f\u904e\u634d\u885b\u300c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f0f<\/a> Leibniz\u2019s Law-style<\/a>\u300d\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u800c\u6210\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9019\u4e9b\u7269\u9ad4\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u8b49\u5c31\u6703\u7522\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u544a\u8a34\u6211\uff083\uff09\u662f\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u627f\u8a8d\uff081\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9664\u4e86\u9069\u7576\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9019\u584a\u7c98\u571f\u8207\u5b83\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u96d5\u50cf\u9084\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1f\u6700\u5f8c\uff084\uff09\u7a31\u70ba\u5f31\u88dc\u5145\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5206\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u662f\u5b83\u70ba Kathrin Koslicki \u7684\u63a5\u5730\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5411\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5354\u540c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u8ad6\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u5373\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u6578\u503c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u9ad4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f54\u64da\u76f8\u540c\u6642\u7a7a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u660e\u78ba\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u5169\u500b\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u7368\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u8072\u7a31\u816b\u584a\u548c\u96d5\u50cf\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u6210\u5206\u7684\u4eba\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u4e00\u9805\u7279\u5225\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u500b\u96e3\u984c\uff0cKoslicki \u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u96d5\u50cf\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6750\u6599\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u9ecf\u571f\u584a\u6240\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6210\u5206\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u5728\u65bc\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u7576\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u7d50\u69cb\u6210\u5206\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u6240\u77e5\u751a\u5c11\u3002\u6839\u64da Verity Harte ( \u201cPlato on Parts and Wholes: The Metaphysics of Structure ( OUP, 2002)<\/a><\/em>\u201d\u00a0) \u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u5373\u7269\u4ef6\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u70ba\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u6210\u5206\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u4f54\u64da\u7684 \u201c\u69fd\u4f4d slots\u201d\uff0cKathrin Koslicki \u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u7d50\u69cb\u6982\u5ff5\u767c\u63ee\u95dc\u9375\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u9818\u57df \u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u97f3\u6a02\u4f5c\u54c1\u3001\u5316\u5b78\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u8868\u9054\u5f0f\u8a9e\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7d66\u5979\u7684\u65b0 Aristotle \u8ad6\u984c\u589e\u6dfb\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u7d50\u69cb\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d44\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c6c\u6027\u6216\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u5efa\u8b70\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u8d77\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u975e\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5c0d Koslicki \u5f62\u5f0f\u7d44\u4ef6\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u9032\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5e7e\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u627f\u8afe\u4e4b\u9593\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u524d\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u5e38\u8b58\u300d\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 (Objects as Structured Wholes) \u7684\u958b\u982d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u5206\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u5b58\u5728\u751a\u9ebc\u985e\u578b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u554f\u984c\u662f \u201c\u2026\u8981\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u6216\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u89e3\u6c7a\u201d \uff08 p 171 \uff09 \u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u958b\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u5206\u9ad4\u8ad6\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u5df2\u7d93\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u9032\u884c\u7406\u8ad6\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u88ab\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u8b49\u7834\u58de\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u8072\u7a31\u7a2e\u985e\u5177\u6709\u8207\u5176 \u201c\u76f8\u95dc associated\u201d \u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u5206\u626e\u6f14\u8457\u96d9\u91cd\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u50cf\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u6210\u5206\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u6210\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d44\u6210\u67d0\u7a2e\u7269\u9ad4\u65b9\u9762\u767c\u63ee\u8457\u300c\u9078\u64c7\u6027 selective\u300d\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u53ef\u8003\u616e\u4e00\u500b\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u7531\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5225\u4ee5\u4e8c\u6bd4\u4e00\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5408\u7406\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u7d50\u69cb\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d44\u6210\u5b83\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u985e\u578b\u7684\u6750\u6599\u6210\u5206\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u6c2b\u548c\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u6240\u6709\u985e\u578b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7d44\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8cea\u5b50\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u985e\u578b \uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u51fa\u4e9e\u539f\u5b50\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u985e\u578b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a72\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u5426\u6703\u6709\u8207\u4e4b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6210\u5206\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u6703\u70ba \u2018\u2018\u5f31\u88dc\u5145\u539f\u5247Weak Supplementation Principle (WSP)\u2019\u2019 (Donald Smith – \u2018\u2018Mereology without weak supplementation 2009\u2019<\/em><\/a>\u2019) \u4ee5\u53ca\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u65b0 Aristotle \u547d\u984c\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u5e36\u4f86\u554f\u984c \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u770b\u4f86\uff0cKathrin Koslicki \u78ba\u5be6\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u672a\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5979\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u5141\u8a31\u5206\u96e2\u539f\u5b50\u55ce\uff1f\u64da\u63a8\u6e2c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u7531\u7269\u8cea\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u7d50\u69cb\u5728\u500b\u9ad4\u5316\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u5462\uff1f\u7269\u8cea\u6210\u5206\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6392\u5217\u8207\u5176\u6240\u5c6c\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u6bd4\u50c5\u50c5\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u7a2e\u985e\u300c\u76f8\u95dc\u300d\u66f4\u7dca\u5bc6\u55ce\uff1f\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u67d0\u4e9b\u7a2e\u985e\u9700\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u525b\u6027\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\uff08\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u4e00\u5f35\u684c\u5b50\uff09\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5118\u7ba1\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u672a\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46 Kathrin Koslicki \u7684\u9805\u76ee\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5979\u9650\u5236\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u3001\u5979\u5c0d\u666e\u901a\u7a2e\u985e\u5e38\u8b58\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u9084\u6709\u5c07\u7d50\u69cb\u5e36\u5165\u5206\u9ad4\u5b78\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u52f8\u544a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u89ba\u5f97 Koslicki \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u96e3\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u77e5\u8b58\u96d6\u7136\u9700\u8981\u6709\u806f\u60f3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u806f\u60f3\u4e0d\u662f\u80e1\u601d\u4e82\u60f3\u3002Kathrin Koslicki \u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u50cf\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u3001\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u4f9d\u64da\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6240\u8a8d\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5979\u7279\u5225\u95dc\u6ce8\u9019\u4e9b\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u5404\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u5176\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u62b1\u6301\u8457\u6975\u5ea6\u7dca\u7e2e\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5 \uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u591a\u500b\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u591a\u9ebc\u5dee\u7570\u6216\u4e0d\u6070\u7576\u5283\u5206\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u672a\u80fd\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3001\u5167\u90e8\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u6216\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u6700\u521d\u9055\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u6e90\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u539f\u5247\u6027\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u5340\u5206\u76f4\u89c0\u4e0a\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u5283\u5206\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u8207\u5e38\u8b58\u6027\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff1b\u672c\u66f8 \u201cThe Structure of Objects\u201d \u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8aaa\u670d\u8b80\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u63a1\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u7dca\u7e2e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7269\u4ef6\u610f\u5473\u8457\u751a\u9ebc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u70ba\u6b64\uff0cKoslicki \u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u65b0 Aristotle \u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u8a72\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5c0d\u50cf\u662f\u7d50\u69cb\u5316\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u8eab\u5206\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u00a0\u5728\u9019\u500b\u69cb\u60f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u90e8\u4ef6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u7d44\u5408\u6982\u5ff5\u8a73\u7d30\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b77\u53f2\u5148\u9a45\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u7576\u4ee3\u7af6\u722d\u5c0d\u624b\u3002 xxxxxxxxxx \u5206\u9ad4\u8ad6 Mereology \u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u5916\u5ef6\u5206\u9ad4\u5b78 ( Classical Extensional Mereology = CEM ) \u6700\u521d\u7531 Stanislaw Le\u015bniewski \u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\uff0c\u4e26\u5728 Henry Leonard \u548c Nelson Goodman \u7684\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\u4e0b\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u7d93\u5178\u5f62\u5f0f\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u63cf\u8ff0\u666e\u901a\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u5011\u5728\u524d\u54f2\u5b78\u6642\u4ee3\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c7d\u8eca\u3001\u684c\u5b50\u3001\u7b46\u8a18\u578b\u96fb\u8166\u7b49 \uff09 \u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u50cf David Lewis ( \u201cOn the … Continue reading 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