{"id":9361,"date":"2024-12-12T05:43:32","date_gmt":"2024-12-12T05:43:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9361"},"modified":"2024-12-12T05:43:32","modified_gmt":"2024-12-12T05:43:32","slug":"childrens-understanding-of-death-from-biological-to-religious-conceptions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2024\/12\/12\/childrens-understanding-of-death-from-biological-to-religious-conceptions\/","title":{"rendered":"Children’s Understanding of Death: From Biological to Religious Conceptions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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2. \u5169\u7a2e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u89c0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96a8\u8457\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u9577\u5927\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u610f\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u964d\u81e8\u5230\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f49\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a (Kenyon BL. 2001 ‘Current research in children’s conceptions of death: a critical review<\/em>‘. Omega 43, 63\u201391. Web of Science<\/a> )\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u78ba\u5207\u5e74\u9f61\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c \uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u8a8d\u77e5\u75c5\u7406\u5b78 (Johnson SC, Carey S. 1998 ‘Knowledge enrichment and conceptual change in folkbiology: evidence from Williams syndrome’<\/em>. Cogn. Psychol. 37, 156\u2013200) \u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u5728 10 \u6b72\u6642\u7372\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u898b\u89e3 (Paul L. Harris – \u201cTrusting What You’re Told: How Children Learn from Others (2012, Belknap Press)<\/em>\u201d )\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5152\u7ae5\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5f8c\u907a\u75c7\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u63a1\u7528\u5169\u7a2e\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u6b7b\u8005\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u5177\u6b7b\u5c4d\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u662f\u4f86\u4e16\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u6b7b\u8005\u8996\u70ba\u67d0\u4eba\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u96e2\u958b\u4e86\u6b64\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5225\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"\/
\u5716 1 : \u6839\u64daHarris PL\u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u5728\u56db\u9805\u8abf\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e74\u9f61\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u5152\u7ae5 (a) \u548c\u5e74\u9f61\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u5152\u7ae5 (b) \u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u6216\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u5716 1 \u7684\u6aa2\u67e5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6839\u64da\u5c0d\u5152\u7ae5\u5c0d\u6b7b\u5f8c\u529f\u80fd\u505c\u6b62\u8207\u529f\u80fd\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u554f\u984c\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u53ca\u5176\u89e3\u91cb\u9032\u884c\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u6240\u9810\u671f\u7684\u90a3\u6a23 (\u540c\u4e0a Harris PL, Gim\u00e9nez M)\uff0c\u5169\u500b\u5e74\u9f61\u7d44\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u6558\u4e8b\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u8207\u5169\u500b\u7267\u5e2b\u63a2\u8a0e\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u5169\u500b\u91ab\u751f\u63a2\u8a0e\u63a1\u53d6\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u76f8\u53cd \uff0c\u5c0d\u5169\u540d\u7267\u5e2b\u8abf\u67e5\u5247\u63a1\u53d6\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u5169\u540d\u91ab\u751f\u8abf\u67e5\u63a1\u53d6\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u5728 7 \u81f3 11 \u5e74\u9f61\u9593\u6709\u6240\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u800c\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u5247\u6709\u6240\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u5e74\u9f61\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u9010\u6f38\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728 11 \u6b72\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7576\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u91ab\u751f\u6558\u8ff0\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u601d\u8003\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6642\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578 11 \u6b72\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u5e74\u9f61\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u78ba\u5be6\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u63a1\u53d6\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u4e26\u884c\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u8a55\u4f30\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0cHarris \u548c Gim\u00e9nez \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u56db\u500b\u8abf\u67e5\u4e2d\u5152\u7ae5\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u6839\u64da\u56db\u500b\u63a2\u91dd\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c07\u500b\u5225\u5152\u7ae5\u5206\u914d\u5230\u4e09\u500b\u985e\u5225\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\uff08i\uff09\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u7d66\u51fa\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7b54\u6848\uff1b (ii) \u7d66\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u7b54\u6848 \uff1b (iii) \u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u7d66\u4e88\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u7b54\u8986\u3002\u5716 2 \u986f\u793a\u4e86 7 \u6b72\u548c 11 \u6b72\u5152\u7ae5\u9677\u5165\u9019\u4e09\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/
\u5716 2 : \u6839\u64da Harris \u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c7 \u6b72\u548c 11 \u6b72\u5152\u7ae5\u5728\u56db\u500b\u63a2\u91dd\u4e2d\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u4e09\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5716 2 \u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578 7 \u6b72\u5152\u7ae5\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u591a\u6578 11 \u6b72\u5152\u7ae5\u5247\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u8a00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u610f\u662f\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0d\u6703\u96a8\u8457\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u589e\u9577\u800c\u653e\u68c4\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u63a1\u7528\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harris \u548c Gim\u00e9nez \u9032\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u5728\u7368\u7279\u4e14\u76f8\u5c0d\u540c\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff09\u4e2d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u5152\u7ae5\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u601d\u8003\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u50be\u5411\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u4fe1\u5949\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u793e\u5340\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b69\u5b50\u96a8\u8457\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u589e\u9577\u800c\u52aa\u529b\u4fdd\u6301\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u50be\u5411\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6e1b\u5c11\u6216\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u7d50\u679c\u5c0d\u9019\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8cea\u7591\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u63a1\u53d6\u96d9\u91cd\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u50be\u5411\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u65bc\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7e8c\u5230\u6210\u5e74\u3002 Astuti & Harris (Astuti R, Harris PL. 2008 ‘Understanding mortality and the life of the ancestors in Madagascar’<\/em>. Cogn. Sci. 32, 713\u2013740. ) \u5c0d Madagascar \u7684 Vezo \u793e\u5340\u7684\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u548c\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u807d\u5230\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u6d89\u53ca\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5247\u5305\u542b\u7956\u5148\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u7dda\u7d22\u3002 \uff08\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cVezo \u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u6b7b\u8005\u5728\u7956\u5148\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u80fd\u5920\u5f71\u97ff\u751f\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\uff09\u5728\u6bcf\u500b\u6558\u8ff0\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u90fd\u6703\u88ab\u554f\u5230\u6709\u95dc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5c0d\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u56de\u61c9\u6a21\u5f0f\u8207\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u76f8\u547c\u61c9\u3002\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3b\u5f35\u6309\u7167\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u6558\u8ff0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f86\u4e16\u6558\u8ff0\u4f86\u505c\u6b62\u751f\u547d\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u5c11\u6578\u7684\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u59cb\u7d42\u4e3b\u5f35\u505c\u6b62\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u90fd\u4e3b\u5f35\u505c\u6b62\u548c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6df7\u5408\u53cd\u61c9\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5c24\u5176\u5e38\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u7a2e\u6df7\u5408\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u8a8d\u540c\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7528\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u601d\u8003\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6642\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u7528\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u601d\u8003\u5fc3\u9748\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u89e3\u91cb\u6558\u4e8b\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c0d\u5716 1 \u7684\u6aa2\u67e5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u88ab\u554f\u5230\u7684\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u8eab\u9ad4\u9084\u662f\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6558\u8ff0\u7684\u985e\u578b\u90fd\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4e0d\u50c5\u5728\u5c07\u8eab\u9ad4\u8207\u601d\u60f3\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u6642\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u8003\u616e\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u904e\u7a0b\u6216\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\u6642\uff0c\u90fd\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u3002Watson-Jones \u7b49\u4eba\u3002(Watson-Jones RE, Busch JTA, Harris PL, Legare CH. 2017 ‘Does the body survive death? Cultural variation in beliefs about life everlasting’<\/em>. Cogn. Sci. 41, 455\u2013476) \u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86Texas \u5dde Austin \u5e02\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u8207 Vanuatu \u7684 Melanesia \u7fa4\u5cf6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 Tanna \u5cf6\u4e0a\u7684Lenakel \u5e02\u7684\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c Madagascar \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u5148\u807d\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u80cc\u666f\u6216\u4f86\u4e16\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u500b\u6558\u8ff0\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u88ab\u554f\u5230\u6709\u95dc\u5404\u7a2e\u751f\u7269\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 \u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u773c\u775b\u662f\u5426\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u5fc3\u8df3\u662f\u5426\u8df3\u52d5\uff1f\u201d\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u7a2e\u5fc3\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 \u201c\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u770b\u5230\u6771\u897f\uff1f\u201d\uff09\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u201c\u4ed6\u60f3\u5ff5\u4ed6\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u55ce\uff1f\u201d\uff09\u4e26\u89e3\u91cb\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u505c\u6b62\u6216\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u8207\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c Madagascar \u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u7d50\u679c\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6558\u8ff0\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u8207\u4f86\u4e16\u6558\u8ff0\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6839\u64da\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u6558\u8ff0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6212\u83f8\u4e3b\u5f35\u548c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8207\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u6558\u8ff0\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u4f86\u4e16\u6558\u8ff0\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u4e3b\u5f35\u548c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u7279\u5b9a\u5fc3\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u547d\u904b\u6216\u89e3\u91cb\u7279\u5b9a\u8eab\u9ad4\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u547d\u904b\u6642\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u50be\u5411\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u5fc3\u9748\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5283\u5206\u3002\u7576\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u601d\u8003\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206 \u2014\u2014 \u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u5fc3\u9748\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u63a1\u53d6\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002\u5728\u5468\u570d\u6587\u5316\u5f88\u5c11\u6216\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u4f86\u4e16\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u793e\u5340\u4e2d\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6558\u4e8b\u80cc\u666f\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u9805\u8de8\u570b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d \uff0cLane \u7b49\u4eba\u3002(Lane JD, Zhu L, Evans ME, Wellman HM. 2016 ‘Developing concepts of the mind, body, and afterlife: exploring the roles of narrative context and culture<\/em>‘. J. Cogn. Culture 16, 50\u201382.  Google Scholar<\/a>)\u767c\u73fe\u6558\u4e8b\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u8207\u505c\u6b62\u6027\u5224\u65b7\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7e3d\u7d50\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5468\u906d\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u62b1\u6301\u5169\u7a2e\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u4f86\u4e16\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u63cf\u8ff0\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6558\u4e8b\u80cc\u666f\u4ee5\u53ca\u8981\u6c42\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u601d\u8003\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u985e\u578b\uff08\u8eab\u9ad4\u904e\u7a0b\u8207\u5fc3\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff09\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5011\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u7d66\u5b9a\u7684\u6558\u4e8b\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u751a\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u985e\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5229\u7528\u5169\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u62db\u52df\u4e26\u5728\u5169\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u4e4b\u9593\u5207\u63db\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u6d88\u5931\u4eba\u54e1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6846\u67b6\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5728\u7ae5\u5e74\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u9010\u6f38\u4e86\u89e3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u610f\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6b7b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6d3b\u8457\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u6703\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u5177\u5931\u53bb\u77e5\u89ba\u3001\u53cd\u61c9\u9072\u920d\u7684\u5c4d\u9ad4\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u8150\u721b\u4e26\u88ab\u8655\u7406\u6389\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5e7e\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684 (Proust M.\u00a01992\u00a0\u201cIn search of lost time, volume 5: the captive, the fugitive<\/em>\u201d<\/a>. London, UK<\/em>; Bering J.\u00a02006\u00a0‘The folk psychology of souls’<\/em>.\u00a0Behav. Brain Sci.\u00a029, 1\u201346. ; Hodge KM.\u00a02011\u00a0‘On imagining the afterlife’<\/em>.\u00a0J. Cogn. Culture\u00a011, 367\u2013389.) \uff0c\u5728\u95dc\u9375\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u500b\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u500b\u5df2\u7d93\u96e2\u958b\u5f88\u9577\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6d3b\u8457\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f9e\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u6642\u5019\u8d77\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u5404\u7a2e\u4f9d\u6200\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08\u5373\u7167\u9867\u8005\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u548c\u670b\u53cb\uff09\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u80fd\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5011\u9577\u671f\u4e0d\u5728\u8eab\u908a\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8868\u7f3a\u5e2d\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5152\u7ae5\u80fd\u5920\u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a\u7121\u8ad6\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u547d\u904b\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6b7b\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u78ba\u5207\u6027\u8cea\u53ef\u80fd\u6700\u7d42\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u5468\u570d\u6587\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u95dc\u8b49\u64da\u6642\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u5c07\u88ab\u5f15\u5c0e\u53bb\u5efa\u69cb\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u9069\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8868\u5fb5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u672a\u8a2a\u554f\u904e\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u672a\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u6240\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6a23(Harris PL, Koenig M.\u00a02006\u00a0‘Trust in testimony: how children learn about science and religion’<\/em>.\u00a0Child Dev.\u00a077, 505\u2013524. )\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5152\u7ae5\u5728\u5168\u9762\u4e86\u89e3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u548c\u6700\u7d42\u6027\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4ee3\u8868\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5e7c\u5152\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8ac7\u8ad6\u4e0d\u5728\u5834\u7684\u4f9d\u6200\u5c0d\u50cf\u6216\u671f\u5f85\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u5718\u805a (Harris PL .\u00a0 2016 Missing persons. In\u00a0\u201cArt, mind, and narrative: themes from the work of Peter Goldie<\/a><\/em>\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(ed. Dodd J), pp. 190\u2013206. OUP )\u3002\u5152\u7ae5\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u9010\u6f38\u7406\u89e3\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u9762\u81e8\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u8207\u65e5\u5e38\u5206\u96e2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c07\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66ab\u6642\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u5c0d\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u518d\u73fe\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u751f\u8005\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u8a18\u61b6 \u2014\u2014 Pascal Boyer (\u201cReligion explained: the evolutionary origins of religious thought<\/a><\/em>\u201d. NY: Basic Books) \u5c07\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4eba\u6a94\u6848\u7cfb\u7d71 \u2014\u2014 \u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u7121\u77e5\u89ba\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u6216\u518d\u73fe\u3002\u7576\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u6536\u5230\u95dc\u65bc\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u8b49\u8a5e\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u300c\u6d3b\u8457\u7684\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u5df2\u7d93\u96e2\u958b\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u53bb\u5f80\u4f86\u4e16\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u570b\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5728\u7956\u5148\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u500b\u89e3\u91cb\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u8a31\u591a\u5152\u7ae5\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u5728\u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4e4b\u9593\u4f86\u56de\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u6b7b\u5c4d\u63a1\u53d6\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7acb\u5834 \u2014\u2014 \u5b83\u4e0d\u518d\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\u4e26\u4e14\u6703\u8150\u721b\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u4eba\u63a1\u53d6\u4f86\u4e16\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u80fd\u5920\u884c\u4f7f\u5404\u7a2e\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u8207\u7576\u5730\u95dc\u65bc\u4f86\u4e16\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4fe1\u4ef0\u76f8\u7a31\u3002 (\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u4f5c\u70ba\u96e2\u958b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u8a00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u500b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u800c\u975e\u6838\u5fc3\u9762\u5411\u3002)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5c07\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u500b\u6558\u8ff0\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u51fa\u767c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7d42\u9ede\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u61c9\u8a72\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u8ac7\u8ad6\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6642\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u59d4\u5a49\u96b1\u55bb\u4e2d\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5152\u7ae5\u5728\u5167\u7684\u6b7b\u8005\u5bb6\u5c6c\u61c9\u8a72\u8868\u9054\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u4e2d\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6982\u5ff5\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u6240\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5169\u500b\u76f8\u4e92\u95dc\u806f\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u5426\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96f6\u6563\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u65bc\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c0d\u5152\u7ae5\u4e2d\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u505c\u6b62\u6709\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1f\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u60b2\u50b7\u7684\u884c\u70ba \u2014\u2014 \u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u4f9d\u6200\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u6b7b\u5f8c\u7acb\u5373 \u2014\u2014 \u9019\u7a2e\u60b2\u50b7\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u95dc\u65bc\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5373\u4f7f\u6b7b\u8005\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4ecd\u7262\u8a18\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u50be\u5411\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u548c Neanderthal \u4eba\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5893\u5730\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u666e\u904d\u4e5f\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u50be\u5411\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.\u95dc\u65bc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u96b1\u55bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u679c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u70ba\u7d50\u675f\u6211\u5011\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u96e2\u958b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u7a2e\u96e2\u958b\u96b1\u542b\u5728\u8ac7\u8ad6\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u4e2d\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cLakoff \u548c Turner (Lakoff G, Turner M.\u00a01989\u00a0<\/em>\u201cMore than cool reason: a field guide to poetic metaphor<\/a><\/em>\u201d Chicago UP) \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u8a9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c07\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7a31\u70ba\u96e2\u958b\u662f\u5f88\u5e38\u898b\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u7b26\u5408\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u751f\u547d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u65c5\u7a0b\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u662f\u5230\u9054\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u662f\u96e2\u958b\u00a0\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 \u201c\u5979\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u8d70\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5979\u96e2\u958b\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u518d\u548c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5979\u88ab\u5f9e\u6211\u5011\u8eab\u908a\u5e36\u8d70\u4e86\u201d\uff09\u3002\u6b7b\u4ea1\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u8de8\u8d8a\u9580\u6abb\u3002\u81e8\u7d42\u8005\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u300c\u6e9c\u8d70\u300d\uff1b\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u300c\u628a\u4ed6\u5e36\u56de\u4f86\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5931\u53bb\u4ed6\u300d\u3002\u8de8\u8d8a\u9019\u500b\u9580\u6abb\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6b7b\u8005\u5df2\u7d93\u524d\u5f80\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u300c\u53bb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\u3001\u300c\u53bb\u4e86\u5929\u5802\u300d\u3001\u300c\u53bb\u898b\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5275\u9020\u8005\u300d\u6216\u300c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u7956\u5148\u300d\u3002\u7576\u7126\u9ede\u4e0d\u662f\u6b7b\u8005\u800c\u662f\u5931\u53bb\u89aa\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba \u201c\u88ab\u62cb\u5728\u5f8c\u9762\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u63a5\u89f8\u7684\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u4ed6\u5011\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u7236\u89aa\u201d\u3002\u846c\u79ae\u5100\u5f0f\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u544a\u5225\uff0c\u662f\u6b7b\u8005\u5bb6\u5c6c\u8aaa\u300c\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u544a\u5225\u300d\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lakoff \u548c Turner \u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u53d6\u81ea\u82f1\u8a9e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u82f1\u8a9e\u8a69\u6b4c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96a8\u5f8c\u5c0d\u591a\u7a2e\u5176\u4ed6\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u5728\u6ce2\u862d\u8a9e (Kuczoc M. 2016 ‘Metaphorical conceptualizations of death and dying in American English and Polish: a corpus-based contrastive study’<\/em>. Linguist. Silesiana 37, 125\u2013142.)\u3001\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u8a9e (Sila\u0161ki N. 2011 ‘Metaphors and euphemisms\u2014the case of death in English and Serbian’<\/em>. Filolo\u0161ki Pregled 38, 101\u2013114 )\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8a9e[Crespo-Fern\u00e1ndez F. 2013 ‘Euphemistic metaphors in English and Spanish epitaphs: a comparative study’<\/em>. Atlantis 35, 99\u2013118)\u3001EkeGusii – \u80af\u4e9e\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u73ed\u5716\u8a9e (Nyakoe DG, Matu PM, Ongarora DO. 2012 ‘Conceptualization of \u2018death as journey\u2019 and \u2018death as rest\u2019 in EkeGusii euphemism<\/em>‘. Theory Pract. Lang. Stud. 2, 1452\u20131457)\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u9019\u500b\u96b1\u55bb\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u986f\u7136\u5b83\u5728\u5e7e\u7a2e\u4e0d\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u767c\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95dc\u65bc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u6027\u8ac7\u8ad6\u53ef\u80fd\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c Lakoff \u548c Turner \u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u5c07\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4f5c\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u6b21\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5716\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u671f\u671b\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u3002Silverman \u7b49\u4eba(Silverman PR, Nickman S, Worden JW.\u00a01992\u00a0‘Detachment revisited: the child’s reconstruction of a dead parent<\/em>‘ in\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u201cChildren Mourning, Mourning Children<\/a><\/em>\u201d– Kenneth J_ Doka — Taylor & Francis (Unlimited), pp 131-148) \u5831\u544a\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u7d50\u679c\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u63a8\u6e2c\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a2a\u554f\u4e86\u7236\u6bcd\u53bb\u4e16\u5f8c\u56db\u500b\u6708\u3001\u4e00\u5e74\u548c\u5169\u5e74\u7684 125 \u540d\u5152\u7ae5\uff0c\u5e74\u9f61\u5f9e 6 \u6b72\u5230 17 \u6b72\uff08M = 11.6 \u6b72\uff09\u3002Silverman \u7b49\u4eba\u95dc\u6ce8\u5152\u7ae5\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u96b1\u55bb\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64 \uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4f5c\u70ba\u96e2\u958b\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\u78ba\u5be6\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u00a0<\/em>\u201c\u2026\u6211\u7761\u5f97\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u60f3\u5230\u4ed6\u8d70\u4e86\u201d\uff087\u6b72\uff09\uff1b\u00a0<\/em>\u201c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5728\u6211\u8eab\u908a\uff0c\u9019\u5f88\u75db\u82e6\u201d\uff0810 \u6b72\uff09\uff1b\u00a0<\/em>\u201c\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u8b93\u5979\u56de\u4f86\u5f8c\u627f\u53d7\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u201d\uff0812 \u6b72\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u806f\u7e6b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f5b\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u6642\u4ee3\u5c0d\u60b2\u50b7\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u5206\u6790\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u8d85\u7136\u7684\u300c\u5de5\u4f5c\u300d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u60b2\u50b7\u5f80\u5f80\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u7dad\u6301\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5207\u65b7\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u5fc3\u7406\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002 Colin Murray Parkes ( \u00a0<\/em>\u201cBereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life<\/a> (2009, Routledge)<\/em>\u201d )\u5728\u4e00\u9805\u5c0d\u5be1\u5a66\uff08\u5e74\u9f61\u7bc4\u570d= 25-65 \u6b72\uff09\u5728\u55aa\u89aa\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u9032\u884c\u591a\u6b21\u8a2a\u8ac7\u7684\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5831\u544a\u8aaa \uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u6708\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5be1\u5a66\u90fd\u5168\u795e\u8cab\u6ce8\u65bc\u5c0d\u6b7b\u53bb\u4e08\u592b\u7684\u601d\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba (68%) \u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u5730\u95dc\u5fc3\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u6708\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5be1\u5a66\uff0873\uff05\uff09\u5831\u544a\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u5df2\u6545\u4e08\u592b\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4ed6\u6d3b\u8457\u6642\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5927\u591a\u6578\uff0881\uff05\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5be1\u5a66\uff0873%\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u6708\u5167\u90fd\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u4e08\u592b\u5728\u5979\u5011\u8eab\u908a\uff0c\u800c\u8d85\u904e\u4e00\u534a\uff0855%\uff09\u7684\u5be1\u5a66\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u611f\u89ba\u3002\u6beb\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u5728\u55aa\u89aa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u88e1\uff0c\u9019\u4e09\u9805\u8861\u91cf\u8207\u5df2\u6545\u4e08\u592b\u6301\u7e8c\u5fc3\u7406\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5be1\u5a66\u5f9e\u4e8b\u53ef\u80fd\u6fc0\u767c\u6216\u7dad\u6301\u9019\u7a2e\u95dc\u806f\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6578\uff0886\uff05\uff09\u73cd\u60dc\u8207\u4e08\u592b\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u64d4\u5fc3\u5f15\u8d77\u60b2\u50b7\u800c\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8863\u670d\u6216\u7167\u7247\u3002\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u4eba\u91cd\u8a2a\u6545\u5730\u6216\u56de\u5230\u5893\u5712\u6216\u91ab\u9662\u3002\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u91dd\u5c0d\u5e74\u8f15\u5be1\u5a66\uff0845 \u6b72\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u7d50\u679c [Glick IO, Weiss RS, Parkes CM.\u00a01974\u00a0<\/em>\u201cThe first year of bereavement<\/a><\/em>. New York, NY: Wiley\u201d) \u3002\u55aa\u89aa\u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u4eba\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u300c\u7d93\u5e38\u300d\u6216\u300c\u7d93\u5e38\u300d\u60f3\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u611f\u89ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u5728\u770b\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u4e26\u5831\u544a\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u611f\u5230\u6cae\u55aa\u6216\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u6545\u610f\u63f4\u5f15\u4ed6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56de\u9867\u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u73fe\uff0cJohn Bowlby \u4f9d\u6200\u7406\u8ad6\u63a2\u7d22\u5e7c\u5152\u8207\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5931\u53bb\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9644\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u6027 (\u201cAttachment and loss, vol. 3 loss: sadness and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books<\/em><\/a>\u201d) \u63d0\u51fa\u5f9e\u300c\u4f9d\u9644\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5206\u96e2\u7126\u616e\u300d\u5230\u300c\u5931\u843d\u300d\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6bb5\u4eba\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u90fd\u5728\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u72c0\u614b\u9593\u8f2a\u8ff4\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u7236\u6bcd\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u5c08\u6ce8\u548c\u6df7\u4e82\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u6703\u8b93\u4f4d\u7d66\u8d85\u7136\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8b93\u4f4d\u65bc\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u6301\u7e8c\u5fc3\u7406\u806f\u7e6b\u7684\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u5b89\u6170\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7e31\u5411\u7814\u7a76\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u6301\u7e8c\u806f\u7e6b\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u9805\u91dd\u5c0d\u55aa\u5076\u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5931\u53bb\u89aa\u4eba\u7684\u914d\u5076\u5728\u55aa\u89aa\u516d\u500b\u6708\u5f8c\u63a5\u53d7\u63a1\u8a2a\u6642\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011 \u201c\u6bcf\u5929\u6216\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6bcf\u5929\u201d \u90fd\u6703\u60f3\u8d77\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4f34\u4fb6\u3002\u7576\u5931\u53bb\u4f34\u4fb6 18 \u500b\u6708\u5f8c\u518d\u6b21\u63a5\u53d7\u63a1\u8a2a\u6642\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u518d\u90a3\u9ebc\u983b\u7e41\u5730\u60f3\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f34\u4fb6\uff0c\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136 \u201c\u6bcf\u9031\u5169\u5230\u4e09\u6b21\u201d \u3002\u5728\u9019\u5169\u500b\u6642\u9593\u9ede\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u914d\u5076\u90fd\u78ba\u8a8d\uff0c\u5c0d\u5df2\u6545\u4f34\u4fb6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u8a18\u61b6\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u6708\u88e1\u611f\u5230\u5feb\u6a02\u6216\u5e73\u975c[Bonanno GA, Wortman CB, Nesse RM . 2004 ‘Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood<\/em>‘. Psychol. Aging 19, 260\u2013271.)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5931\u53bb\u89aa\u4eba\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u8207\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u5c0d\u8c61\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u9023\u7d50\uff1fPhyllis R. Silverman\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b (Silverman PR, Nickman S, Worden JW.\u00a01992\u00a0‘Detachment Revisited: The Child’s Reconstruction of a Dead Parentn<\/em>‘ in \u201cChildren Mourning, Mourning Children<\/a> — Kenneth J_ Doka — Taylor & Francis (Unlimited), Hoboken, 2014<\/em>\u201d pp 131-148) \u5728\u7236\u6bcd\u53bb\u4e16\u56db\u500b\u6708\u5f8c\u63a1\u8a2a\u4e86\u7f8e\u570b\u5931\u53bb\u89aa\u4eba\u7684\u5152\u7ae5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5b69\u5b50\uff0874%\uff09\u8aaa\u4ed6\u5011\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u53bb\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5929\u5802\u3002\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u4e5f\u8ac7\u5230\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7dad\u6301\u8207\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6bcf\u9031\u4ecd\u6703\u591a\u6b21\u60f3\u8d77\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\uff0890%\uff09\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u76e3\u8996\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\uff0881%\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5c6c\u65bc\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u7269\u54c1\uff0877% \uff09\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5728\u5bb6\u88e1\u9084\u662f\u5728\u5bb6\u88e1\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4e5f\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u5bb6\u4eba\u8ac7\u8ad6\u904e\u4e16\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\uff0866%\uff09\uff0c\u8207\u670b\u53cb\u4ea4\u8ac7\u904e\uff0854%\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u78ba\u5be6\u5831\u544a\u904e\u8207\u904e\u4e16\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u4ea4\u8ac7\u904e\uff0857%\uff09\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u7dad\u6301\u8207\u5df2\u6545\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u627f\u8a8d\u505a\u904e\u7236\u6bcd\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9084\u6d3b\u8457\u7684\u5922\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u6975\u5c11\u6578(3%)\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u76f8\u4fe1\u6b7b\u4ea1\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0cSilverman \u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u5831\u544a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u6703\u601d\u8003\u4e26\u8207\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u4f9d\u6200\u4eba\u7269\u4fdd\u6301\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u627f\u8a8d\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u8a00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u610f\u662f\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5b69\u5b50\u4ee5\u8207\u6210\u4eba\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8655\u7406\u60b2\u50b7\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5f88\u5c11\u5426\u8a8d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u640d\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u8207\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u5206\u96e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u53cd\u61c9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63d0\u8b70\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u548c\u61c9\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5169\u7d44\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c07\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u505c\u6b62\uff1f\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u5df2\u6545\u5718\u9ad4\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u9023\u7d50\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7acb\u5373\u548c\u9577\u671f\u53cd\u61c9\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u767c\u73fe\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u5831\u544a ( Van Leeuwen EJC, Mulenga IC, Bodamer MD, Cronin KA. ‘Chimpanzees’ responses to the dead body of a 9-year-old group member – May 2016American Journal of Primatology 78(9)<\/em>‘ ; Dale Peterson – \u201cThe Ghosts of Gombe: A True Story of Love and Death in an African Wilderness <\/a>(2018, University of California Press)<\/em>\u201d ; Claire A. Kirchhoff – \u201cLife and Death in the Gombe Chimpanzees: Skeletal Analysis as an Insight into Life History<\/a> (2019, Springe)<\/em>\u201d ) \u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u521d\u6b65\u7684\uff08\u5118\u7ba1\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u7684\uff09\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u521d\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u662f\u6fc0\u52d5\u548c\u9a5a\u614c\u3002\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u884c\u70ba\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\uff1a\u900f\u904e\u51dd\u8996\u6216\u55c5\u805e\u4f86\u4ed4\u7d30\u8abf\u67e5\u5c4d\u9ad4\uff1b\u67d4\u548c\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u662f\u9577\u6642\u9593\u7684\u76ee\u64ca\u6aa2\u67e5\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u7684\u624b\u52d5\u63a5\u89f8\u548c\u6572\u64ca\u5c4d\u9ad4\u6216\u8209\u8d77\u56db\u80a2\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6e2c\u8a66\u4ee3\u7406\u6216\u53cd\u61c9\u80fd\u529b\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u53cd\u61c9\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u8207\u540c\u7a2e\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u8207\u666e\u901a\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u504f\u5dee\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u7d93\u9a57\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u505c\u6b62\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u7406\u89e3 \u2014\u2014 \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u8a72\u7fa3\u9ad4\u7684\u9ad8\u7d1a\u6210\u54e1 \u2014\u2014 \u6839\u64da\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5728\u8a72\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u7d42\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u525b\u624d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6a21\u5f0f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u9707\u9a5a\u3002\u900f\u904e\u8abf\u67e5\u548c\u6aa2\u67e5\uff0c\u5c0f\u7d44\u6210\u54e1\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u300d\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cJames R Anderson \u7b49\u4eba (Anderson JR, Gillies A, Lock LC. 2010 ‘Pan thanatology<\/em>‘. Current. Biology. 20, R349\u2013R351) \u5831\u544a\u4e86\u5c0d Pansy \u76f8\u5c0d\u5e73\u975c\u4e14\u53ef\u9810\u898b\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c Pansy \u662f\u4e00\u96bb 50 \u591a\u6b72\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8607\u683c\u862d\u91ce\u751f\u52d5\u7269\u5712\u3002\u5728\u9019\u96bb\u751f\u75c5\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u6b7b\u4ea1\u524d\u7684\u5e7e\u5929\u548c\u5e7e\u5c0f\u6642\u5167\uff0c\u5c0f\u7d44\u6210\u54e1\u70ba\u5979\u68b3\u7406\u6bdb\u9aee\u3002\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5f8c \uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7acb\u5373\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4ed4\u7d30\u6aa2\u67e5\uff08\u62c9\u626f\u5979\u7684\u80a9\u8180\u548c\u624b\u81c2\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5f35\u958b\u5979\u7684\u5634\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6301\u7e8c\u4e86\u4e00\u5169\u5206\u9418\u3002\u90a3\u5929\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c0f\u7d44\u6210\u54e1\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u7761\u7720\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u8de1\u8c61\uff08\u4ee5\u59ff\u52e2\u8b8a\u5316\u70ba\u6a19\u8a8c\uff09\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5e7e\u5929\u88f9\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6291\u5236\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 Pansy \u7684\u5973\u5152\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u9023\u7e8c\u5e7e\u5929\u90fd\u907f\u514d\u5728\u6b7b\u4ea1\u767c\u751f\u7684\u7bc9\u5de2\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\u7761\u89ba\u3002\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u7d44\u89c0\u5bdf\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a Pansy \u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5916\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5176\u9577\u671f\u5f71\u97ff\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u9762\u5c0d\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u500b\u9ad4\u53cd\u61c9\u56e0\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u5148\u524d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u800c\u7570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cJames R. Anderson \u6307\u51fa\uff0cGodi \u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u5c6c\u65bc\u540c\u4e00\u4e9e\u7fa4\u7684\u7537\u6027\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u5805\u6301\u767c\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7279\u7684\u53eb\u8072\uff08\u5373Wraa \u53eb\u8072\uff09\uff0c\u5c0d\u5c4d\u9ad4\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4e26\u6210\u70ba\u7576\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u9760\u8fd1\u5b83\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u7126\u8e81\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002Stewart FA \u7b49\u4eba ( Stewart FA, Piel AK, O’Malley RC .\u00a02012 ‘Responses of chimpanzees to a recently dead community member at Gombe National Park, Tanzania<\/em>‘.\u00a0Am. J. Primatol.\u00a074, 1\u20137) \u5831\u544a\u7a31\uff0c\u6b7b\u8005 Malaika \u7684\u5973\u5152 Mambo \u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u5718\u9ad4\u6210\u54e1\u66f4\u95dc\u6ce8\u5979\u7684\u5c4d\u9ad4\u3002Van Leeuwen EJC \u7b49\u4eba (Van Leeuwen EJC, Mulenga IC, Bodamer MD, Cronin KA. ‘Chimpanzees’ responses to the dead body of a 9-year-old group member – May 2016 American Journal of Primatology 78(9)<\/em>‘ ) \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8207\u5df2\u6545 Thomas \u7d93\u5e38\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u5e74\u9577\u96c4\u6027 Pan \u5982\u4f55\u6293\u4f4f\u4e00\u6839\u6a39\u679d\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u885d\u5411 Thomas \u7684\u5c4d\u9ad4\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u56db\u6563\u4e26\u5c16\u53eb\u3002Pan \u6aa2\u67e5\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u6b21\u6578\u4e5f\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5e74\u96c4\u6027\u90fd\u8981\u591a\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5718\u9ad4\u6210\u54e1\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cPansy \u7684\u5973\u5152\u5728\u5979\u53bb\u4e16\u7684\u90a3\u5929\u665a\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u9760\u8fd1\u5979\u7684\u5c4d\u9ad4 (Anderson JR, Gillies A, Lock LC.\u00a02010\u00a0‘Pan thanatology<\/em>‘.\u00a0Current. Biology.\u00a020, R349\u2013R351)\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u5c0d\u7121\u53cd\u61c9\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u8207\u6b63\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u884c\u70ba\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u80cc\u96e2\u800c\u5f15\u767c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u6216\u60c5\u611f\u7d10\u5e36\u7684\u5207\u65b7\u800c\u5f15\u767c\u7684\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5920\u5340\u5206\u56e0\u6b7b\u4ea1\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u4f9d\u6200\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u55aa\u5931\u548c\u56e0\u8eab\u9ad4\u7f3a\u5e2d\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u8207\u4f9d\u6200\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u9577\u671f\u5206\u96e2 \uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u89c0\u5bdf\u3002(\u5177\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u5426\u8a18\u9304\u4e86\u53ef\u8b58\u5225\u7684\u7dda\u7d22\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7368\u7279\u7684\u767c\u8072\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7dda\u7d22\u8868\u660e\u66ab\u6642\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u56de\u4f86\u4e86\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u8868\u660e\u5df2\u77e5\u500b\u9ad4\u660e\u986f\u56de\u4f86\u4e86\u5df2\u7d93\u6b7b\u4e86\u3002\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5152\u7ae5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u660e\u986f\u7684\u300c\u6b7b\u800c\u5fa9\u751f\u300d\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002) \u56de\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c0d\u5931\u53bb\u89aa\u4eba\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u63a1\u8a2a\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u5340\u5225\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u6709\u8457\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u55aa\u846c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u7684\u8d77\u6e90<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f86\u81ea\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u7fa3\u9ad4\u6210\u54e1\u53bb\u4e16\u5f8c\u6703\u7d93\u6b77\u4e00\u7a2e\u5931\u843d\u611f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u60b2\u50b7\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u9019\u7a2e\u60b2\u50b7\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u8b49\u64da\u8868\u660e\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u6216\u57cb\u846c\u5c4d\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u8b49\u64da\u8868\u660e\u7a4d\u6975\u52aa\u529b\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u4fdd\u6301\u806f\u7e6b \uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b9a\u671f\u591a\u6b21\u63a2\u8a2a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5730\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u985e\u548c Neanderthals \u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5340\u57df\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u523b\u610f\u7684\u57cb\u846c\u5be6\u8e10\u59cb\u65bc\u5927\u7d04 12 \u842c\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u820a\u77f3\u5668\u6642\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u820a\u77f3\u5668\u6642\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u8ddd\u4eca\u7d04 3 \u842c\u5e74\u524d (Pettitt, Paul – \u201cThe Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial <\/a>(2010_2011, Routledge)<\/em>\u201d)\u3002\u56de\u9867\u9019\u4efd\u7d00\u9304\uff0cMary C. Stiner (Stiner MC.\u00a02017\u00a0‘Love and death in the Stone Age: what constitutes first evidence of mortuary treatment of the human body<\/em>‘.\u00a0Biol. Theory\u00a012, 248\u2013261.) \u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u5893\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u4f4d\u65bc\u5c0d\u751f\u6d3b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u5167\u6216\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u4e82\u846c\u5751\u7684\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u4f46\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5b83\u5011\u4f4d\u65bc\u4e0d\u9069\u5b9c\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\u6216\u88c2\u7e2b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ddd\u96e2\u6709\u660e\u986f\u5b9a\u671f\u5c45\u4f4f\u8de1\u8c61\u7684\u5340\u57df\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u8ddd\u96e2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b88\u5730\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u8996\u70ba\u8655\u7f6e\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f9e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u554f\u984c\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u55aa\u846c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u76db\u884c\u3002\u571f\u846c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u6280\u8853\u9032\u6b65\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u666e\u904d\u3002\u5728\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5341\u842c\u5e74\u88cf\uff0c\u57cb\u846c\u5c0d\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u986f\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5728\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u985e\u51fa\u73fe\u5f88\u4e45\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u57cb\u846c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u5c31\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u57fa\u65bc\u5927\u8166\u76ae\u5c64\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u5f8c\u4f86\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u57cb\u846c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8b8a\u5316 (Anton Killin (editor), Sean Allen-Hermanson (editor) – \u201cExplorations in Archaeology and Philosophy <\/a>(2021, Springer)<\/em>\u201d\u00a0)\u3002\u8aa0\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5927\u8166\u76ae\u5c64\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u652f\u6490\u4e86\u76f8\u95dc\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8a08\u5283\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u6642\u9593\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u57cb\u846c\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u958b\u59cb\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u8ecc\u8de1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u5c0b\u627e\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u64da\u5148\u524d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u751f\u7269\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u4f86\u4e16\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u63a8\u6e2c\u503c\u5f97\u8003\u616e\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u820a\u77f3\u5668\u6642\u4ee3\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5230\u665a\u671f\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u672c\u8cea\u4f5c\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7d42\u9ede\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u53ef\u80fd\u65e5\u76ca\u978f\u56fa\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u633d\u56de\u6027\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4fc3\u4f7f\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u985e\u548c Neanderthals \u4eba\u57cb\u846c\u548c\u7d00\u5ff5\u6b7b\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\u63a8\u52d5\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u4efb\u4f55\u6b64\u985e\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u6703\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u66f4\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\u7684\u57cb\u846c\u5be6\u8e10\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u689d\u731c\u6e2c\u66f4\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u4eba\u985e\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u548c\u5152\u7ae5\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7dad\u6301\u4e26\u5c0b\u6c42\u7dad\u6301\u8207\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u9023\u7d50\u3002\u5728\u5f88\u9577\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u5167\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u6703\u60f3\u8d77\u6b7b\u8005\uff0c\u8ac7\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u4e26\u4fdd\u7559\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u8ca1\u7522\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d00\u5ff5\u54c1\u3002\u5728\u96e2\u751f\u8005\u8f03\u8fd1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u57cb\u846c\u7b26\u5408\u4eba\u5011\u8a18\u4f4f\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8655\u7406\u6389\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5c4d\u9ad4\u4e26\u5fd8\u8a18\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u58b3\u5893\u9644\u8fd1\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u63d0\u9192\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u89aa\u4eba\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c07\u89aa\u5c6c\u6216\u7fa3\u9ad4\u6210\u54e1\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u58b3\u5893\u6216\u76f8\u9130\u7684\u58b3\u5893\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u751f\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\u53ef\u80fd\u50cf\u5fb5\u8457\u6b7b\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u65b7\u7d55\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u7684\u6062\u5fa9\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u505a\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9010\u6f38\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u7a2e\u68d8\u8f2a\u6548\u61c9 ratchet effect\u00a0\uff0c\u5373\u5893\u5730\u7684\u9130\u8fd1\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u7dad\u6301\u751f\u8005\u5c0d\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\uff1b\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a18\u61b6\u7684\u7a4d\u7d2f\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u6703\u900f\u904e\u5c0d\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u53e3\u982d\u56de\u61b6\u800c\u653e\u5927 \uff0c\u70ba\u751f\u8005\u53c3\u8207\u846c\u79ae\u7684\u898f\u5283\u548c\u57f7\u884c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6700\u7d42\uff0c\u5728\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u57cb\u846c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u5176\u7956\u5148\u64c1\u6709\u6dfa\u8584\u96c6\u9ad4\u8a18\u61b6\u7684\u7fa3\u9ad4\u6216\u793e\u5340\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8a73\u7d30\u95e1\u8ff0\u548c\u52a0\u6df1\u5176\u5c0d\u9023\u7e8c\u3001\u524d\u5e7e\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002(\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u68d8\u8f2a\u6548\u61c9\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u72e9\u7375\u63a1\u96c6\u7fa3\u9ad4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u8655\u7406\u5e7e\u4e4e\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u8655\u7406\u8150\u721b\u5c4d\u9ad4\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5f8c\uff0c\u71df\u5730\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u88ab\u907a\u68c4\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u9ede\u9023\u7e8c\u57cb\u846c\u7684\u7d2f\u7a4d\u6548\u61c9 (Woodburn J.\u00a01982\u00a0‘Social dimensions of death in four African hunting and gathering societies<\/em>‘. In\u00a0Maurice Bloch, Jonathan Parry – \u201cDeath and the Regeneration of Life <\/a>(1982, Cambridge University Press)<\/em>\u201d\u00a0, pp. 187\u2013210. )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u516b\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2. \u5169\u7a2e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u89c0 \u96a8\u8457\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u9577\u5927\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u610f\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u964d\u81e8\u5230\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f49\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a (Kenyon BL. 2001 ‘Current research in children’s conceptions of death: a critical review‘. Omega 43, 63\u201391. 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