{"id":9415,"date":"2025-05-13T01:30:32","date_gmt":"2025-05-13T01:30:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9415"},"modified":"2025-05-13T01:30:32","modified_gmt":"2025-05-13T01:30:32","slug":"evil-in-modern-thought-an-alternative-history-of-philosophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2025\/05\/13\/evil-in-modern-thought-an-alternative-history-of-philosophy\/","title":{"rendered":"Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90aa\u60e1\u5a01\u8105\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5c0d\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cLisbon \u5730\u9707\u662f\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\u707d\u96e3\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u90aa\u60e1\u8996\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6b98\u5fcd\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u800c Auschwitz&nbsp;\u96c6\u4e2d\u71df\u5247\u662f\u5176\u6975\u7aef\u5316\u8eab\u3002\u900f\u904e\u6aa2\u8996\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u5b97\u6559\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u5230\u7576\u4ee3\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0cSusan Neiman \u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u81ea\u65e9\u671f\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u88e1\u6211\u5011\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u5b50 \u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u91cd\u5beb\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u54f2\u5b78\u5f15\u56de\u5230\u6700\u521d\u6fc0\u767c\u5b83\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7121\u8ad6\u7528\u795e\u5b78\u6216\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u90fd\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5b83\u5411\u54f2\u5b78\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\u53d7\u82e6\u53d7\u96e3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9084\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u55ce\uff1f\u5728\u90aa\u60e1\u88ab\u5217\u8209\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c0d\u795e\u529b\u6216\u4eba\u985e\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9084\u80fd\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u55ce\uff1f\u90aa\u60e1\u662f\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u9084\u662f\u5e73\u5eb8\u7684\uff1fSusan Neiman \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u63a8\u52d5\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5f9e&nbsp;Leibniz&nbsp;\u5230&nbsp;Hegel&nbsp;\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u8a66\u5716\u634d\u885b\u4e00\u500b\u5145\u6eff\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5275\u9020\u8005\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u52aa\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u52a0\u4e0a\u6559\u7687\u3001&nbsp;Voltaire \u548c Marquis de Sade \u7b49\u66f4\u591a\u6587\u5b78\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u52aa\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4ec1\u6148\u3001\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0 \uff0c\u76f4\u5230&nbsp;Nietzsche&nbsp;\u8072\u7a31\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5df2\u88ab\u8b00\u6bba\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u8a8d\u70ba\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u90aa\u60e1\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u90aa\u60e1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002Neiman \u8f49\u800c\u5c07\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0d\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u8996\u70ba\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u4e26\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u8cab\u7a7f\u8457\u5169\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u5f9e&nbsp;Rousseau&nbsp;\u5230&nbsp;Arendt\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u90fd\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u8b93\u90aa\u60e1\u8b8a\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u6d3e\uff0c\u5f9e Voltaire \u5230&nbsp;Adorno\uff0c\u5247\u5805\u6301\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u672c \u201c<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Evil-Modern-Thought-Alternative-Philosophy\/dp\/0691168504\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2ET5GW6EPURKB&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.iUC0gcsa28ZTk6DWbOY6JJ1IU29aoLxBRSIfyCQXhmQ.yPjfiMjDjBrQ_ZYWaoOkRiljUJVMcz1Q7ksJE_BNeKU&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=Evil+in+Modern+Thought%3A+An+Alternative+History+of+Philosophy&amp;qid=1747099322&amp;sprefix=evil+in+modern+thought+an+alternative+history+of+philosophy%2Caps%2C270&amp;sr=8-1\">Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy<\/a><\/em>\u201d \u6587\u7b46\u512a\u7f8e\uff0c\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd \uff0c\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u8207\u90aa\u60e1\u59a5\u5354\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u5b83\u5411\u6240\u6709\u5c0d\u751f\u8207\u6b7b\u3001\u5584\u8207\u60e1\u3001\u82e6\u96e3\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u7b49\u554f\u984c\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u91cd\u65b0\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u00a0Princeton Classics edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u9019\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u6536\u9304\u4e86 Susan Neiman \u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u65b0\u5f8c\u8a18\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u767c\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Hannah Arendt\u5c0d\u00a0Adolf Eichmann\u00a0\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ee3\u5cf6\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u7206\u70b8\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u5411\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u8b80\u8005\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u9019\u90e8\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u8207\u60e1\u3001\u751f\u8207\u6b7b\u3001\u82e6\u96e3\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u96c4\u8faf\u800c\u767c\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u7684\u6c89\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">xxxxxxxxxx<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7f8e\u570b\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5c07\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u8996\u70ba\u8a72\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46 Susan Neiman \u7684 \u201c<em>Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy<\/em>\u201d \u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u5047\u8a2d\uff0cNeiman \u8a66\u5716\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa \u201c\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u201d \u3002\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u5c07\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\uff08\u300c\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff1f\u300d\uff09\u8207\u5206\u6790\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\uff08\u300c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\uff09\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u8a72\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u8207\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08\u300c\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff1f\u300d\uff09\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u3001\u5be6\u8cea\u8207\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u554f\u984c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8207\u90aa\u60e1\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u9b25\u722d\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u7a2e\u9b25\u722d\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u5931\u6557\u6216\u5f92\u52de\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e26\u975e\u53f2\u7121\u524d\u4f8b\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede \u2014\u2014 Aristotle \u5c31\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u904e\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede \u2014\u2014 \u4f46 Neiman \u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u8996\u89d2\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8fd1\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u5de7\u5408\u4f7f\u5f97\u90aa\u60e1\u554f\u984c\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96e3\u548c\u7dca\u8feb\u3002\u201c\u4f60\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u958b\u59cb\u64d4\u5fc3\u8868\u8c61\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u2026\u2026\u5922\u5883\u5982\u6b64\u751f\u52d5\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u660f\u660f\u6b32\u7761\u7684\u534a\u610f\u8b58\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u6293\u4f4f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7269\u9ad4\uff0c\u201d Neiman \u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u4f46\u96a8\u5f8c \u201c\u4f60\u6703\u5728\u5e8a\u4e0a\u9192\u4f86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4f60\u6703\u6253\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81c9\u2026\u201d \u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u7684\u731c\u6e2c\u5f62\u6210\u9bae\u660e\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f60\u6703\u6253\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81c9\u2026\u2026\u201d \u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u7684\u731c\u6e2c\u5f62\u6210\u9bae\u660e\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5373\u5c07\u958b\u59cb\u7d42\u7d50\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f \u201c\u54f2\u5b78\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5373\u5c07\u7d42\u7d50\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u201d ( p 5 )\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u554f\u984c\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4e2d\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u597d\u4eba\u4e5f\u6703\u906d\u9047\u58de\u4e8b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u7684\u300c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e09\u89d2\u300d\u2014\u2014 \u5168\u77e5\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u3001\u5168\u5584\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u95dc\u806f\u7684\u795e\u8056\u54c1\u8cea \u2014\u2014 \u5c31\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6311\u6230\uff1b\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5fc5\u9808\u8b93\u51fa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\u906d\u53d7\u82e6\u96e3\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7121\u77e5\u7684\u3001\u8edf\u5f31\u7684\u6216\u60e1\u610f\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u901a\u904e\u660e\u78ba\u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u95dc\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e4b\u9593\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u806f\u7e6b\uff1a\u201c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u4e8b\u60c5\u6703\u9019\u6a23\uff1f\u201d \u60f3\u8981\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f \u201c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u6700\u597d\u3002\u201d \u5c0d\u65bc\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728 1755 \u5e74Lisbon \u707d\u96e3\u6027\u5927\u5730\u9707\u5f15\u767c\u7684 \u201c\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6 theodicy\u201d \u8faf\u8ad6\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cLisbon \u548c Auschwitz \u70ba Neiman \u69cb\u5efa\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u60e1\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u60e1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f&nbsp;Gottfried Leibniz \u7684 \u201c\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u201d \u7248\u672c\uff0c\u8a72\u7248\u672c\u906d\u5230&nbsp;Voltaire \u7684\u731b\u70c8\u8af7\u523a\u3002\u5c0d\u6b64\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u89e3\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e86 \u201c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u88e1\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u5b50\u201d ( p 10 )\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Susan Neiman \u7684 \u201c<em>Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy<\/em>\u201d \u662f\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\u4f5c\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u601d\u8003\u3002Neiman \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u5f9e\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u61c9\u8a72\u6839\u64da\u5c0d\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u9032\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8b49\u660e \uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u666e\u904d\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e16\u754c\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u3002\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\uff0c\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5617\u8a66\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6240\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u5176\u5be6\u53ea\u662f\u5f9e\u300c\u5c40\u90e8\u300d\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u624d\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u3002\u90aa\u60e1\u662f\u300c\u6700\u4f73\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u5fc5\u7136\u7522\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u6700\u591a\u6a23\u5316\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e26\u7b26\u5408\u7c21\u7d04\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5275\u9020\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u6b64\u5fc5\u7136\u7522\u751f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u7684\u751f\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u4fdd\u6301\u666e\u904d\u6a02\u89c0\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u6839\u64da\u7b2c\u4e00\u985e\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u502b\u7406\u8853\u8a9e\u7684\u5019\u9078\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u707d\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u662f\u900f\u904e 1252 \u5e74\u7684 Castille \u570b\u738b Alfonso X \u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5f15\u5165\u7684\uff0c\u6839\u64da Susan Neiman \u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f \u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u82f1\u96c4\u201d ( p 14 )\u3002Alfonso X \u66fe\u5728 Toledo \u535a\u5b78\u7684\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u6307\u5c0e\u4e0b\u5b78\u7fd2\u5929\u6587\u5b78\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u61a4\u6168\u5730\u8a55\u8ad6\u9053\uff1a \u201c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5728\u5275\u4e16\u4e4b\u521d\u5c31\u807d\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6307\u5f15\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u201d ( p 15 )\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u534a\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u893b\u7006\u795e\u660e\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\uff0cAlfonso X \u7684\u8a87\u8000\u4e5f\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u8a2d\u8a08\u8ad6\u8b49\u6240\u5229\u7528\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79e9\u5e8f\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u6b23\u559c\u9a5a\u5606\u5fc5\u7136\u4f34\u96a8\u7684\u6cae\u55aa\uff1a\u96d6\u7136\u5275\u9020\u5728\u5176\u770b\u4f3c\u667a\u80fd\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u4e0a\u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u5947\u8e5f\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6a23\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u9a5a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5177\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u8086\u610f\u7684\u7834\u58de\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\u7684\u751f\u547d\u56e0\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u5929\u707d\u800c\u592d\u6298\uff0c\u800c\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u60e1\u68cd\u537b\u80fd\u5b89\u4eab\u665a\u5e74\uff0c\u9019\u771f\u7684\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u55ce\uff1f \uff01Alfonso X \u7684\u9019\u756a\u8a00\u8ad6\u6210\u70ba Neiman \u7684\u4e3b\u65cb\u5f8b\uff0c\u5979\u4ee5\u6b64\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5c07\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u7d93\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4eba\u7269\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u5927\u9663\u71df\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u8def\u7dda\u6700\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4ee3\u8868\u7576\u7136\u662f Leibniz \u2014\u2014 <em>\u5178\u578b\u7684<\/em>\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u9a0e\u58eb\uff1a\u4e00\u6d3e\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u8abf\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u60e1\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5584\u6216\u7406\u6027\uff08(Leibniz\u3001Pope\u3001Rousseau\u3001Kant\u3001Hegel \u548c Marx\uff09\u3002 1755 \u5e74 Lisbon \u5730\u9707\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u725b\u9813\u79d1\u5b78\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u9577\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97 Leibniz \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8a08\u756b\u8b8a\u5f97\u503c\u5f97\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u3002\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u5b50\u5c0d\u5730\u9707\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u60e1\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u5354\u8abf\u9053\u5fb7\u60e1\uff08\u5373\u7531\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u9020\u6210\u7684\u60e1\uff09\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u5929\u610f\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u795e\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u514d\u53d7\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8cac\u5099\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u76ee\u7684\u6f20\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6216\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\uff08\u900f\u904e\u767c\u5c55\u5177\u6709\u9810\u6e2c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u7b49\uff09\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u638c\u63e1\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u4e00\u7d44\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u798f\u7949\u7368\u7279\u76f8\u9069\u61c9\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u5206\u652f\u5426\u8a8d\u81ea\u7136\u60e1\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u60e1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u76f8\u4f34\u800c\u751f\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a34\u8af8 \u201c\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u5916\u8868 brute appearances\u201d \u4f86\u61f7\u7591\u5730\u8b74\u8cac\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4eba\uff08 Pierre Bayle \u3001Voltaire\u3001David Hume \u3001Marquis de Sade \u548c Schopenhauer\uff09( p 11 )\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u9580\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u60e1\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u60e1\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u672c\u8eab\u8da8\u65bc\u5d29\u6f70\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5584\uff08\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c<em>\u5c31\u662f\u5584<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5141\u8a31\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u7684 \uff0c\u4f46\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4e0a\u662f\u5584\u7684\uff08\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u52d5\u6a5f\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u53d7\u7d93\u9a57\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u518d\u9ad4\u73fe\u7368\u7279\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u8ad6\uff09\uff0cNietzsche \u548c Freud \u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u5982\u6b64\u69cb\u5efa\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u7d93\u5178 \u2014\u2014 \u5118\u7ba1 Neiman \u5c0d\u9019\u5169\u4f4d\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u90aa\u60e1\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u5011\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u90aa\u60e1\u7e3d\u9ad4\u6e1b\u5c11\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\u611f\u5230\u6a02\u89c0\u3002\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u7a2e\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u8b93\u81ea\u7136\u627f\u64d4\u4eba\u985e\u5e78\u798f\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf<em>\u4eba\u5011<\/em>\u5728\u76e7\u68ad\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u3002\u76e7\u68ad\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u58ae\u843d\u5230\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u8fc4\u4eca\u70ba\u6b62\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u5316\u800c\u80cc\u96e2\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46&nbsp;Rousseau&nbsp;\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\uff08\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u8271\u82e6\u7684\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u904e\u7a0b\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u6551\u8d16\u3002Hegel&nbsp;\u5728\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u300d\u4e2d\u5438\u6536\u4e26\u64f4\u5c55\u4e86 Rousseau&nbsp;\u7684\u6a02\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u82e6\u96e3\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8faf\u8b49\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5f15\u64ce \u3002 Marx&nbsp;\u53c8\u900f\u904e\u7d93\u6fdf\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5f9e\u4eba\u985e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u89d2\u5ea6\u91cd\u65b0\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Susan Neiman \u51fa\u8272\u5730\u5145\u5be6\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u689d\u767c\u5c55\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u8207 Pierre Bayle\u3001Voltaire \u548c David Hume \u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u4e14\u66f4\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u505a\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d Kant \u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002Kant \u5c0d\u65bc\u5efa\u69cb\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u52d5\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u5177\u6709\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u662f\u6d88\u6975\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u56e0\u6b64\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08\u6216\u66f4\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff09\u5728\u6279\u5224\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u6240\u80fd\u767c\u63ee\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u800c\u53d7\u9650\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8981\u6c42\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u56de\u5831\uff0c\u800c Kant \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8b49\u660e\u7bc4\u570d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Neiman \u6b63\u78ba\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\uff08 PP 67-70 \uff09\uff0cKant \u8a8d\u70ba\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u5e78\u798f\u4e4b\u9593\u9019\u7a2e\u660e\u986f\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u6703\u7834\u58de\u9053\u5fb7\u3002Kant \u627f\u8a8d\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8207\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u662f<em>\u5e0c\u671b<\/em>\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u4e26\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u914d\u5f97\u4e0a\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u4ed6\u5f88\u73fe\u5be6\u5730\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u9650\u5236\u5728\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5e0c\u671b\u5c31\u5f88\u96e3\u7dad\u6301 \uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5047\u8a2d\u4f86\u4e16\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8cab\u5fb9\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u771f\u5be6\u6027\u5c1a\u7121\u8b49\u64da\u3002\u8207\u6b63\u5728\u8003\u616e\u7684\u795e\u6b63\u8ad6\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u689d\u8def\u7dda\u4e0a\u7684\u524d\u8f29\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f55\u7248\u672c\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u50b3\u7d71\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u90fd\u9069\u7528\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8a2d\u8a08\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u975e\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u7248\u672c\u5728Kant \u7684\u7f8e\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u78ba\u5be6\u4f54\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c Neiman \u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u5c0b\u627e Kant \u5c0d\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u524d\u666f\u554f\u984c\u7684\u300c\u7a4d\u6975\u300d\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff08 pp 82-83 \uff09\u3002Neiman \u7684\u65e9\u671f\u8457\u4f5c \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Unity-Reason-Essays-Kants-Philosophy\/dp\/0674929055\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=21GPZFI1EHF1S&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.hLr8drJ4yqsIy_OMzf8a5j6nvQpE4M9IngtJ1-1RUrgsaeoPg2NRnVMNeVIrdeyJTubAgI4hveXMS843VVIYCgSTFKRlAYJKG5FqGuWtonHBrDlkArHL5HDcvaomt74Pp8rIMA839fXnNf-wons7V5Tgal6DUFiA0_g1Yp6J4yNMu_yXbXr40jyt7dybwSGD8aqv9iIeZIKKt6hTYR09kBc8D4swQ2e2xE08jQGw0ik.T-jSXqE67VxjE1N5I8mVGlugOQ63yGYw9Zx9eUPR0TU&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=The+Unity+of+Reason&amp;qid=1747099717&amp;sprefix=the+unity+of+reason+%2Caps%2C504&amp;sr=8-1\"><em>The Unity of Reason <\/em>(Oxford, 1994)<\/a>\u201d \u00a0\u5c0d Kant \u53cd\u601d\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u5f71\u97ff\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u554f\u984c\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u7d30\u7dfb\u7684\u8655\u7406\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6709\u4e9b\u5931\u671b\u7684\u662f\uff0cNeiman \u6c92\u6709\u82b1\u592a\u591a\u6642\u9593\u7814\u7a76 Kant \u7f8e\u5b78\u7684\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u5167\u5bb9\u3002Kant \u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u601d\u60f3 \u2014\u2014\u300c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u5728\u300d\u81f3\u591a\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u611f\u89ba\uff0c\u662f\u60f3\u8981\u4ee5\u90a3\u7a2e\u773c\u5149\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7522\u7269 \u2014\u2014 \u5c07\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7262\u7262\u5730\u7f6e\u65bc\u7f8e\u5b78\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Susan Neiman \u63a5\u8457\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86 Schopenhauer\u3001Sade\u3001Nietzsche \u548c&nbsp;Freud \u5c0dKant \u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5805\u6c7a\u53cd\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u90aa\u60e1\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u6216\u6700\u7d42\u88ab\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5426\u8a8d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c Kant \u5df2\u7d93\u5c07\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8996\u70ba\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u898f\u7bc4\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u9019\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6c92\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\u7942\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u9084\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u7fa9\u5462\uff1f\u5118\u7ba1\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u62d2\u7d55\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u53db\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u53c3\u8207\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u6b3a\u9a19\u7684\u50be\u5411\u9700\u8981\u8a3a\u65b7 \u2014\u2014 \u5c31\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u8003\u616e\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u300c\u597d\u7684\u300d\u975e\u795e\u5b78\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u885d\u52d5\u7684\u5148\u6c7a\u689d\u4ef6\u3002Schopenhauer \u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u8d85\u8d8a\u76ee\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u7121\u60c5\u6575\u4eba\u3002\u751f\u547d\u6c92\u6709\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11<em>\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa<\/em>\u6c92\u6709\u76ee\u7684\uff08Schopenhauer \u4f3c\u4e4e\u8a8d\u70ba\u751f\u547d\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u548c\u7dad\u6301\u7684\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u8207\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\u300d\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5225\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff09\u3002\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3001\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u610f\u7fa9\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u800c Schopenhauer \u4e0d\u60dc\u4e00\u5207\u4ee3\u50f9\u5730\u62b5\u5236\u82e6\u96e3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u6551\u8d16\u9019\u4e00\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u652f\u67f1\u3002Neiman \u6697\u793a\uff0cSchopenhauer \u6700\u7d42\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u67d0\u7a2e\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff08\u4e00\u7a2e<em>\u795e<\/em>\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u82e6\u96e3\u5c0d\u65bc\u5be6\u9ad4\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5373Schopenhauer \u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u7684\u672a\u5206\u5316\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff08 pp 198-99 \uff09\u3002Neiman \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5011\u662f\u64fe\u4e82\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u610f\u5fd7\u65e2\u4e0d\u6176\u795d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u54c0\u60bc\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u548c\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u610f\u5fd7\u5ba2\u89c0\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u904e\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d20\u6750\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5b83\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u5e73\u8861\u6216\u4e16\u754c \u201c\u6b63\u7fa9\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nietzsche \u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u5728\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u8f49\u6369\u9ede\u3002Nietzsche \u8ffd\u96a8 Schopenhauer \uff0c\u5f37\u70c8\u53cd\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5f9e\u9003\u907f\u300c\u90aa\u60e1\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u5be6\u7bc4\u7587\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5c0d\u8a72\u9805\u76ee\u865b\u5047\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8a3a\u65b7\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u89c0\u9ede\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4 Kant \u6216 Schopenhauer \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u66f4\u70ba\u56b4\u683c\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u80af\u5b9a\u60b2\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u6216\u300c\u60b2\u5287\u91cd\u751f\u300d\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff08\u9019\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u8868\u8ff0\uff09\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u7a2e\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Nietzsche \u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u6301\u975e\u5e38\u60b2\u89c0\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u78ba\u5be6\u76f8\u4fe1\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e26\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5984\u60f3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4f7f\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u885d\u52d5\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Nietzsche \u4e00\u518d\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u5c0d Nietzsche \u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7f8e\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002\u8981\u6e96\u78ba\u8868\u8ff0\u9019\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u76f8\u7576\u56f0\u96e3 \uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u9673\u8ff0\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u5167\u5bb9\u537b\u4e26\u4e0d\u56f0\u96e3\u3002Nietzsche \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u4eab\u53d7\u5716\u50cf\u6216\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u7d14\u7cb9\u5275\u9020\u548c\u6bc0\u6ec5\uff0c\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u7f6e\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u300c\u8b49\u660e\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff08\u67d0\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\uff09\u85dd\u8853\u9ad4\u9a57\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u9032\u5165\u9019\u7a2e\u5fc3\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 Nietzsche \u62d2\u7d55\u5c07\u60b2\u5287\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u751f\u89c0\u7684\u6307\u5357\u91dd\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u5b78\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4f86\u8aaa\u5f9e\u672a\u5931\u53bb\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cSusan Neiman \u53ea\u662f\u819a\u6dfa\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff08 p 225 \uff09\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5979\u932f\u904e\u4e86 Nietzsche \u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u4e3b\u65e8\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u758f\u5ffd\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5c0d\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u8655\u7406\u3002\u5be9\u7f8e\u795e\u6b63\u8ad6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u59cb\u65bc Kant\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u9019\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u5f9e Kant \u5230 Nietzsche \u7684\u50b3\u627f\u662f\u91cd\u5efa\u76f8\u95dc\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9014\u5f91\u3002Neiman \u5c0d Nietzsche \u7f8e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u7c97\u7565\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5979\u5c0d\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09<em>\u6279\u5224\u300b<\/em>\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u4e0d\u5920\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97 Kant &#8211; Nietzsche \u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u8def\u7dda\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7f3a\u9677\u4e5f\u5c0d\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7ae0 (HOMELESS)\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cNeiman \u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u601d\u60f3\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5b83\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5169\u4f4d\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0cTheodor Adorno\u00a0\u548c Hannah\u00a0Arendt\uff0c\u8207\u7f8e\u611f\u795e\u6b63\u8ad6\u7db1\u9818\u6709\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u3002\u5c0d\u5be9\u7f8e\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u5be6\u8cea\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e5f\u56e0\u300c\u6d88\u6975\u300d\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u3002Neiman \u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u4e00\u4f4d\u975e\u5e38\u71b1\u8877\u65bc\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0cHeidegger\uff0c\u4ed6\u8207\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u7f8e\u5b78\u5316\u300d\u8b70\u984c\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u7f8e\u5b78\u5316\u300d\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u9f13\u52f5\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u7fa9\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6c1b\u570d\u3002\u9451\u65bc<em>\u9019\u7a2e<\/em>\u90aa\u60e1\uff0cNeiman \u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u8a73\u7d30\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u5c07\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u885d\u52d5\u8207<em>\u5275\u9020\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u3002<\/em>\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50c5\u50c5\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6f5b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8f49\u5411\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u8655\u7406\u4e4b\u524d\uff0cSusan Neiman \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u5967\u65af\u7dad\u8f9b\u7684\u6050\u6016\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u6b64\u505a\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u95dc\u90aa\u60e1\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u6587\u5b78\u90fd\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002Neiman \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5c55\u793a\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u56db\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8a8d\u8b58\u76f8\u6096\u3002\u5979\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89c0\u9ede\u73fe\u5728\u5df2\u7d93\u70ba\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u4e2d\u4eba\u985e\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6349\u6478\u6027\u8d85\u904e\u4e86\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u4e4b\u524d\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8a66\u5716\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u524d\u666f\u62b1\u6301\u6a02\u89c0\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u610f\u5716 \u2014\u2014 \u90aa\u60e1\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6839\u57fa\u3002Neiman \u4e5f\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4ee5\u4e00\u7bc0\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\u5f9e 9\u00b711 \u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u8861\u91cf\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5 ( p 281 )\u3002\u9019\u6bb5\u5167\u5bb9\u662f\u5168\u66f8\u6700\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6975\u5ea6\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u4e14\u4e3b\u89c0\u81c6\u65b7\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6025\u65bc\u5c0d\u7576\u5929\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u767c\u8868\u4efb\u4f55\u8a55\u8ad6\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u53ea\u662fNeiman \u4e00\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u62b5\u5236\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Susan Neiman \u5c0d\u65bc\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u8003\u616e\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u3002\u8b80\u5230\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u9019\u500b\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6703\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u5979\u540c\u6642\u8981\u8655\u7406\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u592a\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u5c0d Albert Camus \u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u7cbe\u5f69\u90e8\u5206 ( p 288 )\u3002\u5b83\u751f\u52d5\u6d3b\u6f51\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u6750\u6599\u63a8\u5411\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cMax\u00a0Horkheimer \u548c Adorno\u00a0\u5c0d\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8655\u7406\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u7406\u8ad6\u9ad8\u51fa\u591a\u5c11\u3002\u5979\u5728\u201c<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Dialectic-Enlightenment-Cultural-Memory-Present\/dp\/0804736332\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3RI0EWBTQ7X99&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.RZANf17HU1ea_5KzBSnHzoQJWOn3F6yR-E2DpH91G7Dk9zePi0DFI9yEol_c9vyzzkD5r9XbhB-UXYpsjppd4XyOgzVPRLNnHV4XK_tmvaPNogSmuYq3w4FlWotS2KJSoD7nnFeJXRnekWRKqoq1OFS-Hho5FetRBGumGdRMmuZ1TkmrC8Qb1edSmg5iD9oH4gjamnocSWyHRn4tf08nh-1BkX7hDSA9LQ2_b8SzgJw.vf1DtDrlHjwKYOEIF1HQYiuj_4uOp25diUl-7BpiO5s&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=Dialectic+of+Enlightenment&amp;qid=1747099767&amp;sprefix=dialectic+of+enlightenment%2Caps%2C479&amp;sr=8-1\">Dialectic of Enlightenment<\/a><\/em>\u201d\uff08 pp 192-193 \uff09\u4e2d\u5c0d\u00a0Horkheimer \u548c Adorno\u00a0\u5c0d Kant \u8207 Sade \u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\uff0c\u5979\u5c0d Adorno\u00a0\u6709\u95dc\u5967\u65af\u7dad\u8f9b\u7f6a\u60e1\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5225\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u5979\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5bb6\u795e\u662f\u00a0Arendt\u00a0\u548c\u00a0Rawls\u3002\u9451\u65bc\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u5f8c\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u4e3b\u984c\uff0cArendt\u00a0\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u70ba\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u3002Neiman \u70ba \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/openxsociety\/24685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil<\/em><\/a>\u201d \u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6f5b\u529b\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5141\u8a31\u975e\u6545\u610f\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5967\u65af\u7dad\u8f9b\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u53cd\u601d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u500b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u958b\u7aef\uff08 pp 271-77 \u3001pp 301-03 \uff09\u3002\u5728\u00a0Arendt\u00a0\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u662f \u201c\u5e73\u5eb8\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7121\u804a\u3001\u4e4f\u5473\u6216\u5e73\u51e1\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5e73\u5eb8\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4eba\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u610f\u5716\u6216\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u5f9e\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cEichmann\uff08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u6545\u610f\u300d\u8b00\u6bba\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u3002\u8a71\u96d6\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\uff0c\u5728\u958b\u767c\u975e\u6545\u610f\u884c\u70ba\u6a21\u578b\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8981\u505a\uff08Neiman \u6c92\u6709\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8a72\u9818\u57df\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u6cd5\u570b\u8cc7\u6599\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u963f\u502b\u7279\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8a73\u7d30\u95e1\u8ff0\u9019\u4e00\u985e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u5979\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u5e73\u5eb8\u300d\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u5982\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u53cd\u611f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u5e73\u5eb8\u4e4b\u60e1\u300d\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u53e5<em>\u5999\u8a9e<\/em>\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a00\u8aaa\u7684\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u8aaa\u51fa\u7684 \uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u5931\u70ba<em>\u4e00\u53e5\u5999\u8a9e<\/em>\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u900f\u904e\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u00a0Arendt\u00a0\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5979\u95dc\u65bc\u6975\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3001\u5979\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21<em>\u6279\u5224<\/em>\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/2657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Human Condition<\/em><\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u66f4\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u00a0Rawls\u00a0\u7684\u52a0\u5165\u662f\u88ab\u8feb\u7684\uff1b\u8207\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u5f31\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u958b\u95e2\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4f46 Susan Neiman \u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u8655\u7406\u90fd\u662f\u8070\u660e\u800c\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6 Kant \u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u6838\u5fc3\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6096\u8ad6\u88ab\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u904b\u7528\u5230\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e2d\u3002\u81ea Leibniz \u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u8b49\u660e\u5929\u610f\u6700\u7d42\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e86\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8207\u5e78\u798f\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u660e\u986f\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u4f46 Kant \u537b\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7b56\u7565 \u3002\u6b63\u5982 Neiman \u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u89e3\u6c7a\u90aa\u60e1\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u50c5\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u60e1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u6703\u7834\u58de\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u201d ( p 69 )\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fe1\u5584\u884c\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u734e\u52f5\uff0c\u60e1\u884c\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c31\u6703\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u8207\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e00\u6a23 \u201c\u5beb\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u201d( p 67 )\uff1a\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9078\u64c7\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9078\u64c7\u5177\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy<\/em>\u201d \u6587\u7b46\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\uff0c\u512a\u7f8e\uff0c\u901a\u4fd7\u6613\u61c2\uff0c\u7d30\u81a9\u5fae\u5999\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u53ea\u91dd\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8b80\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u9054\u7684\u8a9e\u6c23\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002Susan Neiman \u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u5206\u96e2\u548c\u7de8\u865f\u8ad6\u8b49\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u512a\u7f8e\u7684\u6587\u5b78\u6563\u6587\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u9069\u5408\u5979\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u7684\u300c\u53e6\u985e\u300d\u89e3\u8b80\u3002\u5c0d Kant \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3001Hume \u5c0d\u8a2d\u8a08\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u6279\u5224 \u3001 Nietzsche \u7684\u6c38\u6046\u8f2a\u8ff4\u300c\u53cd\u795e\u5b78\u300d\u3001&nbsp;Arendt&nbsp;\u7684\u300c\u5e73\u5eb8\u4e4b\u60e1\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3 9\u00b711 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7c21\u77ed\u800c\u5c16\u92b3\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u554f\u984c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6eff\u8db3\u5145\u8db3\u7406\u7531\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5145\u6eff\u71b1\u60c5\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u592a\u5b78\u8853\u7684\u98a8\u683c\u5f88\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9019\u9ebc\u8a8d\u70ba\u3002\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u76ee\u6a19\u53d7\u773e\u7bc4\u570d\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff0cSusan Neiman \u6709\u6642\u6703\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8ad6\u8b49\u548c\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u95e1\u8ff0\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u898b\u5730\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u8a55\u8ad6\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u53f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3 \u2014\u2014 \u7406\u89e3\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6cbf\u8457\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u601d\u8def \u2014\u2014 \u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4eba\u5011\u66f4\u8a8d\u540c\u751a\u9ebd\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9577\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u5f9e Neiman \u6240\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u80cc\u666f\u4f86\u770b\u5f85\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7684\u5de7\u5999\u4fee\u6539\uff1b\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u627f\u8a8d\u8eab\u8655\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u80a9\u8ca0\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9084\u662f\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\u6211\u5011\u8eab\u4e0a\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u751a\u9ebc\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u7d50\u5c40\u5982\u6b64\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u537b\u8b93\u4eba\u611f\u89ba\u5982\u6b64\u5145\u6eff\u5e0c\u671b\u548c\u52c7\u6c23\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e26\u4e0d\u5e38\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ref.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radical Evil<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u300a\u6839\u672c\u60e1\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5be9\u8996\u300b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/2121\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anatomy of Malice: The Enigma of the Nazi War Criminals-Yale_University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6068\u610f\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u8207\u7f85\u590f\u514b\u58a8\u6f2c\u6e2c\u9a57\uff1a\u7d10\u502b\u5821\u5be9\u5224\u4ee5\u4f86\u72af\u7f6a\u5fc3\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5929\u751f\u6076\u9b54\uff1a\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u5ba1\u5224\u548c\u7f57\u590f\u58a8\u8ff9\u6d4b\u9a8c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/4775\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Conspiracy against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/6841\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evil or Ill?: Justifying the Insanity Defence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/6936\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kant Trouble: The Obscurities of the Enlightened<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/8918\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evil: A Philosophical Investigation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/9174\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Providence lost<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/t.me\/librojamanto\/11716\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u90aa\u60e1\u5a01\u8105\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5c0d\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cLisbon \u5730\u9707\u662f\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\u707d\u96e3\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u90aa\u60e1\u8996\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6b98\u5fcd\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u800c Auschwitz&nbsp;\u96c6\u4e2d\u71df\u5247\u662f\u5176\u6975\u7aef\u5316\u8eab\u3002\u900f\u904e\u6aa2\u8996\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u5b97\u6559\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u5230\u7576\u4ee3\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0cSusan Neiman \u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u81ea\u65e9\u671f\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u88e1\u6211\u5011\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u5b50 \u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u91cd\u5beb\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u54f2\u5b78\u5f15\u56de\u5230\u6700\u521d\u6fc0\u767c\u5b83\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u7121\u8ad6\u7528\u795e\u5b78\u6216\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f86\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u90aa\u60e1\u90fd\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5b83\u5411\u54f2\u5b78\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\u53d7\u82e6\u53d7\u96e3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9084\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u55ce\uff1f\u5728\u90aa\u60e1\u88ab\u5217\u8209\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c0d\u795e\u529b\u6216\u4eba\u985e\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9084\u80fd\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u55ce\uff1f\u90aa\u60e1\u662f\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u9084\u662f\u5e73\u5eb8\u7684\uff1fSusan Neiman \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u63a8\u52d5\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5f9e&nbsp;Leibniz&nbsp;\u5230&nbsp;Hegel&nbsp;\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u8a66\u5716\u634d\u885b\u4e00\u500b\u5145\u6eff\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5275\u9020\u8005\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u52aa\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u52a0\u4e0a\u6559\u7687\u3001&nbsp;Voltaire \u548c Marquis de Sade \u7b49\u66f4\u591a\u6587\u5b78\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u52aa\u529b \u2014\u2014 \u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4ec1\u6148\u3001\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0 \uff0c\u76f4\u5230&nbsp;Nietzsche&nbsp;\u8072\u7a31\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5df2\u88ab\u8b00\u6bba\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u8a8d\u70ba\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u90aa\u60e1\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u90aa\u60e1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002Neiman \u8f49\u800c\u5c07\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0d\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u8996\u70ba\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u4e26\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u8cab\u7a7f\u8457\u5169\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u5f9e&nbsp;Rousseau&nbsp;\u5230&nbsp;Arendt\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u90fd\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u8b93\u90aa\u60e1\u8b8a\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u6d3e\uff0c\u5f9e Voltaire \u5230&nbsp;Adorno\uff0c\u5247\u5805\u6301\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u3002 \u9019\u672c \u201cEvil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy\u201d \u6587\u7b46\u512a\u7f8e\uff0c\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd \uff0c\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u8207\u90aa\u60e1\u59a5\u5354\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u5b83\u5411\u6240\u6709\u5c0d\u751f\u8207\u6b7b\u3001\u5584\u8207\u60e1\u3001\u82e6\u96e3\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u7b49\u554f\u984c\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u91cd\u65b0\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u00a0Princeton Classics edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u9019\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u6536\u9304\u4e86 Susan Neiman \u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u65b0\u5f8c\u8a18\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u767c\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2025\/05\/13\/evil-in-modern-thought-an-alternative-history-of-philosophy\/\">Continue reading <span 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