{"id":9424,"date":"2025-10-16T05:19:15","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T05:19:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9424"},"modified":"2025-10-16T05:19:15","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T05:19:15","slug":"think-least-of-death-spinoza-on-how-to-live-and-how-to-die","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2025\/10\/16\/think-least-of-death-spinoza-on-how-to-live-and-how-to-die\/","title":{"rendered":"Think Least of Death: Spinoza on How to Live and How to Die"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u751f\u4e36\u6b7b\u4e43\u751f\u7269\u6240\u9808\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u65bc\u4eba\u5c24\u7136\u3002  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u904e Baruch Spin\u00adoza \u2014\u2014 \u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00 \u2014\u2014 \u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cSteven Nadler \u7684\u540d\u5b57\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u6703\u964c\u751f\u3002Nadler \u662f Wis\u00adcon\u00adsin \u5927\u5b78 Madi\u00adson \u5206\u6821 William H. Hay \u4e8c\u4e16\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u548c Evjue-Bas\u00adcom\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u79d1\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u8457\u6709\u591a\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u70ba\u5927\u773e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u548c\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e86 Spinoza \u8907\u96dc\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u51cc\u4e82\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c \u201cThink Least of Death: Spin\u00adoza On How To Live And How To Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u4e2d\uff0cSteven Nadler \u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\u5011\u628a\u4ed6\u8996\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3 Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u5fc5\u5099\u6307\u5357\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86 Spin\u00adoza \u90a3\u90e8\u4ee5\u8907\u96dc\u8457\u7a31\u7684\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78 Ethics<\/em>\u300b\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e09\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u6709\u4e94\u500b\u90e8\u5206 \uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5c0d\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u958b\u982d\u5e7e\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u958b\u982d\u90e8\u5206\uff0cSpin\u00adoza \u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6cdb\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5927\u591a\u6578\u8457\u4f5c\u78ba\u5be6\u89f8\u53ca\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u502b\u7406\u610f\u6db5 \u2014\u2014 \u8a55\u8ad6\u8aaa\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u4ee5\u540c\u60c5\u548c\u611b\u5c0d\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u66f8\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u50cf\u95e1\u8ff0\u5176\u54f2\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\u90a3\u6a23\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u8ad6\u8ff0\u9019\u4e9b\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0cSpin\u00adoza \u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c0\u5ff5\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u64da\u4e0a\u5e1d\u884c\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 \u201cThink Least of Death: Spin\u00adoza On How To Live And How To Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0cSteven Nadler \u76f4\u9762\u9019\u4e9b\u96b1\u542b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5982\u540c\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u4e00\u6a23\uff0cNadler \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7de9\u7de9\u5c55\u958b\u3002\u5728\u7c21\u8981\u95e1\u8ff0 Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u795e\u5b78\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7e7c\u7e8c\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u7531\u6b64\u884d\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u904e\u8457\u8aa0\u5be6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u7f8e\u597d\u53cb\u8abc\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5f85\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u614b\u5ea6\u3002Nadler \u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u90fd\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7d30\u7dfb\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u76f8\u95dc\u6bb5\u843d\u4e26\u9032\u884c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9084\u6703\u53cd\u8986\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u8b80\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u66f8\u540d\u548c\u5c01\u9762\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u8b80\u8005\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u50c5\u5c0d Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u601d\u60f3\u611f\u8208\u8da3 \uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u5176\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u5584\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u6d3b\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u666e\u901a\u8b80\u8005 \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u7528\u6574\u6574\u4e00\u7ae0\u4f86\u95e1\u8ff0\u9019\u4e9b\u8853\u8a9e\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0cNadler \u4ecd\u4e0d\u53ad\u5176\u7169\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u5b83\u5011\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u8b80\u8005\u5fd8\u8a18\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u7cbe\u6e5b\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0cSpin\u00adoza \u4ecd\u7136\u96e3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u9808\u4ed4\u7d30\u95b1\u8b80\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u524d\u5e7e\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7c21\u8981\u56de\u9867\u4e86 Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u795e\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThink Least of Death: Spin\u00adoza On How To Live And How To Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u96d6\u7136\u901a\u4fd7\u6613\u61c2\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e26\u975e\u50c5\u50c5\u662f Spin\u00adoza \u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5165\u9580\u8b80\u7269\u3002Steven Nadler \u986f\u7136\u505a\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u539f\u5275\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u591a\u6b21\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u5982\u4f55\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u89e3\u8b80\u6587\u672c\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5e7e\u9801\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u52dd\u4e14\u5bcc\u6709\u5275\u610f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u89e3\u8b80\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u63ed\u793a Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e26\u5c55\u73fe\u4ed6\u8207\u524d\u8f29\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cNadler \u6307\u51fa\uff0cSpin\u00adoza \u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u547d\u984c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7e3d\u662f\u8aa0\u5be6\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e0d\u6b3a\u9a19\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u50cf Kant \u7b49\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u6c38\u4e0d\u6492\u8b0a \u3002\u900f\u904e\u4ed4\u7d30\u95b1\u8b80 Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\uff0c\u8cea\u7591\u4ed6\u7684\u63aa\u8fad\uff0c\u4ed4\u7d30\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba free person\u300d\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u9019\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u8207 Spin\u00adoza \u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0cNadler \u6700\u7d42\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u770b\u4f3c\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u70ba\u7dad\u8b77\u751f\u547d\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u8b0a\u8a00\u7559\u51fa\u4e86\u7a7a\u9593\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 \u201cThink Least of Death: Spin\u00adoza On How To Live And How To Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0cSteven Nadler \u518d\u6b21\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u5c0d Spin\u00adoza \u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u64b0\u5beb\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7cbe\u5fc3\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86 Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u8a31\u591a\u76f8\u95dc\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u537b\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u6e34\u671b\u6210\u70ba\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u904e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

xxxxxxxxxx<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d3b\u8457\u4e26\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u662f Baruch Spinoza \u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u5974\u5f79\u300d\uff08 servitudo \/ bondage\uff09\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u9ad4\u9a57\uff1a\u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5011\u7aed\u76e1\u5168\u529b\uff0c\u537b\u59cb\u7d42\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f15\u767c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u9858\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u906d\u9047\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u82f1\u570b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6 Kate Bush \u66fe\u7d93\u8aaa\u904e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff1a\u201c\u6d3b\u8457\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5f88\u75db\u82e6\u3002<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 Spinoza \u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u7121\u9650\u5be6\u9ad4\u4e2d\u5fae\u5c0f\u800c\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002 \u300c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u8cf4\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c ….\uff0c\u800c\u5916\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5247\u7121\u9650\u5730\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5b83\u3002<\/a>\u300d\u9019\u4e9b\u5916\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6211\u5011\u4eba\u985e\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u6c92\u6709\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002( Ethics 4, Propositions 1-8<\/a> )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u5920\u6191\u85c9\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7406\u6027\u9078\u64c7\u54ea\u4e9b\u906d\u9047\u61c9\u8a72\u7d93\u6b77\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u61c9\u8a72\u907f\u514d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u300c\u675f\u7e1b bondage\u300d\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u9078\u64c7\u9ad4\u9a57\u54ea\u4e9b\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e00\u500b\u80fd\u5920\u907f\u514d\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u6109\u5feb\u906d\u9047\u548c\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\u3002Spinoza \u5728\u5176\u5de8\u8457\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u8a2d\u60f3\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f4d\u5178\u7bc4\u4eba\u7269\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u4e03\u5341\u4e09\u500b\u547d\u984c\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u516b\u500b\u547d\u984c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u9019\u4f4d\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\uff08homo liber\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\u53ca\u5176\u4f5c\u70ba\u5ba2\u4e32\u4e3b\u89d2\u7684\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u7684\u516b\u500b\u547d\u984c\uff0c\u662f Steven Nadler \u201cThink Least of Death: Spinoza on How to Live and How to Die<\/em><\/a>\u201d <\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u9019\u662f Nadler \u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u4f4d\u9577\u671f\u98fd\u53d7\u8b74\u8cac\u3001\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u8aa4\u89e3\u7684\u8377\u862d\u4eba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5c08\u8457\uff0c\u8207\u4ed6 2011\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e0a\u4e00\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1 \u201cA Book Forged in Hell<\/em><\/a>\u201d \u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u65e8\u5728\u6210\u70ba\u666e\u901a\u8b80\u8005\u7684\u5165\u9580\u8b80\u7269\u3002\u201cA Book Forged in Hell<\/em><\/a>\u201d \u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86 Spinoza \u6700\u53d7\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u795e\u5b78\u653f\u6cbb\u8ad6 Tractatus Theologico-Politicus\u300b\uff1b\u201cThink Least of Death: Spinoza on How to Live and How to Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u5247\u805a\u7126\u65bc\u4ed6\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u8cbb\u89e3\u3001\u6700\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002Nadler \u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u8996\u70ba Spinoza \u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u7c21\u8981\u4ecb\u7d39 Spinoza \u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7528\u9019\u672c\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7bc7\u5e45\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u7ae0\u7bc0\u6a19\u984c\u5f88\u76f4\u63a5\uff0c\u5982 \u201c\u5805\u97cc Fortitude\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8aa0\u5be6 Honesty\u201d \u548c \u201c\u81ea\u6bba Suicide\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThink Least of Death: Spinoza on How to Live and How to Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u662f\u5c0d Spinoza \u4f5c\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u82f1\u7f8e\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d Spinoza \u7684\u8208\u8da3\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u76f8\u5c0d\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u66f8\u7c4d\u548c\u6587\u7ae0\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u89c0\uff08\u7576\u7136\u9084\u6709\u4ed6\u5c0d\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff09\uff1b\u4ed6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8ad6\uff1b\u4ed6\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u88ab\u7565\u5e36\u8aa4\u5c0e\u7684\u300c\u8eab\u5fc3\u5e73\u884c\u8ad6\u300d\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u5728\u6559\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u8cbc\u5207\u5730\u6b78\u985e\u70ba\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u4ecb\u65bc Descartes \u548c Leibniz \u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u4e26\u8d70\u5411 Locke\u3001Berkeley \u548c Hume \u7b49 \u201c\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThink Least of Death: Spin\u00adoza On How To Live And How To Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5c0d\u5176\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u3002Steven Nadler \u5c0d Spin\u00adoza \u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u95e1\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e2\u65e8\u5728\u53cd\u6620 Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a66\u5716\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u81ea\u59cb\u81f3\u7d42\u90fd\u904b\u7528\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0 Spin\u00adoza \u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u201cSpin\u00adoza \u767c\u73fe\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u2026\u2026\u201d[ p 11]\uff09\u548c\u8ad6\u8b49\uff08\u201cSpin\u00adoza \u2026\u2026\u5df2\u7d93\u56b4\u683c\u4e14\u5148\u9a57\u5730\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u201d[ p 188]\uff09\u3002Nadler \u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u4f4dSpin\u00adoza \u5b78\u8005\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba Spin\u00adoza \u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u6b63\u78ba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u50c5\u6839\u64da \u201cThink Least of Death<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d Spin\u00adoza \u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u4f86\u8a55\u50f9\u5b83\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u770b\u770bNadler \u4e0d\u50c5\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u660e\u986f\u8a8d\u53ef Spin\u00adoza \u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spin\u00adoza \u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c0d\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u610f\u5716\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u601d\u8003\u7df4\u7fd2\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u61f8\u800c\u672a\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Steven Nadler \u5728\u8173\u8a3b\u4e2d\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u7b2c 68 \u689d\u547d\u984c \u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u8868\u660e\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u201d ( p 209)\uff1b\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba \u201cSpin\u00adoza \u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u201d ( p 202)\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u6700\u7d42\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6b21\u8981\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba Spin\u00adoza\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u901a\u5f80\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9053\u8def\u6975\u5176\u8271\u96e3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u8d70\u9019\u689d\u8def\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u7570\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7121\u8ad6\u6700\u7d42\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u5426\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u5230\u9054\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u885d\u523a\u968e\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u601d\u8003\u7df4\u7fd2\uff0c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5f88\u96e3\u53cd\u99c1\u300c\u64fa\u812b\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4ee4\u4eba\u56ae\u5f80\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7406\u6027\u7406\u60f3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u7121\u8ad6\u51fa\u65bc\u4f55\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u64c1\u62b1\u7406\u60f3\u537b\u7121\u6cd5\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53c8\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u6289\u64c7\u5462\uff1f\u7121\u9700\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c31\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u9078\u64c7\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6642\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u5920\u900f\u904e\u63a8\u7406\u7406\u89e3\u7406\u60f3\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7d42\u537b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u80fd\u529b\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5275\u9020\u9019\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u80fd\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u6b63\u5982Spin\u00adoza \u501f\u7528 Ovid \u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u5fd8\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u300c\u5118\u7ba1\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u537b\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u8feb\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9053\u8def<\/a>\u300d\u7684\u4eba\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65e9\u671f\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u800c\u7c21\u5316\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d Spinoza \u54f2\u5b78\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u72f9\u9698\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u90fd\u5df2\u9060\u53bb\u3002\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u6642\u9593\u88e1\uff0cSpinoza \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8 \u2014\u2014 \u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u5b78\u751f\u5011\u7d42\u65bc\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4ed6\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u3002Steven Nadler \u5e0c\u671b\u900f\u904e Think Least of Death<\/em><\/a>\uff0c\u5ef6\u7e8c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u800c\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u95e1\u8ff0 Spinoza \u5728\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3001\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5e78\u798f\u7b49\u4e3b\u984c\u4e0a\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0cNadler \u5c07\u63a2\u8a0e\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u5584\u300d\u8207\u300c\u60e1\u300d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u7b49\u5143\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u95dc\u65bc\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u771f\u6b63\u662f\u5584\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8b8a\u5f97\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002Nadler<\/a> \u7279\u5225\u60f3\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7a76 Spinoza \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u8b02\u7684 \u201c\u5805\u97cc tenacity\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9ad8\u5c1a nobility\u201d \u548c \u201c\u8654\u8aa0 piety\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u719f\u6089\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8aa0\u5be6\u3001\u6177\u6168\u548c\u4ec1\u6148\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\uff08\u7406\u6027\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u9700\u8981\u5206\u6790 Spinoza \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u6b63\u7fa9\u548c\u4ec1\u6148\u5c0d\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5011\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u52d5\u6a5f\u3002Nadler \u9084\u601d\u8003\u4e86\u6709\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u5c07\u5982\u4f55\u9762\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u51fa\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u52d5\u6a5f\u81ea\u6bba\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5167\u5bb9\u8c50\u5bcc\u3001\u7d50\u69cb\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u7406\u7531\u9078\u64c7\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u67d0\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4f86\u95e1\u8ff0\uff0cSteven Nadler \u5118\u7ba1\u9762\u5411\u5927\u773e\u8b80\u8005\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u64c1\u6709\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u8a6e\u91cb\u554f\u984c\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5be9\u8996\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5c07\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\uff08homo liber\uff09\u4f5c\u70ba Spinoza \u502b\u7406\u54f2\u5b78\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u8f49\u55bb\uff0c\u5c0d Nadler \u548c\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u640d\u5bb3\uff0c\u5c07\u5f8c\u8005\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0b\u6c42\u5916\u5728\u5ba2\u89c0\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002Nadler \u554f\u9053 \u201c\uff08\u4e0d\u592a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\uff09\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u671f\u671b\u6beb\u7121\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u8aa0\u5be6\u884c\u4e8b\u55ce\uff1f\u201d( p 190)\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u8ab0\u4f86\u671f\u671b\u5462\uff1f\u9019\u88e1\u552f\u4e00\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u3002 \u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u4e26\u975e\u4ee5\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6a19\u984c\u662f\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6216\u8ad6\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u3002 Spinoza \u81ea\u7531\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9ad8\u6f6e\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c55\u958b\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u5c0d\u300c\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7406\u667a\u4e4b\u611b\u300d\uff08amor Dei intellectualis\uff09\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5f97\u4ee5\u9ad4\u73fe\u3002\u812b\u96e2\u4e86\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\uff0c Spinoza \u5145\u6eff\u559c\u6085\u3001\u7a4d\u6975\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u9858\u666f\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u3001\u540c\u7fa9\u53cd\u5fa9\u7684\u52a0\u723e\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1aNadler  \u7e3d\u7d50\u9053 \u201c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u64c5\u9577\u8ffd\u6c42\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u6309\u7167\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9069\u7576\u7406\u5ff5\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\u201d ( p 198 )\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u5230\u9054\u90a3\u88e1\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8b0e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u51fa\u8def\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u904b\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u79c9\u627f Steven Nadler \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u91cd\u9ede\u63a2\u8a0e\u5be6\u8e10\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0cSpin\u00adoza \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u65bc\u9075\u5faa\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6307\u5f15\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6307\u5f15\u898f\u5b9a \u201c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u611b\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca \u2026\u2026 \u4e26\u4e14\u300c\u7d55\u5c0d\u5730\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u52aa\u529b\u7dad\u8b77\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u300d\u201d\uff08 p 191\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u666e\u904d\u539f\u5247\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4e26\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u66f4\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5b83\u7e3d\u662f\u53d7\u76ca\u65bc\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7406\u6027\u6307\u5f15\u6211\u5011\u52aa\u529b\u5c0b\u6c42\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6309\u7167\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u751f\u6d3b\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u611f\u5230\u5feb\u6a02\u3001\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u884c\u70ba\u7aef\u6b63\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u53d7\u6fc0\u60c5\u800c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u9a45\u4f7f\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5e38\u5e38\u6703\u611f\u5230\u60b2\u50b7\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e26\u505a\u51fa\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u6307\u5f15\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\u529b\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u9075\u5faa\u9019\u4e9b\u6307\u5f15\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u4fc3\u9032\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 Spinoza \u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u767c\u751f\u5728\u6211\u5011\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u4f86\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u767c\u751f\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6703\u767c\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u9762\u5c0d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u80fd\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5e36\u4f86\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u9019\u4e9b\u88ab\u6b77\u53f2\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u611a\u8822\u7684\u5927\u8166 \u2500\u2500 \u88abSpinoza \u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5316\u8eab \u2500\u2500 \u62cb\u5728\u8eab\u5f8c\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u597d\u8655\u5462\uff1f\u6700\u7d42\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5faa\u74b0\u8207\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e4b\u9593\u627e\u5230\u5e73\u8861\uff1f\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u4e0d\u662f\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u8207\u7121\u6cd5\u6539\u8b8a\u6216\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5171\u5b58\u3002Spinoza \u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u70ba\u5b78\u7fd2\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9047\u5230\u6216\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u6211\u5011\u60b2\u50b7\u6216\u60b2\u75db\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u53ea\u662f\u9644\u5e36\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u7121\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u6642\uff0c\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u6703\u6e1b\u5c11\u3002\u9019\u6b63\u662f Spinoza \u5728\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\u7b2c6\u500b\u547d\u984c\u4e2d\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u53ea\u8981\u5fc3\u9748\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u53d7\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u5c31\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u88ab\u52d5\u3002\u300dSpinoza \u5728\u300a\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e26\u4e0d\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5c0d\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002( Ethics 5, Propositions 6 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d Steven Nadler \u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457 \u201c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u7a2e\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3001\u975e\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8457\u4ec0\u9ebc\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u66f4\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6216\u66f4\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u4eba\u201d \uff08 p 28\uff09\uff0c\u800c Spinoza \u66fe\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u60f3\u7a31\u70ba\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u3002\u5728 Nadler \u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u4e2d\uff0cSpinoza \u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u4ed6\u5c07\u5176\u8996\u70ba\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\uff09\u4e26\u975e \u201c\u67d0\u7a2e\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u7522\u7269\u6216\u500b\u4eba\u54c1\u5473\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u201d \uff08 p 29\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f \u201c\u6bcf\u500b\u500b\u9ad4\uff08\u4eba\u985e\uff09\u81ea\u7136\u4e14\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u2026\u2026\u52aa\u529b\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u72c0\u614b\u201d \uff08 p 29\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u540d\u53db\u6559\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7d93\u5b78\u9662\u5b78\u751f\uff0cSpinoza \u80af\u5b9a\u77e5\u9053 Talmud \u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8a13\u8aa1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u6c92\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u5b8c\u6210\u9019\u9805\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u505c\u6b62\u5b83<\/a>\u300d\uff08Pirkei Avot 2:21<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u63d0\u5347\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7de9\u6162\u800c\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u8a31\u591a\u969c\u7919\u548c\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u80fd\u76e1\u529b\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u81ea\u554f\u81ea\u7b54\u7684\u3002Maimonides \u662f Spinoza \u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7336\u592a\u5c0d\u8a71\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u65bc\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u6a19\u3002Maimonides \u5728 \u201cGuide of the Perplexed<\/em>\u201d \u7684\u5c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u77e5\u8b58\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u9053\u9583\u5149\uff1a\u6709\u6642\u5b83\u9583\u5f97\u66f4\u4e45\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u66f4\u77ed\u66ab\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5b83\u7167\u4eae\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5468\u570d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u7167\u4eae\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u6216\u66f4\u5c11\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u6211\u5011\u7576\u4e2d\u6700\u5049\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u96fb\u71c8\u958b\u95dc\uff1b\u6211\u5011\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6700\u597d\u5728\u71c8\u5149\u9583\u720d\u6642\u5617\u8a66\u8a18\u4f4f\u623f\u9593\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5011\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u4e2d\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u90a3\u9ebc\u5bb9\u6613\u649e\u5230\u92d2\u5229\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThink Least of Death: Spin\u00adoza On How To Live And How To Die<\/em>\u201d <\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u8ca2\u737b\u5728\u65bc\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9059\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u78ba\u5be6\u6c7a\u5fc3\u50c5\u6191\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e8b \u2014\u2014 \u4f46\u9019\u8207\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u4e5f\u64c1\u6709\u6fc0\u60c5\u662f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9019\u4e9b\u6fc0\u60c5\u4e0d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u884c\u70ba \u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6216\u82e6\u96e3\u7684\u524d\u666f\u611f\u5230\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u6050\u61fc\u4e0d\u6703\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5c07\u7531\u7406\u6027\u548c\u6b63\u5411\u60c5\u7dd2\uff08\u559c\u6085\u3001\u611b\u3001\u81ea\u5c0a\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u5f15\u5c0e\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65e2\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\uff0cSteven Nadler \u5efa\u8b70\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4f5c\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cSpinoza \u5beb\u9053 \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7e3d\u662f\u8aa0\u5be6\u884c\u4e8b\u201d\uff08Ethics<\/em> 4 P 72\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u8a00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u610f\u662f\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u59cb\u7d42\u8aa0\u5be6\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u986f\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff0cDon Garrett \u5c0d\u6b64\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cbe\u95e2\u95e1\u8ff0\uff08\u201c\u2018A Free Man Always Acts Honestly, Not Deceptively\u2019: Freedom and the Good in Spinoza\u2019s Ethics\u201d\uff0c\u8f09\u65bc \u201cNature and Necessity in Spinoza\u2019s Philosophy<\/em>\u201d [New York: OUP, 2018]\uff0c pp 441-461 \uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4eba \u2014\u2014 \u5b8c\u5168\u6309\u7167\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u751f\u6d3b \u2014\u2014 \u7e3d\u662f\u8aa0\u5be6\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4e5f\u6703\u5f15\u5c0e\u6211\u5011\u5c0b\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6709\u6642\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u8b0a\u6216\u6b3a\u9a19\u3002Garrett \u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u662f\uff0cSpinoza \u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u7e3d\u662f\u50cf\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u8a2d\u8eab\u8655\u5730\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6240\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u884c\u4e8b\u3002Nadler \u99c1\u65a5\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u7406\u6027\u63a8\u85a6\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u666e\u904d\u5730\u63a8\u85a6\u7d66\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4ed6\u5011\u8eab\u8655\u4f55\u7a2e\u5883\u6cc1\u201d\uff08 p 129\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u4e0d\u8aa0\u5be6\u662f\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u58de\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff08\u58de\u7684\uff09\u3002Nadler \u9858\u610f\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8aa0\u5be6\u5728\u5f15\u865f\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f \u201c\u597d\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4f46 \u201c\u5982\u679c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u597d\u662f\u4f7f\u4eba\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e \u2026\u2026 \u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u7a2e\u884c\u70ba\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u597d\u201d\uff08 p 129\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u8aa0\u5be6\u7684\u72f9\u9698\u95dc\u6ce8\u53ef\u80fd\u63a9\u84cb\u4e86\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u5143\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5982\u679c Steven Nadler \u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc Spinoza \u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u54f2\u5b78\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5be6\u8e10\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4f60\u4e5f\u6703\u505a\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u5c0d\u624b\u537b\u4e0d\u6703\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8208\u8da3\u986f\u7136\u4f7f\u6211\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5408\u7406\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5c0d\u624b\u4f86\u8aaa\u537b\u4e26\u975e\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5b50\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u5f88\u9ebb\u7169\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u9084\u662f\u628a\u5de7\u514b\u529b\u653e\u5728\u9ad8\u9ad8\u7684\u67b6\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u898b\uff0c\u4ee5\u76e1\u91cf\u6e1b\u5c11\u81ea\u5df1\u66b4\u98f2\u66b4\u98df\u7684\u8a98\u60d1\u3002\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u9ebb\u7169\u662f\u5169\u5bb3\u76f8\u6b0a\u53d6\u5176\u8f15\u3002\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5c0d\u624b\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u95dc\u5fc3\u5982\u4f55\u76e1\u91cf\u6e1b\u5c11\u8a98\u60d1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6839\u64da\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c48\u670d\u65bc\u8a98\u60d1\u3002 \uff08\u4ed6\u771f\u7684\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u8a98\u60d1\u55ce\uff1f\uff09\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u628a\u5de7\u514b\u529b\u653e\u5728\u9ad8\u9ad8\u7684\u67b6\u5b50\u4e0a\u4e26\u975e\u5169\u5bb3\u76f8\u6b0a\u53d6\u5176\u8f15\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5c0d\u624b\u90a3\u6a23\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7121\u7591\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u81ea\u7531 \u2014\u2014 \u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5c48\u670d\u65bc\u6211\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u85cf\u8d77\u5de7\u514b\u529b\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u6fc0\u60c5\u800c\u975e\u7406\u667a\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u64fa\u812b\u4e86\u8a98\u60d1\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u6eff\u61f7\u559c\u6085\u5730\u671f\u5f85\u8457\u6211\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5c07\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5be6\u73fe\u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u50cf\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u627f\u8a8d\u4e26\u7cfe\u6b63\u6211\u5011\u76ee\u524d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u8b8a\u5f97\u7406\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f Steven Nadler \u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u7e3d\u662f\u50cf\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7ad9\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u90a3\u6a23\u884c\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u7a2e\u6279\u8a55\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u524a\u5f31\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u8da3\u5473\u3002Steven Nadler \u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c07 Spinoza \u7684\u9ad4\u7cfb\u95e1\u91cb\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u9bae\u6d3b\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u3002\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u4e0d\u51fa\u9084\u6709\u54ea\u672c\u66f8\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u8271\u6df1\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u610f\u7fa9\u91cd\u5927\u3002\u4e0a\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d Spinoza \u8208\u8da3\u7684\u5fa9\u7526\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u65bc\u4eba\u5011\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u89c0\u9ede\u4e0d\u50c5\u5177\u6709\u6b77\u53f2\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u50be\u5411\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u95dc\u65bc Spinoza \u7684\u66f8\u7c4d\u548c\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5df2\u4e0d\u5fa9\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9019\u7121\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u640d\u5931\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u80fd\u5920\u6548\u4eff Nadler \uff1a\u4e0d\u50c5\u8981\u5c0d Spinoza \u7684\u6587\u672c\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u6240\u8868\u9054\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8ad6\u8b49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f50\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u751f\u4e36\u6b7b\u4e43\u751f\u7269\u6240\u9808\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u65bc\u4eba\u5c24\u7136\u3002   \u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u904e Baruch Spin\u00adoza \u2014\u2014 \u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00 \u2014\u2014 \u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cSteven Nadler \u7684\u540d\u5b57\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u6703\u964c\u751f\u3002Nadler \u662f Wis\u00adcon\u00adsin \u5927\u5b78 Madi\u00adson \u5206\u6821 William H. Hay \u4e8c\u4e16\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u548c Evjue-Bas\u00adcom\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u79d1\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u8457\u6709\u591a\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u70ba\u5927\u773e\u7ffb\u8b6f\u548c\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e86 Spinoza \u8907\u96dc\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u51cc\u4e82\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u3002 \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c \u201cThink Least of Death: Spin\u00adoza On How To Live And How To Die\u201d \u4e2d\uff0cSteven Nadler \u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\u5011\u628a\u4ed6\u8996\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3 Spin\u00adoza … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--thinking","category--read"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2s0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9424","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9424"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9424\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9425,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9424\/revisions\/9425"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9424"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9424"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9424"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}