{"id":9444,"date":"2026-06-10T04:38:30","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T04:38:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/?p=9444"},"modified":"2026-06-10T04:38:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T04:38:30","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e7%a9%b6%e7%ab%9f%e6%98%af%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%ef%bc%9f%e3%80%8b%ef%bc%88%e8%8b%b1%e6%96%87%e5%8e%9f%e8%91%97%ef%bc%9awhat-is-this-thing-called-science%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2026\/06\/10\/%e3%80%8a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e7%a9%b6%e7%ab%9f%e6%98%af%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%ef%bc%9f%e3%80%8b%ef%bc%88%e8%8b%b1%e6%96%87%e5%8e%9f%e8%91%97%ef%bc%9awhat-is-this-thing-called-science%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300b\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u8457\uff1aWhat Is This Thing Called Science?\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"328\" height=\"500\" src=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9445\" srcset=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-1.png 328w, http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-1-197x300.png 197w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u79d1\u5b78\u201d\u639b\u5728\u53e3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0d\u59a8\u5148\u77ad\u89e3\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u82f1\u88d4\u6fb3\u7c4d\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Alan F. Chalmers \u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300b\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u8457\uff1aWhat Is This Thing Called Science?\uff09\u662f\u672c\u7d55\u5c0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u770b\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u662f\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u6700\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5165\u9580\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5f15\u5c0e\u8b80\u8005\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u5730\u601d\u8003\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u53ca\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alan F. Chalmers \u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u76f4\u63a5\u7d66\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u7dda\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u68b3\u7406 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u76f2\u76ee\u5d07\u62dc\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8108\u7d61\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. \u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u7834\u6ec5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6a38\u7d20\u6b78\u7d0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u5e38\u8b58\u79d1\u5b78\u89c0\uff09\uff1a\u6311\u6230\u5927\u773e\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5f9e\u5ba2\u89c0\u7d93\u9a57\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e2d\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u4f86\u300d\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u59cb\u65bc\u5ba2\u89c0\u3001\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e26\u5f9e\u4e2d\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u666e\u904d\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u6307\u51fa\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u7e3d\u5e36\u6709\u4e3b\u89c0\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u671f\u671b\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u6240\u898b\u6240\u89e3\uff08\u5373\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u6ef2\u900f\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff09\u3002\u4e14\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6a23\u672c\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u7121\u6cd5\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u7d55\u5c0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u666e\u904d\u898f\u5f8b\uff08\u6b78\u7d0d\u56f0\u5883\uff09\u3002<br>Karl Popper \u5426\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Falsificationism\uff09\uff1a\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u300c\u8b49\u5be6\u300d\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u65b7\u300c\u8b49\u507d\u300d\uff08\u627e\u53cd\u4f8b\uff09\u4f86\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u3002\u597d\u7406\u8ad6\u5fc5\u9808\u5177\u5099\u53ef\u8b49\u507d\u6027\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5728\u300c\u5927\u81bd\u731c\u60f3\u300d\u8207\u300c\u56b4\u53b2\u53cd\u99c1\u300d\u4e2d\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u5ba2\u89c0\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5176\u512a\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u6975\u5176\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u55ae\u4e00\u53cd\u4f8b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u7acb\u523b\u63a8\u7ffb\u6574\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8a31\u591a\u5049\u5927\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u5982\u725b\u9813\u529b\u5b78\uff09\u5728\u525b\u63d0\u51fa\u6642\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u89c0\u6e2c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f9d\u6b64\u6a19\u6e96\u76f4\u63a5\u300c\u8b49\u507d\u300d\u4e1f\u68c4\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. \u79d1\u5b78\u9769\u547d\u8207\u5178\u7bc4\u8f49\u79fb\uff08Thomas Kuhn\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alan F. Chalmers \u8a73\u7d30\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86 Thomas Kuhn \u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e26\u975e\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u76f4\u7dda\u7d2f\u7a4d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u300c\u5e38\u614b\u79d1\u5b78\u300d \u2192 \u300c\u5371\u6a5f\u300d \u2192 \u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u9769\u547d\u300d\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u79d1\u5b78<br>\u9019\u7a2e\u8f49\u8b8a\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u300c\u5178\u7bc4\uff08Paradigm\uff09\u300d\u7684\u66ff\u63db\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5178\u7bc4\u4e4b\u9593\u751a\u81f3\u5b58\u5728\u7121\u6cd5\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u6027\u300d\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u8a8d\u70ba Thomas Kuhn \u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5e36\u6709\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7bc4\u5f0f\u4e4b\u9593\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u516c\u5ea6\u300d\uff08\u7121\u6cd5\u5ba2\u89c0\u6bd4\u8f03\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u5177\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. \u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u591a\u5143\u8ad6\uff08Paul Feyerabend\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86 Paul Feyerabend \u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9 (Epistemological Anarchism)\uff0c\u5373\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5957\u666e\u904d\u9069\u7528\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u539f\u5247\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u600e\u9ebc\u90fd\u884c\u300d\uff08Anything goes\uff09\u3002\u82e5\u5f37\u52a0\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6703\u963b\u7919\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5275\u65b0\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u6975\u7aef\uff0c\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5deb\u8853\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7b49\u540c\u8996\u4e4b\uff0c\u62bd\u7a7a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u57fa\u790e\u3002<br>Imre Lakatos \u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7db1\u9818 (Research Programmes)\u7d50\u5408 Popper \u8207 Kuhn\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7531\u300c\u786c\u6838\u300d\uff08\u6838\u5fc3\u5047\u8a2d\uff09\u548c\u300c\u4fdd\u8b77\u5e36\u300d\uff08\u8f14\u52a9\u5047\u8aaa\uff09\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u6b65\u5728\u65bc\u7db1\u9818\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u55ae\u6b21\u8b49\u507d\u3002\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u5be6\u969b\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. \u66f8\u7c4d\u5f8c\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6f14\u9032\u65b0\u8996\u89d2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u5f8c\u671f\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\uff0cAlan F. Chalmers \u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8c9d\u8449\u65af\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08Bayesianism\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc\u6982\u7387\u8ad6\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u8207\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u300c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u300d\u4e26\u975e\u53ea\u6709\u300c\u7d55\u5c0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u300d\u6216\u300c\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e0d\u4fe1\u300d\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5206\uff08\u4ee5\u6a5f\u7387\u8868\u793a\uff09\uff1b\u7576\u7372\u5f97\u65b0\u8b49\u64da\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u900f\u904e\u8c9d\u6c0f\u5b9a\u7406\uff08Bayes&#8217; Theorem\uff1a\u662f\u6a5f\u7387\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6975\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5b9a\u7406\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5728\u5df2\u77e5\u90e8\u5206\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u65b0\u8b49\u64da\uff08\u6216\u65b0\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff09\u4f86\u4fee\u6b63\u539f\u672c\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u4f30\u8a08\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u66f4\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u300c\u5f8c\u9a57\u6a5f\u7387\u300d\u3002\uff09\u4f86\u4e0d\u65b7\u4fee\u6b63\u8207\u66f4\u65b0\u539f\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u65b0\u5be6\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08New Experimentalism\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u6307 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 80 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u601d\u6f6e\u3002\u8a72\u6d41\u6d3e\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u4f4d\u300d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u89c0\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u5be6\u9a57\u672c\u8eab\u5177\u6709\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u908f\u8f2f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u9644\u6216\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002)\uff1a\u5f37\u8abf\u5be6\u9a57\u81ea\u8eab\u5177\u6709\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u6aa2\u9a57\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<br>\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\uff08Realism\uff09\u8207\u53cd\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\uff08Anti-realism\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u5be6\u9ad4\uff08\u5982\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e8b\u5be6\uff09\u4e26\u4e0d\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u8207\u8a8d\u77e5\u800c\u5ba2\u89c0\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u73fe\u5be6\u8207\u771f\u7406\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u8996\u89d2\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u6846\u67b6\u6216\u5be6\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u9762\u8c8c\u3002\uff09\u7684\u8ad6\u8faf\uff1a\u63a2\u8a0e\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u7269\u300d\uff08\u5982\u96fb\u5b50\u3001\u5938\u514b\uff09\u662f\u5426\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u771f\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u91cb\u73fe\u8c61\u800c\u767c\u660e\u7684\u300c\u65b9\u4fbf\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7e3d\u7d50\uff1aAlan F. Chalmers \u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alan F. Chalmers \u5728\u66f8\u7684\u5c3e\u8072\u50b3\u905e\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u6642\u4ee3\u3001\u6240\u6709\u5b78\u79d1\u3001\u842c\u80fd\u4e14\u5b8c\u7f8e\u300d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4eab\u6709\u5d07\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u7d55\u5c0d\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u65b7\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e92\u52d5\u3001\u5177\u5099\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u6b63\u6a5f\u5236\u3001\u4e14\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u52d5\u614b\u6f14\u9032\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u7d93\u5178\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e0d\u7d66\u6a19\u6e96\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6559\u6703\u8b80\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u79d1\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201c\u79d1\u5b78\u201d\u639b\u5728\u53e3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0d\u59a8\u5148\u77ad\u89e3\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u82f1\u88d4\u6fb3\u7c4d\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6 Alan F. Chalmers \u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300b\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u8457\uff1aWhat Is This Thing Called Science?\uff09\u662f\u672c\u7d55\u5c0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u770b\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u662f\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u6700\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5165\u9580\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5f15\u5c0e\u8b80\u8005\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u5730\u601d\u8003\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u53ca\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 Alan F. Chalmers \u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u76f4\u63a5\u7d66\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u7dda\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u68b3\u7406 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u76f2\u76ee\u5d07\u62dc\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8108\u7d61\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a 1. \u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u7834\u6ec5 \u6a38\u7d20\u6b78\u7d0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u5e38\u8b58\u79d1\u5b78\u89c0\uff09\uff1a\u6311\u6230\u5927\u773e\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5f9e\u5ba2\u89c0\u7d93\u9a57\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e2d\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u4f86\u300d\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u59cb\u65bc\u5ba2\u89c0\u3001\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e26\u5f9e\u4e2d\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u666e\u904d\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u6307\u51fa\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u7e3d\u5e36\u6709\u4e3b\u89c0\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u671f\u671b\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u6240\u898b\u6240\u89e3\uff08\u5373\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u6ef2\u900f\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff09\u3002\u4e14\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6a23\u672c\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u7121\u6cd5\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u7d55\u5c0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u666e\u904d\u898f\u5f8b\uff08\u6b78\u7d0d\u56f0\u5883\uff09\u3002Karl Popper \u5426\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Falsificationism\uff09\uff1a\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u300c\u8b49\u5be6\u300d\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u65b7\u300c\u8b49\u507d\u300d\uff08\u627e\u53cd\u4f8b\uff09\u4f86\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u3002\u597d\u7406\u8ad6\u5fc5\u9808\u5177\u5099\u53ef\u8b49\u507d\u6027\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5728\u300c\u5927\u81bd\u731c\u60f3\u300d\u8207\u300c\u56b4\u53b2\u53cd\u99c1\u300d\u4e2d\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u5ba2\u89c0\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5176\u512a\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u6975\u5176\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u55ae\u4e00\u53cd\u4f8b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u7acb\u523b\u63a8\u7ffb\u6574\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u3002Alan F. Chalmers \u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u8a31\u591a\u5049\u5927\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u5982\u725b\u9813\u529b\u5b78\uff09\u5728\u525b\u63d0\u51fa\u6642\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u89c0\u6e2c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f9d\u6b64\u6a19\u6e96\u76f4\u63a5\u300c\u8b49\u507d\u300d\u4e1f\u68c4\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u767c\u5c55\u3002 2. \u79d1\u5b78\u9769\u547d\u8207\u5178\u7bc4\u8f49\u79fb\uff08Thomas Kuhn\uff09 Alan F. Chalmers \u8a73\u7d30\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86 Thomas Kuhn \u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e26\u975e\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u76f4\u7dda\u7d2f\u7a4d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u300c\u5e38\u614b\u79d1\u5b78\u300d &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/2026\/06\/10\/%e3%80%8a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e7%a9%b6%e7%ab%9f%e6%98%af%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%ef%bc%9f%e3%80%8b%ef%bc%88%e8%8b%b1%e6%96%87%e5%8e%9f%e8%91%97%ef%bc%9awhat-is-this-thing-called-science%ef%bc%89\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--chaos"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc7IvU-2sk","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9444"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9446,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9444\/revisions\/9446"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/philosophers.org\/ckf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}