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Daily Archives: May 16, 2015
壇經與維摩結經
壇經與維摩結經 壇經就無念而言即心即佛:即任運無礙本然一心就是佛;佛即任運自然、不住不著本然一念心的當下呈現。此與維摩結經心淨自然佛土淨有別,而維摩結經所謂心乃當下之一念心。慧能的自性本清淨、佛性本清淨仍指無執無著、無滯無礙、任運自然的本然一念心。本然一念心諸法具足、萬象森然,故成一切相即心,本然心雖具足萬法,然不著於任一法,因而離一切相即佛。此乃就無相而論即心即佛之義。此與維摩結經心淨佛土淨有別,因此心並非具足萬法的本然一念心。慧能認為定慧體一不二,故即心即佛、即佛即心。此心乃本然清淨之自心本性;此顯然有別於心淨佛土淨之心。 眾生自心本性本然清淨,具足萬法。一念心本無執無著、無滯無礙、任運自然;但為煩惱所染而迷於本性、故而不得成佛。若明心見性、頓悟真如本性,即可當下成佛。但慧能所謂頓悟所成之佛,較近於天台的名字即佛,只有悟後勤修才可成究竟即佛。 從成佛方法來說:慧能即心即佛與維摩結經心淨即佛土淨亦有別。慧能否定西方凈土之存在,其淨土全在個人一心的頓悟;而維摩結經則認為令自心清淨亦令眾生心清淨方可得佛土清淨。慧能的在家修行、世間出世間亦建基於個人一心之頓悟,而此亦開啟了唯心淨土自性彌陀之論。
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基督教
基督教無可否認是複合的一神教。所謂複合是指基督教在歷史進程中結合、借用了各種信仰的要素而演變成。即如其經院靜修模式是源於印度、教堂授經傳道模式亦是保羅借自其他宗教,而最明顯的複合例子則是聖經。聖經的舊約明顯是猶太教的經文,而新約的內容亦包含了三個不同的系統:首先四福音中,約翰福音明顯是承繼了希臘傳統、其餘三福音則是猶太教的先知式傳統。其次,十三篇的保羅書信則是講授式的使徒模式。統攝整個新約的核心思想亦有異於舊約聖經的猶太傳統,而强調了基督的救贖宗教。即人,生而是有罪的(原罪),因而依靠耶稣基督的被釘十字架而得以救贖。但問題是,人承認他的罪嗎?即亞當、夏娃所犯的罪為什麼要由其後裔所承擔?那豈非與罪不及父母、妻兒的律法相矛盾?且此亦非假定創世紀的說法為真了; 但若然如此,創世紀中的種種矛盾又如何解說呢?五色人種的出現如何可能由亞當、夏娃而來?宗教與科學的鴻溝如何超克?再者若此說為真,那世上其他宗教、理論又如何?如是豈不成另一種獨斷論?事實,法西斯主義、納粹主義即源於斯矣。另一方面,即使有原罪又如何?人可以不介意有此原罪,甚至甘於有原罪。如是,基督教在新約的十字架下作為贖罪的宗教又能如何呢? 甲、疑與信為兩種矛值態度,可説水火不容。疑是矛,信是盾,或信是矛,疑為盾亦可; 以矛擊,盾必自衛甚而反擊,如此必永無寜曰矣! 乙、上文仍因Leon Morris新約中的十字架有感而發。 世間本是有諍,若要無諍亦不難。既是所信又何懼他者之言?亦難禁他者之言。淡然處之即可無諍,不然即顯對所信不堅、亦顯已之襟懷不足。如是如何能挺立為所信而發言、甚至傳播?有進之者,亦可於有諍中省視、自我批判自身之不足,進而提升自身於更高層階,此豈不對有諍更成熟? 甲、要双方各自深切反省,真誠反省,又能互換立場,相互理解,互為設想,談何容易!結果多以自説自話告終。 學術硏討歸學術硏討,—般信徒歸—般信徒,二者不易融合; 與後者如是交流還稍易,要評断則非深交且双方俱能相互理解開放則萬難。 乙、若然如是,那也沒有辦法,由他去吧 人若能理性討論則討論,不能理性討論的,那只能由他。人並不能因為要顧全他者而三緘其口
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