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Daily Archives: September 7, 2015
道德心理學
「為何演化使我們擁有同理心之餘,卻又如此偏私?海德特和格林分別以基因演化、神經科學為我們拆解背後的道德基礎。海德特指出,生命史的開端猶如是基本單位的層層結合,由古細菌在單膜內的結合,到真核細胞的出現,再由此分裂成不同有機體,有機體逐個組成不同族群,部分生物再由小族群連結成大族群,層層遞進。從細胞到有機生物,億萬年的演化見證著不同層次的分工,互相依存,也反映出個體競爭與群體競爭,在生物界同時並存。海德特表示,達爾文演化論所包含的「多層次選擇」(multilevel selection)早已道出箇中端倪:「基因的外面是染色體,再外面是細胞,再外面是個別的有機體,再外面是人群、社會、其他群體。在這個階級組織中,任何一層都會發生競爭」。而人類天性的複雜多元,正是既像黑猩猩有強烈的自私性,又像蜜蜂懂得群體分工,海德特以此比喻人性,如同有90%的黑猩猩特性,再揉合了10%的蜜蜂特性。人類演化而來的情緒機制、道德直覺,讓我們先完成小圈子的團體合作,到了人類擁有意識能力以後,原始宗教與文化思想加強了社會合作、促進分工,集體意志解決更大的社會需求。」 你未夠善良:科學衝擊哲學?惹火的道德心理學 | 輔仁網 – http://www.vjmedia.com.hk/articles/2015/09/06/115339
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