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Daily Archives: October 11, 2015
虛假
在巴士行進中,看到幪面歌手表演節目。不期然心生納悶:那些專業評判真的是專業的嗎?這與漫畫、電影中的超人與記者簡奇勒的身份一樣是個謎:只憑一副眼鏡就將兩個身份分開,帶眼鏡的記者簡奇勒、與不帶眼鏡的超人~ 世人竟然可以完成分不出來。 做假,做到上熒幕而竟然完全沒有問題……
Posted in 生一瓢酌 Life
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生命轉化
「知識的假設和生命轉化的設想大異,這可能是個關鍵」 @依蘇格拉底,知識是真確的信念(plato:theaeteus)。至現代美哲edmund gettier 將之擴張後的知識概念分析變成「真確、經驗證的信念加X」 ( Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?)。這X因素是什麼,迄今仍存有爭議而無人能提出一套完備的分析。 @在知識的討論論域中,人也往往將知覺體驗與信念相互混淆。如將視覺與知識等同的論調。這可追溯到plato:真理存在於語言之外,哲學家必須「洞察」那些不可言喻的概念。在基督教中,「不可言喻」這主題幾乎無所不在,如《哥林多書》「我們如今彷彿對著鏡子觀看,糢糊不清;到那時就要面對面了」。Martin Heidegger亦曾主張,我們不能談論「存在」,它自會向我們「顯示」。老子《道德經》中亦有「道可道、非常道」之言……即使進入二十世紀的科學年代,人類也只是表面上讚同科學所描繪的世界,但實際上仍隱藏著迷信,正如zizek在《意識形態的崇高客體》中所舉的一個例子,大意是:兔尾所做成的鎖匙扣據悉會帶來好運,有人以之問一個科學家為何配帶它。他說:雖然我不信它能帶來好運,但萬一有效呢?那帶它有什麼壞呢? @許多偽科學都有這種傾向。所謂偽,是它們只是某種科學的贗品,空有科學的用語,却不能接受嚴格的檢驗與測量。他們往往將科學與事實知識等同起來,却忽略了事實知識是以有系統的方法為基礎。偽科學的傾向源自人類「行為的識別系統」與「原因的識別系統」兩種心靈特質。因之,人會將「自然」擬人化,並為祂附上目的或目標:我們會在那些不存在原因與效力之處,看見其中存有原因與效力。也許,這就是宗教的起源之一。但慶幸人尚發展出具批判色彩的理性,它令人得以對人暫時的判斷暫援、並予以作深思熟慮。 Phillips Huebl說得對:我們活在一個並非虛構的世界,它很大程度上就如同我們所認為的那樣。我們所知道的東西並不少,雖然我們偶爾有錯。「真」是客觀的,因語言或信念的內容是否為真並不取決於我們。人會有些迷信,有時則會遵循「在不可保持沉默處,須言無不盡」。人會喋喋不休,並欣然接受當中會產生的廢話;即使為了假裝有智慧而應保持沉默時。 當然人在知識的領域增進後,視野開闊了、心態開放了是否因而變得「通體透明」?這也能算、或說是一種生命轉化呢?若然,則這可算是在知識尋求上間接地促成生命轉化了。 @《尚書~說命中》:「說拜稽首曰:‘非知之艱,行之惟艱。’」孔傳:「言知之易,行之難。」知易行難被認為是從春秋戰國到明未清初王夫之的中國認識論的基本觀點。此中知易行難所說的「知」是是認識論的觀點?此「知」是指什麼?是否知識的知?這與「知難行易」有什麼不同? 知易行難的知並非知識論意義下的知,而是道德認識上的知。此正如我們對聖經、對道德律令、道德箴言(如不可偷盗……)很容易認識到,但要實行起來却不是那麼容易。正如人知道要健康就要多做運動、小心飲食一樣。而知識、尤其是科學知識正如上述講求嚴格的驗證與測量,這知是不容易獲得的。但科學知識、或知識的成果却為我們日用而不覺。於此可見知難行易是就知識、科學知識而言;而知易行難則是德性之知。 @什麼是生命轉化?為何需要生命轉化?生命轉化是泛指所有生命的轉化?亦或只就智靈實體,即人而言的生命轉化?生命轉化與知、或知識有何關係?大柢生命轉化只就智靈實體的人而言,而甚少指涉人以外的其他生命體;而生命轉化亦非指生命形體、而是生命形體的內在的提升而言。「 所謂「生命的轉化」就是要轉有限的生命為無限,軀體的生命為精神,而主導這個轉化作用的就是我們的心。」(吳怡, 從生命的轉化看中國人間佛教的開展)。若然此述為是,則生命轉化是就人的宗教生活、或道德生活為要而言。當人自覺(生命本身)有所不足,而希望(主觀的?亦或客觀的?)有所提升。這種意義下的生命轉化,就個人而言,只能是一種個人的內在生命的成長、或稱之為轉化。在這意義之下的知,顯然並不是知識意義下的知、而只能是德性之知、或宗教意義下的知。
Posted in 思一瓢酌 Thinking, 獨語一瓢酌 soliloquy
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