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Monthly Archives: March 2020
社會建構”(social construction)
“社會建構”(social construction)這一術語為新聞傳播學科所熟悉,離不開兩本書:其一是蓋伊•塔奇曼(Gaye Tuchman)的《做新聞》,其二是彼得•伯格(Peter Berger)和湯瑪斯•盧克曼(Thomas Luckmann)合著的《現實的社會構建》。2016年年初,Berger和Luckmann分別接受了《文化社會學》(Cultural Sociology)期刊的訪談,時隔半個世紀再談這本在文學理論、語言學、民族學、傳播學領域都引發深遠影響的著作。有意思的是,儘管在一些問題上Berger和Luckmann的意見並不一致,但他們都認為自己不是一個建構主義者(constructivist)。Luckmann甚至表示,如果可以重來,他寧願使用“building”這個既可以做動詞也可以做名詞的隱喻來替代“construction”。 但是這個誤用的標籤,不僅是兩位學者的困擾,同時也形成了某種誤解:有相當一批研究著作或論文對於“社會建構”秉持的實際上是一種後結構主義的理論傾向,比如認為“文本之外無他物”、“現實就是符號的建構”等。針對於此,保羅•柏格西昂的這本哲學著作——《對知識的恐懼——反相對主義和建構主義“Fear of Knowledge : Against Relativism and Constructivism ”》則從反思的角度認認真真地同這兩大後現代理論進行了對話。 開篇柏格西昂從“同等有效論”出發,認為如果我們相信“這個被人文和社會科學家廣泛接受的學術是正確的,那麼我們……是在根本上誤解了社會應當遵循的組織原則”(p.5)。其中,“知識全都是情景化的知識,反映了知識生產者在特定歷史時期、特定的物質和文化環境中的立場”(Kathleen Lennon,1997)集中代表了“依賴社會的知識概念”觀點,即“所有的知識都依賴於社會,因為它們都是社會的產物”。而這樣的一種理念蘊含著,知識必須(至少部分地)取決於它所產生(或維持)的偶然的物質和文化背景。而作者撰寫該書的目的就在於想要厘清建構主義者及其論敵的爭議所在,並勾勒出這些議題所處的背景框架。這一目標主要從三個層面切入:1. 真理的建構主義;2. 合理性的建構主義;3. 在解釋我們為何持有某些信念時,社會因素起到了什麼作用。(p.8) 通過對“知識是社會建構”的觀點進行全面反思,作者指出在因果性(前後序列)、概念能力和異見問題上,建構主義都有無法回避也無法回答的問題。與“全面相對主義”相比,“局部相對主義”較能被認可和接受。不同的“知識體系”之間的競爭實際上是“認知系統”之爭,且後一種相對於前一種也並非具有某種優越性。在結論部分,該書認為:1. 知識是社會建構的產物,反映了偶然的社會需要和利益。2. 真理的建構主義是不融貫的。3. 知識的吸引力是顯而易見的:能夠賦予人們權力。尤其是當我們知道知識是被社會建構的,那麼當我們剛好不贊同它依賴的價值,就可以毫不費力地把它放到一邊。4. 核心的認知觀念無一例外都同視角相關,對於處於強勢和弱勢地位的體系只能採取“雙重標準”:處於強勢地位的,可以質疑,也可以批評;但是對於處於弱勢地位的,可以質疑,但不要批評。5. 有些事物,本身是什麼樣子,在一定程度上是獨立於人們的意見的。我們可以獲得客觀上合理的信念,這些信念對任何能夠理解相關證據的人都具有約束力,不管他們的社會或文化視角如何。 這本有些另類的哲學書,出身學院派手筆但卻深入淺出,出版不到10年已經被譯成多種文字。而這樣的一種思辯也暗合了Luckmann對於“知識社會學”的定位:這是社會科學的哲學,而非社會科學本身。
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