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Daily Archives: January 5, 2021
歷史
歷史是沒有如果的 歷史,是科學嗎?它確希望成為科學 歷史,喜歡。但我更喜歡史學/歷史學、歷史哲學。。。可是沒有歷史事實的知識又無從建立(如Toynbee的《歷史研究》,Spengler的《西方的沒落》) 歷史往往給人枯燥無味,是嗎?不一定 歷史是勝利者的宣言,真的?看看那一方的印象而已 。。。 若從二十四史加一(1921年,中華民國大總統徐世昌下令將《新元史》列入正史,與「二十四史」合稱為「二十五史」,但學術界則一般奉《清史稿》為「二十五史」之一而摒除《新元史稿》),再加一(《資治通鑑》被認為是帝王政治教育史,個人則覺得它是新聞體加評論的通史)看以上的中國史確又是後人宣説前人事;而且也似乎缺少了西方嚴格意義的歷史。史官(歷史學家)就有如「上帝之手」操控着歷史的記述,這確很像勝利者的宣言記述。。。 Hegel認為中國沒有歷史,而衹有君主覆滅的一再重複而已。 Leopold von Ranke的《世界史》對中國更沒有半點提及。。。 有關歷史的材料可謂多不勝數。 於此,我則想推薦兩本歷史作品。一本是Jane Burank與Frederick Cooper的“Empire in World History :power and politics of difference《世界史中的帝國:權力與差異政治》”,另一是哈佛大學出版社於八十年代出版的“A History of Private Life 《私人生活史》” 1987年哈佛大學出版社開始出版了一套五册的“A History of Private Life 《私人生活史》”深深地吸引了我。它被喻為法國年鑒派經典傳世之作,以獨特視角配以大量插圖將正史和野史合而為一來書寫。它雖與正史對着幹、又不是以公眾(共)舞台來書寫,與男性統治史相對而又不是純粹個人的秘密生活史;它記述的不是生活逸事、而是日常生活的政治史,它的背後是國家。 相較於公共生活,私人生活跟個體最切身,卻也最遙遠。我們理解公共生活的一切,遵守公共道德和秩序,參與公眾政治行動,以公共理性自持,卻漠然於私人活動的日常生活細節,個人身體表現、情感發展、親密關係維繫、家庭生活經營像是歷史舞臺的無聲劇碼,進行一場沒有觀眾的瘖啞演出。相較於以君主統治、典章制度、權力爭奪,以男性為公共舞臺要角的歷史書寫,個人的私己行動以至私密生活,只構成一樁乏人聞問的歷史秘辛。從歷史發展過程來看,私人性的隱晦,並非置身公共性陰影下所致,而在公私界線不分,至少在中世紀時期,就是個既非公共,也非私人的世界。許多日常生活私己行為都可現身於公眾場合,家庭內部也無私密空間。從家庭、社區到鄉鎮,構成往來公開,沒有秘密的空間,形成一個彼此相互瞭解,隨時看到他人生活的世界。隱私概念的形成,公共與私人領域的兩分,直到社會機能擴張,政經活動頻繁,人口密度增加,造成人際關係疏遠,人們不再相互熟識,工作、休閒和家庭生活變成相互獨立時開始。 讓淡去的私人面貌浮現,讓個體面對自身生活秘密的,正是法國當代著名史家Phillippe Aries和Georges Duby主編,被喻為史學界一項「革命性成果」的五卷本《私人生活史》。從古羅馬帝國、中世紀封建社會、文藝復興時期、法國大革命、一次大戰到二十世紀,在綿延兩千年的時間長流中試圖找出影響私人生活概念和面貌的種種變化。其間涉及人類物質和情感生活等面向的追索。私人史的用意如這套書分卷編者所說,不是寫群體史和家庭史,而是寫個人表現和情感的歷史,寫一部個人做事、生活、感受和愛的方式,心靈、肉體的原動力以及幻想和夢想的歷史。 《私人生活史》以微觀歷史的角度,讓我們看到私人性,以及凡夫俗子的日常瑣事與文明進展關係,私人未必無關歷史宏旨,它是一種讓我們進入不一樣歷史,重新認識自我的方法。本課程在上述概念下,試圖瞭解不同歷史階段私人領域與公共領域的分合關係;與私人相關的各種生活方式的構成和自我意識的改變;私人生活與文明進程的關係;隱私概念和私人性如何被建構出來;相對於公共性,私人性構作出什麼樣的現代性?透過這些問題理解私人生活史如何是一部個人身體、情感、交往、禮儀、家庭、工作、飲食、閱讀、休閒逸樂、日常事物所構作出的自身做為私己存在的歷史。 另一本“Empire … Continue reading
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