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Daily Archives: July 2, 2021
Lacan and Levi-Strausd
沒有Lacan佛洛伊德將會消失於學界 Lacan和Levi-Strauss經常在法國結構主義思想的評論中一起被提及,但究竟是什麼將他們不同的項目聯繫起來呢? 在這項重要的研究中,Markos Zafiropoulos展示了Lacan著名的“回歸弗洛伊德”是如何只有通過Lacan對Levi-Strauss的閱讀才成為可能的。 通過對精神分析家和人類學家的工作進行仔細而有啟發性的比較,Zafiropoulos對Levi-Strauss展示了Lacan關於象徵功能、語言的力量、父親的角色甚至無意識本身的理論是如何欠下一大筆債的。 Lacan和Levi-Strauss不僅僅是對這兩位思想家之間關係的學術研究:它也是對Lacan工作的極好介紹,詳細而清晰地闡述了他在 1950年代。 1950年代,佛洛伊德和他的無意識被主流棄置一旁 「要相信他。」法國精神分析師(稱之為思想家更適合? 第一代的哲學資詢師(philosophical consultant?)Lancan疾呼,要相信並回歸佛洛伊德,藉由結構主義大師Levi-Strauss的啟發,Lacan引爆了精神分析界的改革運動 「無意識是一個有著特殊功能的器官,耗盡自己的真實性,只會對來自其他地方的不明元素執行結構法則:驅力、情感、再現、回憶。」Levi-Strauss(1949) 「精神分析所賭注的正是:在涵蓋所有人類關係領域的象徵關係規則裡,辨識出[無意識]主體賦予自己什麼功能。」Lacan(1953) 精神分析的發展在五○年代時,因著客體關係及自我心理學的發展,使得這位精神分析之父的諸多理論在當時已被視為過時與偏頗。處在此種丟棄亡父的集體氛圍下,法國精神分析大師Lacan卻在1951-1964年間,以一系列倡議「回歸佛洛伊德」的講座,堅持應重新閱讀佛洛伊德原典,特別是「朵拉」、「鼠人」及「史瑞伯」等經典案例,並援用法國人類學者,如Levi-Strauss的結構主義在家庭、象徵秩序及社會普同性上獲致的成果,重新詮釋鏡像階段理論、無意識與主體之誕生的關聯等概念,也對人類從自然進展到文明之謎,提出了自己的見解。 Lacan擷取了Levi-Strauss的概念,認為個人的心智發展如同社會,是具有普同結構的。官能症患者發展出的症狀或許各有不同,但他們在紛雜表相下呈現的無意識主體,卻具有相同的結構框架。分析師在進行治療時,重要的不是去分析醫病關係裡的移情對決,而是辨識主體賦予自身的象徵功能,以及進行話語解密,設法定位出病患在人格發展框架中因遭逢困境而固著的結點,才可能發掘出真正的、屬於無意識的阻抗根源(病灶),而不會陷在治療師及病患的自我拉鋸戰中,徒勞無功。 本書作者Markos Zafiropoulos針對Lacan於1951-1957年間的講座內容,進行地毯式搜索,巨細靡遺地逐條舉證出Levi-Strauss對Lacan思路的影響,不單對Lacan思想有考古學式的貢獻,還分析了這動搖精神分析界的「回歸佛洛伊德」運動,有多少成分是受了Levi-Strauss著作的影響。我們希望藉由這些「現場發掘」,理解這份對Levi-Strauss的虧欠在精神分析的領域當中是如何被潛抑,而這虧欠反過來又是如何在精神分析的發展中,乘著這股回歸的潮汐,以蛻變後的形貌再現。
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