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Daily Archives: December 19, 2021
Bowling Alone: Revised and Updated: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
為了不想聽到各種異議 為了保証自己人能得到“好飯碗” 用盡了各種手段與方法而促成了一個改制,更且還將另一地域的人計算入選舉人中 更以“威迫”(保安局局長pk 鄧預言票站將可能有孤狼式恐怖襲擊)“利誘”(全日免費乘搭公共交通工具)的方法希望市民投票。。。 結果來到投票結束時間,部分票站由於遲開門會延長開放。截至夜晚九時半,投票率有百分之 29.28,較上屆還是低了百分之 23。 這種結果是否就是好?選出來的就是對管治最有保証? 另一方面,中國國家主席冀望在2022年秋季,在第二十次全國代表大會前夕,確立自己作為國家絶對領導人的地位,屆時他可以透過在2018年修改的憲法而獲得第三任、甚至無限期的延任。。。 在地球的另一邊,在2020年的十一月。雖然難免有爭議,但也再次証明了民主是美國這個國家的心跳。。。。雖然面對疫情,却有比以往美國歷史上任何時候都更多的美國人投票參與了這次總統選舉。超過了1.5億人投了票。勝出者Biden 說:「如果有任何疑問,也不該再對一個民有、民治、民享的政府心存疑慮了」。這可算是對從未舉行過自由選舉的紅色中國的一個亮麗示範 其後,美國更舉行了一個被喻為另一聯合國的民主峰會。。。而這一邊厢從未有真正自由選舉的則自稱自己才是真正的民主 但雖然如此,兩世紀以來的美國民主走到今日確也面對了問題。“Bowling Alone :The Collapse and Revival of American Community ”一書的作者認為,民主品質的好壞或民主制度的績效,可以從公民社會的狀況得到解釋;如果某一個社會的民主運轉出了問題,從根本上說,那一定是公民社會(公民意識、公民組織、公民行為等,總之是公民生活)發生了變化–例如,社區生活走向了衰落。派特南加入到美國公民參與熱情度降低、投票率下降的研究當中,他敏銳地感到,當初托克維爾所描述的美國社區生活正在逐漸衰落,那種喜好結社、喜歡過有組織的公民生活、關注公共話題、熱心公益事業的美國人不見了;今天的美國人,似乎不再願意把閒暇時間用在與鄰居一起咖啡聊天,一起走進俱樂部去從事集體行動,而是寧願一個人在家看電視,或者獨自去打保齡球。於是,Putnam想到用”Bowling Alone”這個詞來形容和概括美國社會的這一變化,並力求對這種變化的性質和原因做出理論解釋。在他看來,”獨自打保齡”的現象意味著美國社會資本的流逝,造成這種現象的原因可能是複雜而不易確定的,但後果卻是明確的,那就是公民參與的衰落。 美國政治學家Robert D. Putnam並不是第一個認識到社會資本——讓社區運轉良好的人與人之間的關係——是潤滑社會車輪的油脂。但通過出版”Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community《 独自打保龄:美国社区的衰落与复兴》”,他將辯論從一項主要關注家庭和個人關係的辯論轉移到了一項研究人們參與公民生活所產生的社會資本的辯論中。 Putnam在塑造他的作品時大量借鑒瞭解釋的批判性思維技能。他重新審視了其他學者做出過多假設的證據的含義,並一絲不苟地澄清了他的證據的真正含義。他發現強大的社會資本有能力在主要方面促進健康、降低失業率改善生活。因此,公民參與的任何減少都可能對社會造成嚴重後果。 Putnam對這些問題的解釋使他明白,如果美國要繁榮發展,其公民必須相互聯繫。 借着這本書也許可以對比、反省兩種制度、兩種價值觀。。。如何走下去;何者才更有利於人。。。
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