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Daily Archives: March 14, 2022
The Character Gap: How Good Are We?
善良的人過得很悲慘的世界是道德上有缺陷的世界 “他(一個正直的人)不想通過服從道德法則的方式在今世或來世得到有利於自己的好處;相反,他希望大公無私地確立神聖法則指引他用所有能力追求的善。然而,他的努力受到了限制;雖然他到處可以從自然那裏期待偶然的吻合,但是從來都沒有期待一種經常的和諧 …… 因為有這樣一個目的,他仍然感到他自己受道德法則的制約,而且必須服從它。欺騙、暴力和嫉妒總是圍繞着他,但他自己是誠實的、友好的和善良的。他遭遇的那些正直的人都應該是幸福的人,但他們都像地球上的野獸一樣從本質上擺脫不了欲望、疾病、夭折等各種惡……那麼,那個目的是這個有善良意願的人在他追求道德法則之前就已經和應該擁有的目的,但他當然也必須將之作為不可能的事情放棄。” …… Kant,“Critique of Judgment”. pp452 我們常見人喜歡做善事,例如一些義務性的工作、如探訪老人…… 但到底甚麼才是義務?而這些善事真的是善的?或許可以有一個自我檢測的方法,就是問問自己:「若然沒有人知道,我仍然會做這些事嗎?」 。你是發自內心做好事,還是為了符合期待或避免尷尬? 。你是真心不騙,或者只是缺少機會又怕被逮到? 。好人與壞人並非絕對,真實品格往往跟不上理想道德! →人來人往的購物商場,老人突然心臟病發倒地,周圍的人視若無睹,醫護趕到時已無力回天 →兩歲女孩被貨車撞成重傷,至少十八名過路者棄她於不顧,導致她後來又被卡車輾過 上述案例真實發生。怎麼會這樣?好人在哪裡?那些人怎麼會這麼冷血?這就是本書“The Character Gap: How Good Are We?”要回答的問題。 Christian B. Miller以哲學辯證方式,引領讀者思考品格是什麼,以及為什麼我們需要發展好的品格。書中藉由大量心理學實驗,呈現人類為善做惡背後的動機︰ 同理心被激發、道德提示、迷人香氣、甚或只是剛從廁所走出來,都會讓我們更願意做好事;權威者施壓、旁觀者效應,或者只要報酬比風險大、看起來不會被逮到,我們可能就會做出可怕的事。 我們對自己與他人的品格想像經常是錯的,本書將帶你認識真實自我與道德理想之間的落差,同時告訴你怎麼做可以變成更好的人,以及如何避免以道德苛責他人或道德造神。
Posted in 思一瓢酌 Thinking, 讀一瓢酌 Read
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