是甚麼推動了獨裁統治中的政治?
Milan W. Svolik 認為,所有威權政權都必須解決兩個根本衝突
首先,獨裁者面臨來自他們統治的群眾的威脅——這就是威權控制的問題。第二個獨立的挑戰來自獨裁者統治的精英——這是威權分享權力的問題。
重要的是,獨裁者是否以及如何解決這兩個問題取決於威權政治所處的慘淡環境:
在獨裁統治下,沒有獨立的權威機構有權在關鍵行為者之間強制執行協議,而暴力是衝突的最終仲裁者。
“The Politics of Authoritarian Rule”利用博弈論的工具來演算上述問題。Milan W. Svolik解釋了為甚麼一些獨裁者,如Saddam Hussein,建立個人專制並掌權數十年;為甚麼其他地方的領導層更迭是定期和製度化的,就像當代中國一樣;為甚麼有些獨裁政權是由士兵統治的,就像Uganda在Idi Amin的統治下一樣;為甚麼許多專制政權,例如 PRI 時代(the Institution Revolutionary Party)的墨西哥,維持政權認可的政黨;以及為甚麼一個國家的專制歷史為其民主前景投下長長的陰影,正如阿拉伯之春正在展開的事件所揭示的那樣。
在評估他的論點時,Svolik通過對 1946 年至 2008 年所有獨裁政權的機構、領導人和執政聯盟的全面、原始數據的統計分析來補充這些和其他歷史案例研究。
按:
中國目前的狀況更令人擔憂。因為,執政者利用大數據、龐大的維穩費用/工具、加上洗腦教育已經令到一代人以上將一切統治手段視為日用慣常了
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