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Daily Archives: June 12, 2022
Does Altruism Exist?: Culture, Genes, and the Welfare of Others
世界領先的進化論者之一 David Sloan Wilson提出了一個困擾哲學家、心理學家和進化生物學家幾個世紀的問題:利他這些行為背後,只不過是人類出於自我考量的外在表現,並不是真正的利他?利他主義在地球生物中是否自然存在?還是人類的本性是完全自私的呢? Wilson認為,理解利他主義存在的關鍵在於理解它在群體社會組織中所扮演的角色。像有機體一樣運作的群體無疑是存在的,有機體是從群體進化而來的。利他主義要求我們作為一個組成部分併入比我們更大的整體之中,只有這樣,每個個體才能得到更好的發展。進化論者在很大程度上同意功能性組織群體如何演變,結束了數十年的爭議,但該決議對利他主義提出了新的看法:利他主義存在,但不一定佔據我們對社會行為理解的中心階段。 在奠定了一般的理論基礎之後,Wilson調查了我們自己物種中的利他主義和群體層面的功能組織——在宗教、經濟學和日常生活中的其他方面。他表明,利他主義並不是絕對好的,並且可能會產生病態後果。最後,他展示了一種超越利他主義、關注群體功能的社會理論如何在實際意義上幫助改善人類狀況。 “Does Altruism Exist?”這種看法與Nicholas P. Money在 “The Selfish Ape: Human Nature and Our Path to Extinction” 中所論述的又是否相互補充?還是相互抗衡?“Selfish Ape” 可謂是為智人撰寫的深度訃告的一出序幕。從地球在宇宙中的形成,到人類的進化之旅,再到製造人類的遺傳指令以及人體的運作方式,Money兼具嚴謹的科學知識和深刻的人文關懷,以細膩雋永的文筆將人類的生物學特徵與數萬年進化歷程中的故事娓娓道來,為大眾對人類崛起的幻想作出了令人耳目一新的回答:人類是極具創造力但又具有自我毀滅傾向的動物。 另一邊廂回想起Richard Dawkins四十年前出版的”The Selfish Gene” 提出的「我們生來是自私的,任何生物,包括我們自己,都只是求生的機器。」這一論調相比較又如何? 人類的思想是如何與其他動物的思想如此不同的?是什麼解釋了我們能夠理解物質世界的運作方式、思考自己進入他人思想、八卦、閱讀、講述過去的故事以及想像未來的能力?英國心理學家Cecilia Heyes在 ” Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking” 中明確指出:從出生起,我們具有可塑性的人類思維就可以通過文化學習,不僅可以學習思考什麼,還可以學習如何思考。 … Continue reading
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