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Daily Archives: October 12, 2022
Rationality and Reasoning
人類一方面是一個非常成功的物種。另一方面,聰明的成年人在推理和決策的實驗室研究中却表現出許多錯誤和偏見。這本”Rationality and Reasoning”解決了思維心理學中一個明顯的悖論。 關於此類研究對人類理性的影響,哲學家和心理學家都存在很多爭論。作者認為,這場辯論的特點是兩個不同概念之間的混淆: 從認知心理學角度而言,兩位作者認為在個人上,人們都具有高度的理性rationality ,但却只有有限的理性能力 reasoning 。 這本書”Rationality and Reasoning“重新解釋了關於推理和決策的心理學文獻,表明許多規範性錯誤,按照抽象的標準,反映了通常有助於實現普通目標的過程的運作。討論的主題包括推理和決策中的相關效應、先前信念對思維的影響,以及顯然非邏輯推理可以反映有效決策的論點。 作者還討論了演繹能力的問題——人們是否有演繹能力,以及什麼機制可以解釋它。隨著本書的進展,作者的雙過程思維理論越來越受到重視,其中隱性和顯性之間的區別認知系統得到發展。有人認為,人類理性的大部分能力都投資於隱性認知過程,這既反映了先天機制,也反映了生物受限的學習。然而,作者繼續爭辯說,人類也擁有一個明確的思維繫統,這是他們獨特的——如果有限的——理性能力的基礎。
Posted in 思一瓢酌 Thinking, 讀一瓢酌 Read
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