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Daily Archives: February 7, 2023
The Future and Its Enemies: In Defense of Political Hope
人類可能是唯一意識到擁有未來的生物,但我們常常不願去想它。 同樣,我們的社會無法應對極端的不確定性,因此不會著眼於長遠制定政策。 相反,我們飽受無力感、集體非理性和長期的政治不滿情緒的折磨。 在 “The Future and Its Enemies: In Defense of Political Hope”一書中,西班牙哲學家 Daniel Innerarity 呼籲建立一種新的社會契約,讓我們對子孫後代承擔道德和政治責任。 他敦促我們成為未來的擁護者,面對敵人,他們忘記了現代化的代價,要求無休止的、徒勞的加速。 他通俗易懂的書提出了一種應對未知事物的新方法——一種基於風險計算的方法。 宣布經典的左右分裂是多餘的,Innerarity 提出了他對更新民主和政治的希望,這種政治將找到令人信服的方式來調解當前的優先事項、過去的遺產和未來的挑戰。 我們可以根據政治制度在時間性建構中遵循的隱含規則對政治制度進行分類。世襲君主制力求通過王位繼承在過去和未來之間建立不間斷的連續性。”皇帝死了!國王萬歲!”最重要的是,儘管發生了自然人死亡等經驗性事故,但君主制的政治結構沒有破裂;未來是過去,但面貌略有不同。不受賢能政治原則指導的貴族制退回到自然繁殖的同一基礎上,並將其轉化為政治自我延續的機制。奇怪的是,暴政和寡頭政治—— Aristotle 在他的政治學中指出的君主制和貴族制各自的缺陷版本——無法合法地保證他們自己的未來,這就是為什麼他們必須如此嚴重地依賴蠻力(鐵拳)和經濟力量。只有在民主的情況下,我們才會遇到一個構成性開放未來的政治制度,因為任期的限制會在其運作中引入健康的不確定性和不連續性。 Daniel Innerarity 並不是第一個關注民主與其未來的複雜關係的政治哲學家。最著名的是,Jacques Derrida 已經在他 2003 年出版的著作 “Rogues: Two Essays on Reason” 中強調了“未來民主 democracy-to-come”的暫時性。然而,Innerarity 是迄今為止唯一一位了解實際存在的民主制度的未來的思想家,他將民主制度置於不斷變化的社會節奏、知識社會的新需求和環境正義問題的背景下。 對於那些還不熟悉他的作品的人來說,Daniel … Continue reading
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